紫外分光光度法测定广之源胶囊中总皂苷含量的优化

目的 建立紫外分光光度法测定广之源胶囊中总皂苷含量的分析方法。方法 样品采用85%乙醇超声提取, 提取液经DM-130大孔树脂柱, 采用水-乙醇溶剂系统对样品的皂苷成分进行洗脱、纯化、富集, 以人参皂苷Re为对照品, 利用紫外可见分光光度法测定其总皂苷含量。结果 该人参皂苷Re在0~191.2 μg范围内的线性回归方程Y=0.0043X?0.0057(R2=0.9995), 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)为1.3%和2.3%, 加样回收率为99.7%。结论 该方法简单、快捷、高效, 适用于广之源胶囊的总皂苷含量测定。     

黄精提取物中总皂苷含量的测定

采用紫外分光光度法测定黄精提取物中总皂苷的含量并进行方法学考察。结果表明,人参皂苷Re含量在0.033 2～0.298 8mg范围内与吸收度呈良好线性关系,其回归方程为Y=3.229 9 X+0.006 9,相关系数r=0.999 3,总皂苷平均回收率为96.7%,RSD为1.4%。紫外分光光度法测定结果准确可靠,重复性好,可用于黄精提取物中总皂苷的质量控制。     

人参皂苷Re、Rg2对α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性抑制

研究人参皂苷Re、Rg_2对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的抑制。利用人参皂苷Re、Rg_2,用分光光度法测定反应体系中α-葡萄糖苷酶的活力变化,并与阳性对照阿卡波糖进行比较,判定人参皂苷Re、Rg_2对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制情况。人参皂苷Rg_2对α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性抑制为18.1%,人参皂苷Re的抑制率为13.4%。人参皂苷Re、Rg_2对α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性有抑制作用。     

黔产绞股蓝中总皂苷含量测定方法研究

目的:以黔产绞股蓝为研究对象,筛选出适宜的绞股蓝总皂苷的提取方法以及测定方法,为绞股蓝相关产品的开发研究提供质量控制依据。方法:采用紫外-可见分光光度法,以人参皂苷Re为对照品,于波长546nm处对黔产绞股蓝总皂苷吸光度进行测定。结果:所建立绞股蓝总皂苷含量测定方法有良好的精密度、稳定性、重现性和回收率;不同制样方法测定的黔产绞股蓝总皂苷含量均呈现出遵义(七叶)遵义(五叶)贵阳(五叶)规律,且七叶绞股蓝均明显高于五叶绞股蓝,含量高达7.83%;绞股蓝总皂苷的提取效果呈现出75%乙醇超声提取法甲醇超声提取法正丁醇超声提取法趋势,且提取效果显著。结论:黔产绞股蓝总皂苷的提取效果以75%乙醇超声提取法最佳,所建立的提取工艺可作为绞股蓝总皂苷质量控制的有效方法。     

全自动固相萃取-紫外可见分光光度法测定保健食品中总皂苷含量

目的 应用全自动固相萃取-紫外可见分光光度法测定保健食品总皂苷的含量。方法 采用固相萃取柱填料为Amberlite-XAD-2大孔树脂和中性氧化铝的Sepline全自动固相萃取装置, 对保健食品中的总皂苷富集纯化, 通过70%乙醇回收, 以香草醛-高氯酸为显色剂进行显色, 采用紫外分光光度计(λ＝560 nm)进行测定。结果 总皂苷在0.038~0.268 mg的浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9997), 在不同类型保健食品中的平均加标回收率均在98.3%~102.4%, 相对标准偏差为03%~5.4% (n=6)。结论 本方法简便、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好, 可用于不同类型保健食品中总皂苷的含量测定, 对产品进行质量控制。     

测定参类保健食品中总皂苷的新方法

目的 建立参类保健食品人参总皂苷比色测定新方法.方法 采用大孔吸附树脂纯化样品,人参皂苷Re为标准品,通过蒽酮与人参皂苷分子中的糖基反应进行比色法测定.结果人参皂苷5～200 μg/ml范围内呈线性关系,y=0.369+0.994x,相关系数r=0.999 5,回收率90.7％～104.2％,相对标准差3.50％～6.42％.结论 该方法简便、快速、准确,能满足参类保健食品中总皂苷的测定.     

红参加工副产物蒸参露主要化学成分分析

蒸参露是人参蒸制加工成红参过程中的副产物,该试验对两种来自不同厂家蒸参露的主要化学成分进行研究,测定蒸参露中多糖、人参皂苷及挥发性成分的含量。检测结果表明：2种蒸参露中均含有微量多糖成分,但未检测到明显皂苷成分存在,同时数据显示2种蒸参露中均含有大量倍半萜类的成分以及少量烯烃类成分,其中以β-榄香烯和人参炔醇等人参挥发油特有成分为主。     

西洋参中总皂苷的富集工艺研究

目的研究大孔吸附树脂富集西洋参总皂苷的工艺条件及参数,并测定富集后拟人参皂苷F_(11)含量。方法采用紫外分光光度法,以西洋参总皂苷含量为指标,考察上样量、洗脱溶剂及其用量、除杂溶剂及其用量等条件;同时利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)检测西洋参中总皂苷富集液中拟人参皂苷F_(11)含量。结果优选大孔吸附树脂富集工艺条件为:采用D101型大孔吸附树脂,上样浓度0.5 g/mL,上样体积0.5 BV,5BV水洗,3 BV 20%乙醇洗脱除杂,6 BV 70%乙醇洗脱富集,流速1 mL/min,得到富集液中西洋参总皂苷转移率为81.04%,纯度为73.75%;富集液中拟人参皂苷F_(11)含量为2.03±0.28 mg/g。结论优选工艺可较好地富集西洋参中人参总皂苷,富集液中拟人参皂苷F_(11)含量稳定,说明优化富集工艺稳定、可行。     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光检测法检测绞股蓝皂苷大孔树脂纯化产物

为建立D101大孔吸附树脂富集、纯化福建绞股蓝中人参皂苷Rb1、Rb3、Re的最佳工艺条件,以人参皂苷Rb1为对照,以总皂苷含量为指标,研究不同绞股蓝提取物上样质量浓度、不同体积分数乙醇溶液洗脱剂对D101大孔树脂吸附和纯化人参皂苷的影响,并以高效液相色谱-蒸发光检测法检测分离产物中的人参皂苷纯度,确定以质量浓度6mg/mL进行上样,50%乙醇溶液洗脱为最佳工艺条件,得到绞股蓝总皂苷纯度最高为92.76%。     

参菖益智胶囊的质量研究

目的建立参菖益智胶囊的质量控制方法。方法采用薄层色谱法(TLC)对参菖益智胶囊中的人参、石菖蒲进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对人参中人参皂苷Rg_1、人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rb_1进行含量测定。结果薄层色谱清晰,分离良好,阴性无干扰;人参皂苷Rg_1、人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rb_1线性关系良好,平均加样回收率分别为100.48%,102.10%,101.44%,RSD为1.79%,1.76%,1.55%。结论该方法简便易行、灵敏准确、专属性强,可用于参菖益智胶囊的质量控制。     

Enhancement of low molecular weight ginsenosides from low-quality ginseng through ultra-high-pressure and fermentation processes

This study aimed to analyze the conversion pattern of high to low molecular weight ginsenosides in low-quality ginseng during lactic acid fermentation associated with an ultra-high-pressure process. It was found that the relative quantities of various low molecular weight ginsenosides were increased by 20 min of pressure treatment at 500 MPa following fermentation with Bifidobacterium longum. Specifically, after ultra-high-pressure extraction, the triol-type, low molecular weight Rg2 was the most abundant ginsenoside, at 1.213 mg/g. However, when low-quality ginseng was fermented, the concentrations of diol-type, low molecular weight ginsenosides (e.g., Compound-K (CK), Rh2, and Rg3) largely increased to 1.52, 1.241, and 0.947 mg/g, respectively. These data indicate that high molecular weight ginsenosides in ginseng could be broken down by two different hydrolysis mechanisms. In the fermentation process, the β-1,2 and β-1,4 glycosidic bonds in high molecular weight ginsenosides such as Re, Rc, and Rb1 were hydrolyzed to diol-type, low molecular weight ginsenosides by the β-glucosidase enzyme of the lactic acid bacterium. Meanwhile, the physical energy of the ultra-high-pressure process specifically hydrolyzed relatively weak bonds of the sugars in high molecular weight ginsenosides such as Re to form the low molecular weight ginsenoside Rg2. Rg2, Rg3, Rh2, and CK increased to 2.043, 1.742, 1.834, and 2.415 mg/g, respectively, possibly due to a synergistic effect of combining both processes. Therefore, low molecular weight ginsenosides with higher biological activities than high molecular weight ginsenosides can be selectively obtained from low-quality ginseng using both fermentation and ultra-high-pressure processes.     

Ultra high pressure extraction (UHPE) of ginsenosides from Korean Panax ginseng powder

To elucidate the potential of ultra high pressure (UHP) processing on ginseng, effect of UHP on extraction yield, crude saponin content, and ginsenoside contents of ginseng powder was investigated. Ginseng slurries (70, 80, and 90% moisture content) were put into a retortable pouch then hermetically sealed. These mixtures were pressurized at room temperature up to 600 MPa for 5–15 min. UHP ginseng showed relatively higher extraction yield (312.2–387.1 mg) and amounts of crude saponins (19.3–32.6 mg/g ginseng) than control ginseng (189.9 and 17.5 mg/g ginseng, respectively). Correlation coefficient between extraction yield and crude saponin content was relatively low (R²=0.2908). In high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, amounts of measured total ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1) increased with UHP processing but pressure level and pressing time did not proportionally influence the ginsenosides content. This work shows a potential of UHP processing on extraction of ginseng powder and provides basic information on UHP extraction of ginseng powder.     

Monitoring of roasting-induced changes in ginsenoside composition of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)

This study was intended to roast freeze-dried ginseng in order to determine the effect of roasting conditions on major ginsenosides by monitoring their changes using response surface methodology. As the roasting temperature and time increased, the contents of ginsenoside Re, Rg₁, Rf, Rb₁, Rc, Rb₂, and Rd tended to decrease but that of ginsenoside Rg₃ increased, reaching the maximum content (0.96 mg/g) at 189.99°C and 20.29 min as compared to the initial value (0.01 mg/g). The total ginsenoside content was estimated to be increased from 4.30 to 5.19 mg/g at 140.17°C and 27.51 min. It was found that the roasted ginseng has different ginsenoside compositions from raw ginseng. Therefore, further studies are needed to investigate the functional and biological properties of roasted ginseng as compared to the conventional white and red ginseng.     

β-Glycosidase-assisted bioconversion of ginsenosides in purified crude saponin and extracts from red ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer)

Major ginsenosides in ginseng (Panax ginseng) and its products are highly glycosylated, hence poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. β-Glycosidase-assisted deglycosylation of pure ginsenosides was peformed to study bioconversion mechanisms. Ginsenoside standard compounds, crude saponin, and red ginseng extracts were incubated with β-glycosidase (0.05% w/v, 55°C). β-Glycosidase has a broad specificity for β-glycosidic bonds, hydrolyzing the β-(1→6), α-(1→6), and α-(1→2) glycosidic linkages. The final metabolite of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides was Rg3 while the metabolite of protopanaxatriol ginsenosides was Rh1. β-Glycosidase treatment of red ginseng extracts resulted in a decrease in the amounts of Rb1, Rc, Re, and Rg2 after 24 h, whereas levels of the less glycosylated Rd, Rb1, Rg, Rg3, Rg1, and Rh1 forms increased. When crude saponin was incubated with β-glycosidase for 24 h, levels of Rb1, Rc, Re, and Rg1 decreased while levels of Rd, Rg3, and Rh1 increased as deglycosylated ginsenosides.     

Chemical conversion of ginsenosides in puffed red ginseng

The effects of puffing process on chemical conversion of ginsenosides, extraction yields and crude saponin contents in red ginseng were investigated. To reach a maximum extraction yield, puffed red ginseng took only 8 h, while non-puffed red ginseng required at least 20 h showing extraction yields of 45.7 g solid extract/100 g sample and 44.5 g solid extract/100 g sample, respectively. Extraction yield increased slightly with increasing puffing pressure. Puffed red ginseng showed higher crude saponin contents (201.0-219.0 mg/g extract) than non-puffed one (161.7-189.0 mg/g extract). As the puffing pressure increased, minor ginsenosides (Rg3, F2, Rk1 and Rg5) increased but the contents of major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re and Rg1) decreased. These results indicated that a puffing process may provide an effective method to reduce the extraction time, improve the extraction yield and increase the crude saponin content of red ginseng.     

不同年生和不同部位人参样品有效成分的比较

比较不同年生和不同部位人参中单体皂苷、总皂苷、总多糖、氨基酸、蛋白质的含量差异,旨在为全面评价及综合利用人参提供参考依据。采用超高效液相色谱法、香草醛-硫酸显色法、苯酚-硫酸显色法、阳离子交换色谱法、杜马斯燃烧法分别对不同年生及不同部位的人参中单体皂苷、总皂苷、总多糖、17 种氨基酸、粗蛋白的含量进行测定,比较其差异。不同年生（3～6 a）样品中单体皂苷、总皂苷、氨基酸、粗蛋白含量为6 a生人参最高,分别为30.94、59.77、96.53、170.11 mg/g;总多糖含量为5 a生最高,为22.80 mg/g。5 a生根的不同入药部位（芦头/主根/侧根/须根）样品中总多糖、氨基酸、粗蛋白含量为芦头最高,分别为25.94、121.76、193.36 mg/g;单体皂苷和总皂苷含量为须根最高,分别为75.01、67.94 mg/g。5 a生不同生物学部位（根/茎/叶/花）人参样品中总多糖含量为叶最高,为35.09 mg/g;单体皂苷、总皂苷、氨基酸、粗蛋白含量为花最高,分别为105.99、113.78、137.53、255.05 mg/g。人参皂苷生物活性研究表明,不同年生皂苷含量为6 a生人参最高,5 a生不同部位中皂苷含量为人参花中最高,从营养成分更全面的角度分析,亦是6 a生人参和5 a生人参花中营养成分含量更高。     

Red notoginseng: higher ginsenoside content and stronger anticancer potential than Asian and American ginseng

A systematic comparison of the ginsenosides and anticancer activities was performed among white (air-dried) and red (steamed) roots of notoginseng (NG, Panax notoginseng), Asian ginseng (AG, P. ginseng), and American ginseng (AmG, P. quinquefolius). Chemical profiles of different ginseng species were characterized, through simultaneous quantification of nineteen major ginsenosides, by HPLC-UV at 202 nm. The antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on human colorectal cancer cells were determined by MTS method and flow cytometry, respectively. Chemical analysis indicated that white NG possessed the most abundant ginsenosides, i.e., two- and five-fold higher than white AmG and AG. During the steaming process, extensive conversion of the original polar ginsenosides in white ginseng to new, less polar, degradation compounds in red ginseng was observed. White ginsengs produced weak antiproliferative effects, while red ginsengs exhibited a significant increase in antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects (both P < 0.01 vs. white ginseng). Among the three red ginsengs, red NG showed the best anticancer activity. Due to the low cost of NG and high bioactivity of red NG, the red NG is promising to be a useful botanical product in cancer chemoprevention.     

Biotransformation of ginsenoside Rd in the ginseng extraction residue by fermentation with lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum)

Ginseng and lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) both are valuable traditional Chinese medicines and have been extensively utilised in functional foods and traditional medicines in many Asian countries. However, massive quantity of ginseng residue is produced after extraction of ginseng which still contains a lot of bioactive compounds such as ginsenosides. The goal of this study was to reuse the American ginseng extraction residue as the fermentation medium of G. lucidum to produce bioactive ginsenoside enriched biotransformation products. The changes of ginsenosides in the fermentation products were analysed during fermentation. Our results showed that after 30 days of fermentation, ginsenoside Rg1, Rd, and compound K (CK) significantly increased, especially Rd, while other ginsenosides (Re, Rb1 and Rc) decreased during fermentation. Ginsenoside Rd is the major ginsenoside in the final fermentation product. Furthermore, the biotransformation of ginsenosides was the major reaction in this fermentation process.     

Changes in ginsenosides and antioxidant activity of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) with Heating Temperature and Pressure

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of ginsenoside compositions and antioxidant activity of fresh ginseng induced by thermal processing at different temperatures (25, 100, 121, and 150°C), pressure (0.1, 10, 20, and 30 MPa), and soaking solvents (water and ethanol). The levels of ginsenosides were similar trend with the pressure of 0.1–30 MPa, while there were significantly differences in heated ginseng with heating temperature and soaking solvent. When water and ethanol was used, the ginsenoside compositions significantly changed at 100 and 121°C, respectively, and it was rapidly decreased at 150°C. After heating, the level of 3 ginsenosides (Re, Rf, and Rg1) decreased and that of 5 other ginsenosides [Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, and Rg2(S)] increased up to 121°C compare to raw ginseng. Ginsenoside F2, F4, Rg2(R), Rk3, Rh4, Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rk1, and Rg5, which was absent in raw ginseng, was detected in heated ginseng. Especially, ginsenoside Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rk1, and Rg5 were remarkably produced after thermal processing. After heating, the phenolic compounds (1.43–11.62 mg/g), 50% inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) value (1.48–3.11 mg/g), and ABTS radical scavenging activity (0.66–9.09 mg AA eq/g) of heated ginseng were increased.     

Retention of Ginsenosides in Dried Ginseng Root: Comparison of Drying Methods

North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) has a long history of use and is currently a commercially reliable natural health commodity. Ginsenosides or triterpene saponins are generally regarded as bioactive constituents for several observed health effects associated with ginseng. North American ginseng was dried using 3 different drying techniques to assess the ginsenoside content of prepared extracts. Drying methods included freeze‐drying (FD), air‐drying (AD), and vacuum microwave‐drying (VMD) of ginseng root. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that FD ginseng processing gave greater (P≥ 0.05) amounts of the fingerprint ginsenosides Rg1 (28 ± 0.9 mg/g, dry weight) and Re (45 ± 0.1) compared with AD (Rg1 19 ± 0.7, Re 29 ± 0.1) and VMD (Rg1 22 ± 0.8, Re 24 ± 0.1); whereas, VMD produced greater amounts of Rb1 (83 ± 0.1) and Rd (13 ± 0.0) than FD (Rb1 62 ± 0.1, Rd 9 ± 0.1) and AD (Rb1 69 ± 0.1, Rd 5 ± 0.0), respectively. Total ginsenoside content was similar for FD and VMD and was the lowest (P≥ 0.05) for AD. Electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) analysis showed a total of 12 compounds detected in FD ginseng compared with 10 compounds in ginseng dried by both VMD and AD. Our results support the fact that FD and VMD drying methods of North American ginseng can improve both extraction efficiency and actual retention of individual ginsenoside in root material.