不同冻融介质作用下再生骨料透水混凝土耐久性试验研究

为探索不同冻融介质下再生骨料透水混凝土的冻融耐久性,分别以清水和3.5wt％ NaCl溶液为冻融介质,分析比较了不同冻融环境下再生骨料透水混凝土质量损失、动弹性模量、剩余抗压强度、CT扫描断面平均孔隙率随冻融循环次数的变化规律.试验结果表明,不同冻融介质作用下,再生骨料透水混凝土的质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、平均抗压强度与CT扫描断面平均孔隙率的劣化程度均随冻融循环次数增加而逐渐增大,氯盐环境下更易引起再生骨料透水混凝土的冻融破坏;再生骨料透水混凝土相对剩余抗压强度与相对动弹性模量之间具有良好的相关性,可通过测量冻融后再生骨料透水混凝土相对动弹性模量来评估其剩余抗压强度;最后基于两参数Weibull概率分布函数建立了再生骨料透水混凝土冻融损伤演化方程,可用于表征不同冻融介质作用下再生骨料透水混凝土试件的冻融损伤破坏程度.     

盐碱与冻融耦合作用下再生混凝土耐久性试验研究

通过再生混凝土在3.5%NaCl、3.5%Na2SO4、3.5%NaCl+3.5%Na2SO4和水四种溶液中的冻融循环试验,分析再生混凝土在同浓度不同种类盐碱溶液中经过不同冻融次数后(N)的质量变化(△m)和动弹性模量变化(△E) ,绘制N-△m和N-△E的曲线.同时,设置单掺10%、20%粉煤灰和2%、4%硅灰为对照组,研究粉煤灰和硅灰组分别在3.5%NaCl和3.5%Na2SO4环境下混凝土的抗冻性能规律.结果表明:氯盐环境中,随冻融次数的增加,混凝土表面剥削、开裂现象明显,质量和动弹性模量损失严重,而硫酸盐环境中,冻融前期混凝土内部生成水化产物使质量增加,表面膨胀开裂,后期质量和动弹性模量急剧下降,与浓度3.5%氯盐盐冻相比,硫酸盐盐冻动弹性模量损失更大.冻融破坏强度由强到弱排序为氯盐冻、硫酸盐冻、复合盐冻、水冻;掺入粉煤灰后,氯盐环境下的混凝土抗冻性反而下降,10%掺量优于20%掺量.掺入硅灰后,硫酸盐环境下再生混凝土抗冻性提高,破坏程度要比水冻小,4%掺量优于2%掺量;最后分析了混凝土腐蚀机理.     

大掺量矿物掺合料混凝土抗盐冻性能研究

开展了普通混凝土、复掺粉煤灰和矿粉的大掺量矿物掺和料混凝土(HVMAC)分别在清水、5％ MgSO4溶液、10％ NaCl溶液、5％ Na2SO4 +5％ MgCl2复合溶液中的快速冻融试验,以试件的质量、动弹性模量及抗压强度变化表征混凝土在盐冻作用下的抗冻性能.结果表明,两种混凝土试件在清水中的冻融破坏比盐溶液中严重,普通混凝土在MgSO4溶液中形成致密结构,破坏较小,在NaCl溶液中,HVMAC对溶液的吸收较小,其破坏程度较轻,混凝土在5％ Na2SO4 +5％ MgCl2复合溶液中几乎没有劣化,综合考虑,HVMAC的抗盐冻性最好.     

混凝土抗盐冻性能试验研究

寒冷地区海洋环境和除冰盐环境中的混凝土结构受到盐害和冻害的双重作用,使混凝土的破坏更加严酷.本文采用快速冻融方法,对混凝土在盐溶液中进行了冻融试验,通过试验探讨了水胶比,粉煤灰掺量,含气量等因素的变化对混凝土抗盐冻性能的影响,研究了混凝土外观、质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、超声声速、抗压强度随冻融循环次数的变化规律.试验结果表明,试件均由于质量损失率超过5%而破坏;水胶比是影响混凝土抗盐冻性能的决定性因素,适当的粉煤灰掺量也能使混凝土达到抗盐冻性能要求,存在一个临界含气量能最大限度地提高混凝土抗盐冻性能;即使在引气条件下,大水胶比(0.50)和大掺量(50%)粉煤灰混凝土的抗盐冻性能仍很差.     

早期受盐-冻耦合作用下掺玄武岩纤维混凝土耐久性劣化规律

针对西北寒旱区早期受冻混凝土在盐-冻耦合作用下耐久性快速降低等问题,本文基于室内快速冻融试验,以3.5%(质量分数,下同) NaCl+5.0%Na₂SO₄复合盐溶液为冻融介质,研究了不同玄武岩纤维体积掺量下混凝土的耐久性劣化规律,同时采用扫描电子显微镜、超声法缺陷检测和核磁共振孔径检测三种分析手段探究了玄武岩纤维在微观层面上对早期受盐-冻耦合作用下混凝土宏观性能的改善作用。研究结果表明：在早期受冻混凝土中掺加玄武岩纤维能够有效提高抗压强度,减小质量损失;随着纤维掺量的增加,抗压强度、相对动弹性模量呈先增加后降低的趋势;随着冻融循环次数的增加,不同体积掺量玄武岩纤维早期受冻混凝土试块的超声脉冲传播速度逐渐增大,各组试块的总孔隙率与冻融次数呈正相关,且掺加玄武岩纤维能增加无害孔,减少多害孔,从而提高混凝土抗冻耐久性;试验中纤维掺量为0.15%(体积分数)的试块表现最优越。该研究可为寒旱灌区早期受冻混凝土耐久性研究及后期维护提供参考。     

超硫水泥混凝土抗盐冻性能及提升研究

通过测试不同盐冻循环次数后超硫水泥混凝土的表面剥落质量和超声波相对动弹性模量,并对气泡结构参数进行表征,系统探究了引气剂对超硫水泥混凝土抗盐冻性能的影响规律,以及弱碱性激发剂——乳酸钠对超硫水泥混凝土抗盐冻性能的提升效果。研究结果表明,添加引气剂可有效提高超硫水泥混凝土抗盐冻性能,但会降低强度,复合掺加乳酸钠可避免强度降低。加入胶凝材料质量0.3%的引气剂,剥落质量仅为919.7 g/m²,较基准组降低了36.8%,且超声波相对动弹性模量未明显降低。引气剂的加入,改善了超硫水泥混凝土的气孔结构,降低了内部气孔间距系数和弦长大于100 μm的气孔数占比。这可以减缓冻融作用下内部微裂纹的发展速率,延缓冻融破坏过程。此外,乳酸钠通过促进超硫水泥水化使得混凝土抗盐冻性能得到增强,但提升效果主要体现在测试后期,且对混凝土气孔结构参数影响不大(28 d龄期)。     

冻融环境下GFRP管混凝土柱轴压性能试验研究

通过对21个玻璃纤维增强聚合物（GFRP）管混凝土柱和21个素混凝土柱分别在水溶液和质量分数为3.5 %的氯化钠（NaCl）溶液中进行冻融循环试验及轴压试验，且对冻融后的GFRP管混凝土柱进行了超声波检测，研究冻融环境下不同冻融介质和冻融循环次数对GFRP管混凝土柱轴压性能的影响。结果表明，冻融介质相同的情况下，随着冻融循环次数的增加，质量损失率增大，相对动弹性模量降低，GFRP管混凝土柱内异常点增多，承载力下降，极限应变下降；冻融次数相同的情况下，经盐冻作用的GFRP管混凝土柱轴压极限承载力降低更为明显。GFRP管混凝土柱盐冻循环150次后极限承载力下降了29.45 %，下降量是相同条件下水冻结果的2.19倍。盐冻循环后的GFRP管混凝土柱极限应变小于相同条件下的水冻循环极限应变。     

硫酸盐环境下再生骨料混凝土的抗冻性能

为了探讨再生骨料混凝土在硫酸盐作用下的抗冻耐久性能,选取再生粗骨料替代率为50％、100％的两组再生混凝土和普通骨料混凝土进行硫酸盐环境中的冻融试验,以质量损失率和相对动弹性模量判别混凝土的抗冻性能.结果表明:质量损失率用于表征再生骨料混凝土的损伤劣化规律具有一定的局限性;相对动弹性模量的变化比较敏感,可以很好的表征再生骨料混凝土的损伤程度;再生骨料混凝土的抗盐冻性能明显低于普通骨料混凝土.以此为基础,建立了Weibull概率函数与冻融损伤度之间的演化方程,演化方程可以很好表述冻融循环次数与相对动弹性模量的变化规律,为后续的分析研究提供了一定借鉴.     

聚脲涂层和环氧涂层对混凝土抗冻性的影响

我国很多地区混凝土结构腐蚀严重,其中冻融破坏是导致混凝土耐久性下降的一个重要因素.采用快冻法,研究聚脲涂层和环氧涂层对混凝土抗冻性的影响.研究发现:环氧涂层混凝土在50次冻融循环后就出现裂缝,250次冻融循环后环氧涂层大面积脱落,相对动弹性模量下降60%,达到破坏;而聚脲涂层混凝土经300次冻融循环后表面仍完好无损,相对动弹性模量只下降8%.     

混凝土氯盐盐冻的研究进展

氯盐作为最主要的除冰盐广泛运用于混凝土路面的除冰融雪。一方面氯盐有益于清除冰雪,另一方面在冻融循环下,氯盐将引起混凝土路面的破坏。本文综述了氯盐冻融对混凝土的影响并对其发展进行了展望。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。