粉煤灰微晶玻璃的晶化机理研究

以粉煤灰为主要原料制得微晶玻璃,通过XRD、SEM和EDAX等测试方法,研究了粉煤灰微晶玻璃的晶化机理.研究结果表明:粉煤灰玻璃在热处理的过程中,首先发生分相,形成富硅相和富钙相,进而形成以透辉石(CaO·MgO·2SiO2)和钙黄长石(2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2)为主晶相的微晶玻璃.     

利用高炉渣及粉煤灰制备废渣微晶玻璃的研究

利用高炉渣及粉煤灰为主要原料,采用直接烧结法制备废渣微晶玻璃,利用差热分析(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等分析手段,结合力学性能测试,讨论了粉煤灰含量对微晶玻璃晶相组成和性能的影响.结果表明:当粉煤灰含量较高时,微晶玻璃的主晶相为钙镁黄长石,副品相为透辉石;较高的粉煤灰含量有利于透辉石的生成,随着粉煤灰含量的减少微晶玻璃晶相逐渐变为钙镁黄长石;由于粉煤灰引入了较多的残余碳粒及硫,当粉煤灰含量较高时会导致微晶玻璃性能下降;当高炉渣含量为90wt％,粉煤灰含量为10wt％时,制备的微晶玻璃性能最好,其主晶相为钙镁黄长石,各项性能均优于其它建材.     

SiO2/CaO质量比对白云鄂博尾矿微晶玻璃的影响研究

以白云鄂博二次选后尾矿和粉煤灰为主要原料,采用熔融法制备得到了CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2系尾矿微晶玻璃.利用XRD、DTA、SEM等测试手段研究了SiO2/CaO质量比对微晶玻璃结构及物化性能的影响.结果表明:随着SiO2/CaO质量比的增加,基础玻璃放热峰右移、放热峰面积减小;微晶玻璃主晶相由辉石相转变为磁铁矿相;析出晶粒尺寸逐渐减小、晶化程度逐渐降低;微晶玻璃相关物化特性降低.     

CaF2对复合矿渣微晶玻璃结构与力学性能的影响

以白云鄂博尾矿、高炉渣和粉煤灰为主要原料,采用熔融法,制备了复合矿渣微晶玻璃.利用DTA、XRD、SEM等现代分析方法研究了CaF2添加量对复合矿渣微晶玻璃结构和力学性能的影响.结果表明:CaF2有利于降低析晶温度,微晶玻璃的主晶相为含铁辉石相.当CaF2含量大于4.5％时,微晶玻璃出现CaF2相;当CaF2含量小于等于6.4％时,晶粒逐渐变大,晶相含量较高,力学性能主要由晶相决定;当CaF2含量大于6.4％时,晶相含量急剧减少,此时表现的力学性能主要由玻璃相决定.CaF2为4.5％时,本实验材料综合性能最优.     

CeO_2含量对白云鄂博西尾矿为原料制备的微晶玻璃力学性能的影响

以白云鄂博西尾矿和粉煤灰为主要原料,采用熔铸法制备了高性能的CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2(CAMS)系微晶玻璃。研究了不同晶化温度下CeO2含量对CAMS系微晶玻璃析晶行为、显微结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明:Ce4+离子可以置换辉石相主晶相中Ca2+形成置换固溶体;质量分数为0.6%的CeO2可以降低微晶玻璃的晶化温度、提高辉石相结晶度、促进其形成交错咬合的枝晶结构,从而提高微晶玻璃样品的抗折强度和显微硬度;过量的CeO2富集于辉石相晶间并进而形成Ca2Ce8(SiO4)6O2第二相晶间相,阻碍辉石相的形成和长大,从而使样品的力学性能有所降低。添加0.6%CeO2的微晶玻璃样品经870℃晶化2 h后,抗折强度和显微硬度分别达到234 MPa和6.982 GPa。     

CMAS系钢渣微晶玻璃的晶化时间对其力学性能的影响

用钢渣和粉煤灰为主要原料,采用烧结法制备了微晶玻璃。在不同晶化时间下测定试样的抗弯强度、体密度和耐酸碱性等力学性能。用DTA、SEM、XRD等分析手段测定了核化和晶化温度,并研究了不同的晶化时间下对微晶玻璃析晶行为和性能的影响。不同的晶化时间下微晶玻璃的主晶相为透辉石,副晶相为硅灰石。研究表明,随着晶化时间的增加,钢渣微晶玻璃的各项力学性能和晶相含量都有所增加,当晶化时间为2h时,各项性能达到最佳。晶化时间超过2 h时,各项力学性能有所下降,部分晶粒发生融合。     

粉煤灰微晶玻璃的试验研究

本文以工业废弃物粉煤灰和废玻璃为主要原料,添加适量化学纯试剂,采用烧结法制备了CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系粉煤灰微晶玻璃。运用X射线衍射(XRD)对粉煤灰微晶玻璃进行了研究,并测试了粉煤灰微晶玻璃的密度。通过分析了粉煤灰添加量对微晶玻璃试样影响。实验结果表明:粉煤灰微晶玻璃的主晶相为硅灰石,次晶相为副硅灰石;粉煤灰添加量达到35%时,粉煤灰微晶玻璃性能最佳。     

Na2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2建筑装饰微晶玻璃的研究

利用浇铸法制备了MgO-Al2O3-SiO2微晶玻璃。采用示差扫描量热法(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析方法,研究NMAS微晶玻璃玻璃组成中Al2O3/SiO2对微晶玻璃的析晶和性能的影响。结果表明:玻璃中析出的主晶相为镁橄榄石。随Al2O3/SiO2的减小,镁橄榄石的衍射峰强度逐渐减弱,次晶相为a-堇青石。C3、C4中还有很少量-6-1的顽辉石相。微晶玻璃热膨胀系数逐渐升高,抗折强度和硬度逐渐减小。C1在600℃时的热膨胀系数为7.01×10K,抗折强度为115MPa,硬度达为8.0GPa。     

粉煤灰和自然冷却黄磷炉渣协同制备微晶玻璃

以粉煤灰和自然冷黄磷炉渣为研究对象,采用熔融法制备CaO-Al2 O3-SiO2 (CAS)系微晶玻璃.利用Kissinger方程和Augis-Bennett方程计算了粉煤灰-自然冷却黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃玻璃析晶活化能(E)和晶化指数(n).借助差热分析(DTA),X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了晶核剂TiO2,CaF2,P2O5(由KH2 PO4引入)对粉煤灰-自然冷却黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃析晶的影响.结果表明:利用粉煤灰和自然冷却黄磷炉渣并添加一定量的辅料可以制备CAS系微晶玻璃.当分别添加2wt％的TiO2,CaF2,P2 O5时,主晶相不发生改变,均为硅灰石(CaSiO3),但添加2wt％ TiO2或2wt％ CaF2具有降低析晶活化能、促进析晶的作用,而添加2wt％P2O5具有增加析晶活化能、抑制析晶的作用.     

粉煤灰微晶玻璃制备工艺研究

以粉煤灰为主要原料,采用烧结法制备出微晶玻璃.利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)确定了核化温度和晶化温度.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究微晶玻璃的物相组成和显微结构.通过研究晶化温度和晶化时间对微晶玻璃性能的影响,发现在828℃晶化2h、960℃晶化3h时,微晶玻璃的性能最好,其抗弯强度、显微硬度分别达到119 MPa和597 MPa.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.