一种基于语义Web环境的电子商务模型

语义Web不仅能为人类用户而且能为软件Agent提供从语法层次到语义层次上的互操作性。语义Web与Web-Services有很强的互补性,现有的技术条件使二者的统一成为一种可能,这给电子商务的发展带来了一次历史性的革命机遇。给出了语义Web环境下结合Web Services关键技术和智能主体技术的一种极具潜能的电子商务实现模型。     

IRS-III: A broker-based approach to semantic Web services

A factor limiting the take up of Web services is that all tasks associated with the creation of an application, for example, finding, composing, and resolving mismatches between Web services have to be carried out by a software developer. Semantic Web services is a combination of semantic Web and Web service technologies that promise to alleviate these problems. In this paper we describe IRS-III, a framework for creating and executing semantic Web services, which takes a semantic broker-based approach to mediating between service requesters and service providers. We describe the overall approach and the components of IRS-III from an ontological and architectural viewpoint. We then illustrate our approach through an application in the eGovernment domain.     

基于Web Service进行信息共享和集成的关键技术

由于Web Service是基于标准协议和规范(包括HTTP、SOAP、XML、WSDL、UDDI等),并且平台独立和语言独立的,因此Web Service已成为基于Internet网进行信息交换、信息共享、信息集成和互操作的主流技术,在电子商务和电子政务中被广泛应用.详细介绍了基于Web Service进行信息共享和集成的关键技术--Web Service异步调用技术和动态调用技术.通过Web Service异步调用技术,实现了Web Service的分布式并行执行,提高了计算的效率.通过Web Service动态调用技术,使整个软件系统具有可扩充性,并且易于维护,能满足Internet环境动态性的要求.     

A policy-based B2C e-Contract management workflow methodology using semantic web agents

Since e-Commerce has become a discipline, e-Contracts are acknowledged as the tools that will assure the safety and robustness of the transactions. A typical e-Contract is a binding agreement between parties that creates relations and obligations. It consists of clauses that address specific tasks of the overall procedure which can be represented as workflows. Similarly to e-Contracts, Intelligent Agents manage a private policy, a set of rules representing requirements, obligations and restrictions, additionally to personal data that meet their user’s interests. In this context, this study aims at proposing a policy-based e-Contract workflow management methodology that can be used by semantic web agents, since agents benefit from Semantic Web technologies for data and policy exchanges, such as RDF and RuleML that maximize interoperability among parties. Furthermore, this study presents the integration of the above methodology into a multi-agent knowledge-based framework in order to deal with issues related to rules exchange where no common syntax is used, since this framework provides reasoning services that assist agents in interpreting the exchanged policies. Finally, a B2C e-Commerce scenario is presented that demonstrates the added value of the approach.     

An experience report on developing an automated web services platform

Web services have attracted significant industry interest as a low-cost and flexible technology alternative to distributed object and proprietary message-oriented methods for delivery of on-demand business processes, enabling intra-organizational systems integration, and in the long term, development of dynamic inter-organizational process networks that may revolutionize B2C and B2B e-commerce. Exploiting this latent potential of web services technology requires the development of automated techniques for scalable and reliable service composition and execution in web service platforms. In this paper, we summarize our experience in developing an architectural framework for web services platforms, called Integrated Service Planning and Execution architecture (ISP & E). The use of recent advances in AI planning, learning and semantic web technologies for service composition, reliable service execution, transaction synthesis, and model-driven deployment of services is discussed. Furthermore, we discuss implications for and research issues in the development of web services based systems to aid e-business.     

Lifetime service level agreement management with autonomous agents for services provision

In the web services environment, service level agreements (SLA) refers to mutually agreed understandings and expectations between service consumers and providers on the service provision. Although management of SLA is critical to wide adoption of web services technologies in the real world, support for it is very limited nowadays, especially in web service composition scenarios. There lacks adequate frameworks and technologies supporting various SLA operations such as SLA formation, enforcement, and recovery. This paper presents a novel agent-based framework which utilises the agents’ ability of negotiation, interaction, and cooperation to facilitate autonomous SLA management in the context of service composition provision. Based on this framework, mechanisms for autonomous SLA operations are proposed and discussed. Results from simulations show that by integrating agents and web services the framework can address issues of SLA management drawn from sophisticated service composition scenarios.     

An ontology,intelligent agent-based framework for the provision of semantic web services

Intelligent agents and semantic web services are two technologies with great potential. Striking new applications can be developed by using the tools and techniques they provide. However, semantic web services need for an upper software entity able to deal with them and, on the other hand agent technology has historically suffered from a number of drawbacks that must be addressed. Integrating these two technologies in a joint environment can overcome their problems while strengthening their advantages. In this paper, the necessity for integrating these technologies and the potential benefits of their combination are analyzed. Based on this study, we present SEMMAS, an ontology-based framework for seamlessly integrating Intelligent Agents and Semantic Web Services. The basics of the framework are detailed and a proof-of-concept implementation described.     

基于统一代理和面向服务的PDM与三维CAD双向集成技术

大型企业各部门可能采用了不同种类的软件产品,需要跨部门集成。然而,产品多样性、网络异构性给PDM与三维CAD的互操作及紧密集成造成了困难。本文提出一种面向服务和跨产品平台的双向集成策略,将PDM与主流三维CAD采用各自的统一服务代理封装成Web服务,采用各自的统一集成代理请求对方服务,以达到双向数据、业务和界面的集成。本文所提出的CAD统一接口模型可构建CAD统一服务代理,屏蔽了不同CAD二次开发接口的差异性;提出了一种GUI和网页元素的统一用户界面模型,能方便CAD交互式图形操作和Web页面操作的互动集成。应用表明,统一代理与Web服务技术相结合可以以较小代价、一致的方法较好地解决PDM与三维CAD的异构集成问题。     

Coordinating multiple agents for workflow-oriented process orchestration

Distributed component-based services and semantic web services are promising technologies for next generation inter-enterprise integration. The dynamic nature of this domain presents a complex problem for tools that intend to support this cross-organizational integration. However, the autonomy and adaptation of software agents represent a viable solution for the composition and enactment of cross-organizational services. Currently, there are few studies that measure the impact of the dynamic environmental effects on service composition. On an on-going basis, composite services or workflow processes of web services may be constantly changing in terms of responsiveness of services, accessibility of services and their meta-information, business process schema changes, etc. These conditions impact what interactions a team of agents must undergo to achieve a specific process derived of composite web services. This paper describes an approach, model, and supporting software toward the efficient design of interaction protocols for coordinating agent teams in the business process orchestration domain. This approach considers several environmental conditions related to the dynamism of the Internet.     

Composing web services enacted by autonomous agents through agent-centric contract net protocol

ContextAgents are considered as one of the fundamental technologies underlying open and dynamic systems that are largely enabled by the semantic web and web services. Recently, there is a trend to introduce the notion of autonomy empowered by agents into web services. However, it has been argued that the characteristics of autonomy will make agents become available intermittently and behave variedly over time, which therefore increase the complexity on devising mechanisms for composing services enacted by autonomous agents.ObjectiveIn this work, we propose an extension to Contract Net protocol, called Agent-centric Contract Net Protocol (ACNP), as a negotiation mechanism with three key features for composing web services enacted by autonomous agents.Method(1) A matchmaking mechanism embedded in a middle agent (as a service matchmaker) for discovering web services that are available intermittently is presented based on the concept of agent roles; (2) A selection algorithm based on risk-enabled reputation model (REAL) embedded in a manager agent (as a service composer) is introduced to serve a basis for selecting web services with variant performance; and (3) A negotiation mechanism between a manager agent and contractor agents (as atomic services) is devised and enables both a service composer and the atomic services to request, refuse or agree on adapting changes of services.ResultsThe problem of assembling a computer is discussed in this paper.ConclusionIt is increasingly recognised that web services would become more autonomous by introducing diverse agent technologies to better constitute more complex systems in open and dynamic environments. As web service technologies are best exploited by composite services, it is imperative to devise mechanisms for composing services of autonomy.     

A semantic enriched data model for sensor network interoperability

One of the main open issues in the development of applications for sensor network management is the definition of interoperability mechanisms among the several monitoring systems and heterogeneous data. Interesting researches related to integration techniques have taken place, they are primary based on the adoption of sharing data mechanisms. In the last years, the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) approach has become predominant in many sensor network projects as it enables the cooperation and interoperability of different sensor platforms at an higher level of abstraction. In this paper we propose a novel architecture for the interoperability of sensor networks, which is based on web services technologies and on a common data model enriched with semantic concepts and annotations. The proposed architecture allows the development of complex decision support system applications by integration of heterogeneous data, accessible through services, according to standard data format and standard protocols.     

Semantic Interoperability Aggregation in Service Requirements Refinement

Semantic refinement of stakeholders’ requirements is a fundamental issue in requirements engineering. Facing with the on-demand collaboration problem among the heterogeneous, autonomous, and dynamic service resources in the Web, service requirements refinement becomes extremely important, and the key issue in service requirements refinement is semantic interoperability aggregation. A method for creating connecting ontologies driven by requirement sign ontology is proposed. Based on connecting ontologies, a ...     

语义网服务中的本体集成框架

分析语义网服务中存在的各种本体异构,明确语义网服务中本体集成的主要研究方向.在此基础上,提出一个语义网服务模型下的本体集成框架,讨论其中数据层中介器和Web服务中介器的结构并阐明其工作机制,为全面解决语义网服务环境下的本体集成问题提供了一种新的思路.     

A novel approach to annotating web service based on interface concept mapping and semantic expansion

With the rapid development of web service technology in these years, traditional standards have been matured during the process of service registry and discovery. However, it is difficult for service requesters to discover satisfactory web services. The reason for this phenomenon is that the traditional service organization mode lacks semantic understanding ability for service function interface. This paper proposes a novel approach to annotating web services. We first adopt domain ontology as a semantic context, and give our general framework of service semantic annotation. Then, interface concept mapping algorithm and service interface expansion algorithm are respectively presented in detail. Finally, the generation process of semantic web service repository is presented based on preceding algorithms. Simulation experiment results demonstrate that annotated web services by the proposed method can more satisfy requirements for service requesters than traditional ones by service matchmaking engine. It can get better service discovery effectiveness.     

A monolithic approach to automated composition of semantic web services with the Event Calculus

In this paper, a web service composition and execution framework is presented for semantically -annotated web services. A monolithic approach to automated web service composition and execution problem is chosen, which provides some benefits by separating composition and execution phases. An AI planning method using a logical formalism, namely Abductive Event Calculus, is chosen for the composition phase. This formalism allows one to generate a narrative of actions and temporal orderings using abductive planning techniques given a goal. The functional properties of services, namely input/output/precondition/effects (IOPE) are taken into consideration in the composition phase and non-functional properties, namely Quality of Service (QoS) parameters are used in selecting the most appropriate solution to be executed. The repository of OWL-S semantic web services are translated to the Event Calculus axioms and the resulting plans found by the Abductive Event Calculus Planner are converted to graphs. These graphs can be sorted according to a score calculated using the defined quality of service parameters of the atomic services in the composition to determine the optimal solution. The selected graph is converted to an OWL-S file which is executed consequently.     

基于扩展UDDI语义Web服务发现框架的研究

传统Web服务采用简单分类和关键字的服务发现方法,造成查准率与查全率低。语义Web服务是Web服务的语义扩展,它能有效提高服务发现的效率。本文基于OWL-S、描述逻辑,采用Agent技术、增强UDDI注册中心以及DL推理机JRacer,提出一个语义Web服务发现框架,使得请求与发布的服务能进行语义匹配,从而提高了服务的查准率和查全率。