叶轮数控加工中的干涉检查

针对自由曲面离心叶轮多坐标数控加工中可能出现刀具与叶片干涉的问题,提出了一种干涉检查方法。首先计算出叶片曲面的等距面,等距面的偏移距离为刀具半径,再根据所给定的刀位数据得出刀轴的表达式,然后计算该等距面与刀轴是否有交点,如果有交点则存在干涉,否则计算叶片边界线到刀轴的最小距离,若此距离大于刀具半径则无干涉,否则存在干涉。该方法计算量小,对于叶轮数控加工编程中大量刀位数据的干涉检查,可以显著地节省计算机运算时间。     

Optimal Archimedes’ spiral interpolation for cutter path generation in NC machining of noncircular contours

In NC machining of noncircular contours with a rotation table, the cutter is fed along a straight line intersecting perpendicularly the rotation axis of the work piece. In this situation, the cutter path usually consists of a series of Archimedes’ spiral segments. This paper proposes an optimal interpolation approach of Archimedes’ spiral segments to generate the cutter path for machining noncircular contours. The number of segments for the cutter path resulted from the approach is the fewest under the condition that the interpolation accuracy completely satisfies the specified limit value. It has been also evidenced that the profile error of the machined contours corresponding to the cutter path is perfectly controlled within the specified interpolation accuracy limit. The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been sufficiently confirmed by applying it to machining a disc cam and an algebraic spiral type of scroll wrap.     

Tool path generation method for multi-axis machining of helical milling cutter with specific cross-section profile

The geometry of helical milling cutter with specific cross-section profile is normally generated with form cutter by the toolpath generating method. The general purpose CAD/CAM software can generate the cutter location file of this class of product only by the sculpturing method. To obtain the flexibility of machining process, this paper presents an interference-free toolpath generating method for semi-finish and finish machining of the helical milling cutter. The method for design and machining of the helical milling cutter is established based on the differential geometry and the enveloping theory. In the finish machining of helical milling cutter, the form grinding wheel profile is firstly derived. To reduce the cost and lead time of the generating method with the form-mill cutter for semi-finish machining, a toolpath generating method which combines the advantages of the generating method and sculpturing method was presented. The cutter location uses ball-nose conical end mill is derived according to the geometric characteristics of the enveloping element. The cutting simulations with solid model were performed to verify the proposed toolpath generation method.     

基于MLS拟合带容差的测量数据加工刀位面生成算法

传统的刀位面生成算法无法直接生成存在缺陷的离散数据的刀位面,因此,针对球头铣刀提出了一种基于MLS拟合带容差的离散数据加工刀位面生成算法。该方法首先依据球头铣刀构造离散数据的点膨胀球模型,然后根据凸包原理获取该模型的最外层包络面,最终通过MLS投影拟合方法剔除奇异点、修补裂缝,生成刀位面网格模型。实例表明,该算法具有较高的稳定性,能够有效解决存在缺陷的离散数据刀位面生成问题,适用于实际工程应用加工。     

机器人模具抛光系统中抛光工具位姿研究

为了弥补抛光机器人通过示教方式采集抛光点的不足,充分利用了模具数控加工在路径规划方面的功能,生成模具加工表面刀位点,编写算法提取在UG NX 7.5的CAM模块上生成的模具加工数控刀位数据,并在这些数据的基础之上,设计了工业机器人抛光工具的位姿算法。     

A New Tool-Path Generation Method Using a Cylindrical End Mill for 5-Axis Machining of a Spatial Cam with a Conical Meshing Element

The geometry of a spatial cam is normally generated using a form-milling cutter and a special multi-axis machine and software. The general purpose CAD/CAM software can generate the cutter location file of this class of product only by the sculpturing method. Because of the limited choice of cutting tool when using the generating method, this paper presents a new toolpath generating method which combines the advantages of the generating and sculpturing methods for machining a spatial cam. In the machining process, the cutter location is derived for rough and finish machining using a cylindrical end mill. The guidelines for choosing cutter diameter for the machining process are discussed. To avoid interference, the principal curvatures and the principal induced normal curvatures are analysed. The mathematical errors including chordal deviation and scallop height are used as the basis for generating appropriate tool-paths. Cutting simulation of a solid model was performed to verify the proposed tool-path generation method.       

带边界约束叶片的螺旋加工轨迹规划

通过采用通道加工原理实现的螺旋加工方法成功解决了叶片螺旋加工中刀具与叶片橼板之间的干涉问题,讨论了确定走刀步长的保证条件,求证出相邻两刀具切触点法矢夹角与刀轴摆角之间的关系。结果表明,采用提出的方法能够有效解决叶根处的干涉问题,为提高叶片的加工效率找到了一种新的解决方案。     

整体叶轮五轴侧铣数控加工方法的研究

为提高整体叶轮的五轴编程和加工的能力,生成合理的刀位文件,在制定出合理的加工工艺的基础上,提出了一种适合于直纹面叶片五轴侧铣加工的刀轴矢量计算方法.对两个相邻叶片的直母线进行插值后,得到的刀轴矢量能完全避免刀具与叶片之间的干涉问题.同时,提出了一种小四边形参数模型来解决直线与自由曲面求交问题,并成功应用于刀心计算中.实例计算表明,所提出的方法能很好地应用于整体叶轮的五轴加工.     

自由曲面五轴变步长数控加工刀轨生成方法

为了在满足逼近误差要求的同时最大程度减少冗余刀轨,对自由曲面提出了一种五轴变步长数控加工刀轨生成方法.首先对刀触点轨迹基于线性误差计算出初始刀触点点集,再以局部干涉调整前倾角的方式计算出无干涉刀位点和刀轴矢量;以最大非线性误差刀位处到刀触点轨迹的最小值作为相邻刀位点之间的逼近误差,并基于数据点自适应离散法计算逼近误差;...     

A new STL model-based approach for tool path generation in CNC incremental forming

A new tool path generation method for sheet metal computer numerically controlled incremental forming was proposed based on the stereolithography model, considering the factors of sheet thickness variation, surface smoothness, and extruding direction. The new cutter contact surface modeling algorithm based on the non-equidistant offset was presented, which can be adapted to the sheet thickness variation so as to guarantee a reasonable gap between the forming tool and support. Moreover, a spiral tool path generation algorithm was introduced by considering the scallop height in both z-axis direction and circumferential rotation direction, so that a smoother surface can be obtained. In addition, the algorithm for keeping the tool direction perpendicular to the wall surface was also presented. Finally, the case study shows that the proposed method can automatically generate smooth and continuous spiral tool path with constant scallop height. The developed software system runs steadily and reliably.     

Effect of electropulsing on springback during V-bending of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheet

Because the intermediate-stage forming surface and the intermediate-stage forming tool path of the complex shape model are difficult to generate, the existing multi-stage CNC incremental forming takes the regular rotary body model or the square model as the research objects, and all adopt the three-axis CNC incremental forming mode. In this paper, a method for generating the intermediate-stage surface by using a longitude line that can reflect the personality of the surface and the five-axis CNC multi-stage incremental forming tool path was proposed. Firstly, the vertexes of the triangular facets of the STL model are used to generate the longitude lines which can reflect the characteristic of the surface, then the longitude lines are offset according to the multi-stage forming strategy and the characteristics of each surface associated with the longitude lines so that the intermediate-stage longitude lines could be generated, and then the intermediate-stage surfaces are built using the intermediate-stage longitude lines. Finally, the cutter location points of each intermediate stage are obtained by cutting the intermediate-stage surfaces, and the postures of the five-axis CNC pressing tool are determined according to the normal vector of the cutter location points. The case studies show that the proposed method can well generate the five-axis CNC multi-stage incremental forming path for the complex shape sheet metal part. The results of the numerical simulation analysis and forming experiments show that the proposed method is applicable.     

新型斜齿圆柱测量齿轮螺旋面铣削刀具的廓形设计

以一种新型斜齿圆柱测量齿轮为研究对象,铣削传统测量齿轮轮齿对称中线一侧的半个轮齿,并提出一种铣削加工其螺旋面的盘形铣刀的廓形设计理论和方法。根据铣削过程中盘形铣刀与斜齿轮之间的运动关系,建立了螺旋面的端面截形线方程,以及螺旋面的数学模型,并求解出其特性方程。根据刀具和工件的接触条件,建立了接触线方程。     

基于修正等速运动规律的自由曲面多轴加工刀轴序列优化方法

针对自由曲面多轴加工中起始位置处刀具相对工件速度、加速度不为零导致的一定程度刚性冲击现象,提出了一种基于修正等速运动规律的刀轴序列优化方法,通过控制工件坐标系中决定刀具姿态的两个约束角,使之变化遵循修正等速运动规律,获得了切削行上平稳变化的刀轴序列,避免了由于起始位置处刀具相对工件速度、加速度不为零导致刀具不能精准到达后续加工位置的现象。算例分析表明,该方法能产生平稳且光滑的刀轴序列,可一定程度改善机床运动性能,提高加工表面质量。     

Cutting errors analysis for spindle-tilting type 5-axis NC machines

Current computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) systems generate cutter contact points (CC points), cutter location points (CL points) and cutter orientation angles (CO angles) based only on the sculptured surface geometry. However, under certain situations, the cutting errors of 5-axis NC machines are larger than expected using these CC, CL and CO data. It is shown in this paper that the cutting error depends on the structures of 5-axis NC machines as well as the surface geometry. A new algorithm has been developed to estimate the cutting error and calculate the maximum allowable step length for spindle-tilting type 5-axis NC machines. Simulation results show that the new algorithm provides better estimation on the cutting errors for spindle-tilting type 5-axis NC machines.     

弧面凸轮侧铣加工刀轨的空间线性回归分析

为减小弧面凸轮非等径加工存在的法矢异向误差,根据空间线性回归算法的NURBS直纹面生成原理,寻求加工误差最小的刀轴矢量,进行初步拟合。通过迭代逼近减小初始刀轴矢量误差,将刀轴作为NURBS直纹面母线来重构理论刀轴回归轨迹面。利用最小二乘法进行进一步优化,建立了弧面凸轮侧铣加工刀轨误差优化模型,提出了求解该优化模型的一种实数编码的人工免疫算法。以左旋弧面凸轮进行矢量数值计算和仿真,验证了该算法的有效性。     

并联机床后置处理算法与系统

以6自由度6-TPS型并联机床为模型,阐述了生成控制数据的一般流程,指出后置处理必须解决的两个关键问题——工件坐标系定位和动平台位姿获取。针对不同位形,提出利用综合误差系数和综合误差度来评价终端运动精度,并据此将工件坐标系定位归结为一类兼顾作业空间和运动精度的有约束非线性规划问题;提出了一种利用5自由度刀位文件获得6自由度动平台位姿的方法;研究了笛卡儿空间的插补算法,并比较了两种不同方法所产生的不同刀具插补轨迹。最后介绍了基于以上算法所开发的后置处理系统的结构。     

B样条列表曲线直线插补的自适应算法

给出了一种根据零件加工精度要求,对三次Ｂ样条列表曲线进行直线插补,自动生成变步长刀位轨迹的算法,简称自适应算法。该算法当列表曲线曲率大时,使步长变小,反之使步长变大,同时使逼近误差满足要求。该算法稳定、可靠,便于在列表曲线、列表曲面的数控加工中推广应用。     

用于弧齿锥齿轮铣刀盘调整的非接触式测量方法

采用接触方式对弧齿锥齿轮装配式铣刀盘刀刃径向跳动测量时存在接触力的影响,由于接触力大小不定,增加了测量系统误差.采用激光位移传感器对弧齿锥齿轮装配式铣刀盘刀刃径向跳动进行非接触式测量.通过对测量数据分析,数据自动提取,实现对切削刃径向跳动的测量.该方法有效地避免了传统的接触式测量的不利因素,提高了测量的重复精度及测量效...     

薄壁件不一致刀齿铣削时铣削力系数构造与预测

针对薄壁件铣削过程中刀齿半径不一致现象引起的铣削力系数计算失真问题,提出构造刀齿半径不一致时的实际铣削力系数,并采用核偏最小二乘法对不同铣削用量时的实际铣削力系数进行预测。针对两齿螺旋铣刀铣削过程推导理论铣削力系数,根据刀齿半径不一致铣削过程引入名义铣削力,推导刀齿半径误差,构造实际铣削力系数;基于核分析方法突出的非线性分析及预测能力,提出采用核偏最小二乘法在高维空间建立实际铣削力系数关于铣削用量及其组合量的预测模型,分析该方法中核主元个数、高斯核函数核参数对预测模型精度的影响并确定其取值范围。最后分析考虑刀齿半径误差与不考虑时的铣削力系数,并比较核偏最小二乘预测方法与偏最小二乘预测方法,结果表明所提铣削力系数构造过程及预测方法具有较高的计算精度和预测能力。     

基于机床运动学约束球头刀多轴加工刀轴矢量优化方法

针对目前航空发动机叶片进排气边加工精度和表面质量较差的问题,提出了一种基于机床运动学约束球头刀多轴加工刀轴矢量优化方法。建立刀位优化变量与刀位数据之间的关系方程,同时建立刀位数据与机床回转轴角度之间的运动变换方程,从而推导出刀位优化变量与机床回转轴角度之间的关系方程。通过求解上述方程得到球头刀多轴加工复杂曲面的刀轴矢量计算公式。在此基础上,给出球头刀多轴加工刀轴矢量优化方法和刀轨生成方法。同时,以某航空发动机叶片为例,分析了本文算法和Sturz算法对机床回转轴角度的影响。分别利用本文算法和Sturz算法生成该叶片进气边加工的刀轨,并在五轴数控机床上进行加工试验。试验结果表明,该算法能够避免加工过程中机床回转轴的大幅波动,使机床轴运动更加平稳和光滑,从而提高曲面的加工质量和加工效率,具有一定的实际应用价值。