新型吸收剂与局部慢化剂相结合的快堆控制棒设计研究

新一代快堆对其控制棒的安全性、使用寿命和经济性提出了更高的要求.传统快堆控制棒以碳化硼(B4C)为吸收剂,但B4C的气体释放、吸收力损失、高温包壳碳化失效及辐照膨胀限制了其安全使用寿命.本文利用能有效处理控制棒空间自屏蔽现象的确定论计算方法,设计并分析了基于替代吸收剂与局部慢化剂的快堆新型控制棒.本文从中子吸收能力、安...     

小型长寿命快堆堆芯物理设计研究

完成使用金属燃料、液态钠冷却的小型长寿命快堆设计。长寿命反应堆要求在较长的时间内堆芯能够维持临界而不需任何的倒料或换料操作。燃耗反应性补偿的设计思路为：利用金属燃料较强的增殖能力实现较大的堆芯内转换比，以减小燃耗反应性损失，同时辅以控制棒补偿。     

HFETR控制棒钴吸收体安全性分析研究

高通量工程试验堆（HFETR）控制棒钴吸收体入堆至今已经20余年,本文对59Co的燃耗以及其燃耗对控制棒价值的影响进行了分析计算,结果表明,9#～14#控制棒的钴吸收体的平均燃耗和最大燃耗分别为4.02%和5.45%,4#和7#控制棒的钴吸收体的平均燃耗和最大燃耗分别为6.45%和10.38%;考虑钴吸收体燃耗的影响,9#～14#控制棒价值几乎不变,4#和7#控制棒价值下降0.15βeff（对于HFETR,1βeff=0.0071）;钴吸收体的燃耗使得堆芯次临界度下降0.16βeff,而反应堆的停堆棒位几乎不变,因此HFETR控制棒钴吸收体是安全的,且其燃耗对钴吸收体控制棒价值的影响较小,不影响反应堆的安全运行。      

研究试验堆用于同位素生产的物理分析

本文对研究试验堆开展同位素生产进行了物理分析。分析了控制棒提棒顺序对同位素产量的影响,提出了提棒因子的概念。依据点堆模型和反应性-燃耗线性公式,得到了同位素的转换比和产量公式。最后根据这些公式,分析了高通量工程试验堆(HFETR)在高浓铀和低浓铀堆芯装载下,堆芯炉的运行寿期、燃料元件装载数量、燃料元件初始平均燃耗和堆芯功率对同位素转换比和产量的影响。结果显示,从小到大提棒、增加堆芯燃料组件盒数和功率水平均会增加堆芯同位素产量,而全年运行段数（运行段间检修时间不变）和堆芯平均初始燃耗增加则起到相反的作用。这些结果已经用于指导反应堆的堆芯装载设计。     

基于流量功率比恒定的小型铅基快堆运行研究

为开展小型铅基快堆运行策略研究,建立堆芯传递函数模型,利用比例-积分-微分（PID）控制器,结合控制棒驱动机构,分别设计堆芯流量功率比恒定与堆芯稳定核功率的运行方案。分别建立不同运行策略下的控制系统,开展一回路流量阶跃和堆芯反应性扰动仿真。结果表明,在引入一回路流量阶跃下降工况下,稳定核功率运行方案由于堆芯功率恒定而导致堆芯出口温度过高;在流量功率比恒定方案下,堆芯功率跟随一回路流量下降从而保证堆芯出口温度迅速稳定在安全范围内;在阶跃反应性扰动下,2种方案均可迅速调控堆芯功率的上冲幅度和超调量,堆芯出口温度基本维持恒定。      

CSR1000控制棒落入堆芯三维瞬态分析

针对超临界水堆(SCWR)控制棒落入堆芯事件特点,采用堆芯三维瞬态性能分析方法,利用开发的SCWR堆芯三维瞬态物理-热工水力耦合程序STTA,建立SCWR堆芯落棒瞬态三维计算模型和分析流程,研究分析超临界水堆CSR1000在控制棒落入堆芯瞬态过程中的堆芯性能,分析评价落棒瞬态下CSR1000堆芯的安全性能。堆芯三维落棒瞬态分析表明,当落入堆芯棒束价值较高时,落棒初期堆芯功率下降较快,之后由于水密度的反应性反馈,堆芯功率缓慢回升至新的平衡,堆芯功率下降速率超过了停堆信号整定值,将触发保护停堆;当落入堆芯棒束价值较低时,由于水密度的反应性反馈,堆芯功率下降缓慢,堆芯功率下降速率未能达到停堆信号整定值,不能触发保护停堆。控制棒落入堆芯对堆芯轴向功率分布影响很小,高价值落棒导致的落棒区域燃料组件功率坍塌相对低价值落棒更明显。无论是高价值落棒还是低价值落棒,瞬态过程中最大包壳壁面温度均低于瞬态安全限值850℃。水密度的显著反应性反馈及必要的保护停堆措施能保证CSR1000堆芯在控制棒落入堆芯过程中的安全性能。     

长寿期小型棒控压水堆控制棒方案研究

小型棒控压水堆舍弃了可溶硼,并高度依赖控制棒与可燃毒物棒控制堆芯的反应性。为研究控制棒对堆芯关键性能的影响,本文以核动力破冰船用KLT-40模型为对象,以轴向功率偏移、堆芯寿期、燃料利用率与径向功率峰因子为指标,开展长寿期小型棒控压水堆控制棒布置与动作策略设计分析。首先,基于OpenMC程序开发带棒燃耗程序;其次,比较堆芯带控制棒与无控制棒运行时的堆芯寿期等指标;最后,分析不同动作策略对轴向功率偏移等指标的影响。结果表明：控制棒将堆芯寿期从590 EFPDs（等效满功率天,Effective full power days）延长至650～698 EFPDs;低价值棒组优先动作策略使轴向功率偏移程度由-0.69与+0.80分别下降至-0.29与+0.52。因此,要准确计算长寿期压水堆寿期必须采用带控制棒燃耗计算策略,并且通过合理的动作策略能够有效减小控制棒带来的轴向功率偏移。     

小型移动式铅铋堆运输过程堆芯进水事故工况下临界安全问题研究

小型移动式铅铋堆由于在海岛、偏远地区等场景的应用需要,整堆运输的安全可行性成为必要设计目标之一。基于小型移动式铅铋堆自身特点,采用谱移吸收材料的反应性控制手段进行反应性控制方案研究,以确保整堆运输的临界安全。利用MCNP软件计算在运输过程、堆芯进水事故工况下表面涂覆不同厚度Gd2O3涂层的燃料芯块的有效增殖系数（keff）,其中涂层厚度为50μm时满足临界安全要求;分析加入谱移吸收材料后堆芯的燃耗特性、功率分布和传热,验证表明其不影响堆芯正常运行,确定了此种反应性控制方案的可行性。     

小型可运输长寿命铅铋冷却快堆堆芯设计研究

为满足偏远地区供电需求,提出了一种小型可运输长寿命铅铋冷却快堆（STLFR）堆芯设计方案,额定热功率为20 MW,在不换料条件下可运行18 EFPY（有效满功率年）。为减小堆芯体积,堆芯采用蜂窝煤型燃料组件,内设若干冷却剂管道,管外为燃料,实现了较高的堆芯燃料体积占比。为展平堆芯径向功率分布,将堆芯燃料区沿径向划分为三区,分别采用不同的冷却剂管道尺寸。为降低堆芯高度,设计使用含高富集度⁶Li的液态锂作为吸收体的液态吸收体控制系统。为降低初始剩余反应性,在堆芯控制组件与安全组件中布置两组固定式可替换吸收体,分别在堆芯燃耗1/3和2/3寿期时替换为固定式反射体。提出的堆芯设计方案在整个运行寿期内满足热工设计限值,控制系统和安全系统能独立满足堆芯控制和停堆要求。采用准静态反应性平衡方法对5种典型无保护事故工况进行分析,初步证明了堆芯具有固有安全特性。     

铅铋冷却氮化物燃料小型模块化快中子反应堆堆芯物理特性分析

国际原子能机构(International Atomic Energy Agency,IAEA)认为小型模块化反应堆具有很好提高核能安全性、经济性和防止核扩散的能力,是未来核能最具发展前景的堆型之一。为适应未来核能发展的需求,提出了一种铅铋冷却氮化物燃料小型模块化反应堆(Small Modular Pb-Bi Cooled Reactor with Nitride Nuclear Fuel,SMPBN)设计方案,并利用PIJ组件计算程序和CITATION堆芯计算程序对SMPBN的物理特性和安全特性,包括反应性系数及其随燃耗变化、卸料燃耗、功率峰因子、燃料转换比和停堆余量等进行了深入分析。通过分析,认为SMPBN在20年寿期内,具有很好的燃料转换能力,不需要换料,反应性波动很小,反应性系数均为负值,具有固有安全性,符合国际上第四代反应堆的要求。     

铪替代银-铟-镉合金控制棒价值分析

随着我国锆铪分离技术的突破,核级海绵铪已经实现了工业规模的生产,为国内核电厂使用铪作为控制棒材料奠定了物质基础。本文从控制棒价值及控制棒材料燃耗特性角度,分析天然铪(Hf)、硼化铪(HfB₂)、氢化铪(HfH_X)、氧化铪(HfO₂)4种材料替代银-铟-镉合金(AIC)控制棒的可行性,分析结果表明:从增加控制棒价值的角度,替代AIC的优先顺序为HfB₂>HfH₃>Hf;从工程应用角度,应用于国内主流核电厂时,替代AIC的首选铪材料为Hf。     

Research on Segment Design of Control Rod in Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor

In sodium-cooled fast reactors, control rods are commonly used to compensate for the excess reactivity and shut down the reactor. The traditional sodium-cooled fast reactor design consists of the safety rod, shim rod and regulating rod. The 10B enrichment of the shim rods is relatively higher, which unavoidably increases the burnup, the heat generation and the power peak factor of the fuel assemblies around the shim rods. To solve this issue, the segment design of control rods was proposed. Compared with traditional design, the new design can significantly reduce the heat generation by about 30 percent and burnup of control rods by about 50 percent, as well as improve the power peak factor of the fuel assemblies around the shim rods. The replacement cycle of the control rods can be extended by time.     

钠冷快堆控制棒分段设计研究

在钠冷快堆中,反应堆运行时的反应性补偿和停堆安全主要由控制棒来实现。当前的钠冷快堆设计中,一般含有安全棒、补偿棒和调节棒。其中,补偿棒中10B的富集度较高,使补偿棒的燃耗较高,且发热量较大,并造成周围燃料组件功率峰因子偏大。本文提出一种分段设计方案,可用于改进上述缺点。该方案相比于传统方案,控制棒发热减小约30%,控制棒燃耗减小50%,并能有效改善周围燃料组件的功率峰因子,控制棒更换周期可提升1倍。     

Development of Hydride Absorber for Fast Reactor—Evaluation of Design Method for Hydride Absorber Rod—

A hydride control rod is being developed to improve the economy of fast reactor plants because it has a longer lifetime than the currently used B₄C control rod. A hydride burnable poison rod is also under development to reduce the number of control rods by decreasing core excess reactivity. Hydrogen in the hydride control rod causes neutron spectrum interference between the fuel and control rod regions. Thus, the study on core design was performed with the continuous-energy Monte Carlo code MVP using the nuclear data library JENDL-3.3 to deal with this phenomenon precisely. To evaluate the applicability of MVP to hydride absorber rod design, two benchmark calculations were carried out. One of them is a hydrogen-contained metal fuel fast core constructed in Fast Critical Assembly (FCA) and the other is the Nuclear Safety Research Reactor (NSRR) core where zirconium-hydride fuel (U-ZrH_1.6) rods are loaded. These benchmark calculations and the design study on a fast reactor core with hafnium-hydride control rods have revealed that MVP is a reliable tool for hydride absorber rod design.     

Experimental Study on Reactivity Worth for Absorber Material in High Conversion Light Water Reactor Using FCA-HCLWR Core Fueled with Enriched Uranium

Experimental study on reactivity worth for absorber material in HCLWR core has been carried out in a series of experiments using the Fast Critical Assembly (FCA) in Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI). The central reactivity worth as well as the simulated control rod worth of B₄C with different ¹⁰B content and of Hf was measured in FCA-HCLWR core fueled with enriched uranium. Both reactivity worths of B₄C increase with ¹⁰B content. These increasing trends do not saturate to 90% enriched B₄C. The Hf has the smaller reactivity worth than the 20% B₄C. The experimental values are compared with the calculated ones which obtained from JENDL-2 data and the SRAC system. The calculation predicts well the dependence of reactivity worth on ¹⁰B content and underestimates the reactivity worth ratios of the Hf to the 20% B₄C.     

反应堆控制棒铪板性能研究

铪材因其具有良好的综合性能,是反应堆控制棒的首选材料.在反应堆控制棒用铪材研制过程中,对化学成分、机械性能、腐蚀性能、物理性能等进行了试验研究.结果表明,铪材制造工艺合理,材料性能优良,满足控制棒材料的使用要求.     

Reactor physics ideas for large scale utilization of thorium in gas cooled reactors

The physics principles for maximizing the fertile to fissile conversion were used in developing reactor concepts for large scale utilization of thorium in thermal and fast reactors (Jagannathan & Pal, 2006; Jagannathan et al., 2008). It is recognized that these principles are very well suited for ‘He’ gas cooled reactors with graphite moderator since both helium gas coolant and the graphite moderator have low neutron absorption characteristics and thus gives better neutron economy. In this paper, these ideas are applied to the High Temperature Test Reactor (HTTR) core of Japan to assess its advantage over the present day gas cooled reactors. HTTR is helium cooled and graphite moderated system. Significant amount of thorium has been loaded in the HTTR core with some minimal changes in the existing core design. The modified design is called HTTR-M core.In the HTTR-M core, the fuel is changed from enriched UO₂ fuel to Pu in ThO₂ fuel. The locations of boron type burnable poison rods within each fuel assembly of HTTR are replaced by one cycle irradiated thoria rods. Also, the B₄C type control assembly around the HTTR core is replaced by fresh seedless thorium assembly. The fertile thoria assembly are scattered uniformly in the HTTR-M core. The equilibrium core of HTTR-M shows very small burnup reactivity swing. The core excess reactivity is ∼18 mk at BOC and reduces to 1 mk at 660 days. It is interesting to note that this small reactivity change is intrinsically achieved by the choice of seed and fertile dimensions and their contents without the use of burnable poison rods or mechanical control rods which are used in HTTR core. The burnup reactivity swing in the latter after using burnable poison is ∼100 mk. The fissile seed inventory ratio (FIR) in a fuel cycle is 0.90 as compared with 0.717 of HTTR core. Since ²³³U is a better fissile nuclide with highest ‘η’ value in thermal range, the above conversion ratio can be regarded as quite good.     

Power control of CANDLE reactor by coolant flow rate

CANDLE reactors do not require control rods for burn-up control. Such reactors can achieve the excellent features of previously-considered CANDLE reactors such as constant power shape and reactivity feedback coefficients during the entire operation period at the rated power level. By eliminating control rod use for power level control, the CANDLE reactor can be operated in a load-following mode and its utility will expand dramatically.By numerical calculations, power control by coolant flow rate was studied for the sodium-cooled metallic fuel large CANDLE reactor. The effect of thermal expansion of the core support structure shows considerable contribution toward achieving negative reactivity feedback to improve the power controllability. We employ HT-9 and SUS316 for core support structures. Since the maximum cladding temperature reaches its design constraint, power level cannot be decreased less than its lower limit, which is 66% for HT-9 and 57% for SUS316.     

基于SCIENCE程序包的IFBA组件模型的可行性研究

表面涂有一薄层硼化锆的一体化燃料可燃吸收体(IFBA)被用作轻水堆UO2燃料组件的反应性控制。法国AREVA公司开发的SCIENCE程序包具有模拟IFBA组件的能力,但其模拟精度需经标定。本文利用APOLLO2-F程序建立IFBA组件模型和不含IFBA组件模型,研究了组件的无限增殖因数k∞及IFBA价值,并与西屋公司结果进行比较。分析了燃料和包壳温度的处理方法以及数据库的差异对结果的影响。利用硼化锆密度修正因子评估IFBA价值偏差对堆芯参数和功率分布等的影响。结果表明:SCIENCE计算的k∞及IFBA价值与西屋公司的结果符合较好,低燃耗区SCIENCE计算的价值偏小2%。装载8个104根IFBA棒组件的堆芯,组件相对功率最大偏差约为1%;硼浓度、功率峰因子FQ和焓升因子FΔH的变化均不到0.1%,可忽略。先导组件采用28根或更少的IFBA棒时,可直接采用SCIENCE程序进行计算。     

Thermal Resistance between Hexagonally Arrayed Channels

A new power-flattening method has been proposed for boiling water reactors (BWRs) which have an axially skewed power distribution caused by the void fraction distribution. In present BWRs, the skewed power distribution is avoided by using shallow control rods and/or axially distributed gadolinia fuel bundles. These means are effective for the axial power shape control, but perturb the self-power-flattening effect due to fuel burnup. The power-flattening method proposed here extensively utilizes this effect in the equilibrium cycle core. Based on this method, a new BWR core design and operating strategy, the WNS core concept, has been realized for reactor operation with no shallow control rod insertion and no fuel bundle shuffling. Studies of the WNS core has shown that the proposed power-flattening method has the potential to improve capacity factors, increase operating thermal margins and simplify reactor operations in comparison with current BWR cores.