油膜破裂条件下柱塞泵配流副摩擦磨损性能研究

为了探究轴向柱塞泵配流副工作过程中油膜破裂时,配流副接触情况和磨损。根据配流副在实际工况建立了配流盘与缸体摩擦副的流-热-力耦合模型和基于退化系数的磨损预测模型。分析边界润滑条件（油膜破裂）下配流副温升、应力、应变及磨损。并分析了温升对应力、应变和磨损的影响。研究结果表明：配流副接触面应力、应变随油液压力呈周期性变化。油膜破裂情况下,缸体旋转360°最大温升为30.560℃。配流盘的最大应力为90.046MPa,相较于不考虑温升应力增大了21.310MPa。且配流盘应力分层,使得配流盘变形分化,变形主要发生在配流盘排油区外密封带。通过磨损模型分析,油膜破裂下缸体旋转360°磨损量为0.0033mg,相较于不考虑温升磨损增加了0.0009mg,说明温度会加剧磨损。     

法向压力对浸金属碳/不锈钢材料载流摩擦耦合温度场的影响

通过ANSYS有限元软件建立钢铝复合轨(不锈钢)/受电靴(浸金属碳材料)在接触电阻热和摩擦热耦合作用下的温度场模型,模拟摩擦副的载流摩擦磨损温度场分布,研究模型在不同法向压力条件下的耦合温度变化特性。结果表明:对于浸金属碳材料/不锈钢摩擦副,在位移、电流和相对滑动速度一定的条件下,随着法向压力的升高,耦合最高温度呈现出先降低再升高的特性,存在一个使得耦合温度最低的法向压力;为降低摩擦副由于温升而导致的磨损,可选此法向压力作为实际工作压力。     

航空柱塞泵配流副磨损模型与寿命预测

针对航空柱塞泵配流副磨损失效问题,基于Archard方程和流-热-固耦合方法,建立一种适用于高速高压条件下的航空柱塞泵配流副摩擦磨损预测模型。考虑配流副流体压力、温度和固体之间耦合效应对磨损的影响,首先建立配流副流-热-固耦合模型,通过有限元法求解得到配流副油膜压力和温度场,将其作为磨损预测模型的边界条件;然后通过配流副泄漏流量与油膜厚度之间的关系,对配流副磨损失效寿命进行预测分析。预测结果表明:航空柱塞泵在转速10000 r/min、出口压力28 MPa条件下,配流副的磨损失效寿命在2000 h以上;但随着转速和压力的升高,配流副磨损失效寿命明显缩短,在转速15000 r/min、出口压力35 MPa条件下,配流副磨损寿命仅为450 h。由此提出一些提高配流副磨损寿命方法,该预测模型对高速高压航空柱塞泵配流副的设计具有一定的指导意义。     

带仿生织构的水液压马达配流体摩擦副摩擦学特性仿真研究

针对水液压马达摩擦磨损的问题,基于动压支承理论,对水液压马达带仿生织构表面的配流副摩擦学特性进行了研究。首先利用现有表面微织构,在水液压马达配流副表面构建出了不同直径、不同深度及不同分布的仿生织构;然后运用有限元法,对不同织构形貌下的仿生配流体表面的应力分布进行了计算与分析;最后对其在不同深径比及织构密度下的摩擦等效应力进行了研究。研究结果表明:当配流体仿生织构表面的形状为锥形,转子端面为圆柱坑的双织构海水液压马达配流副的摩擦特性最优;在配流副表面加工出适当的凹坑,可以有效降低配流副表面的摩擦磨损,延长配流副的工作寿命。     

DCT离合器热负荷仿真研究

分析了双离合器式自动变速器中干式和湿式离合器的特点,着重对影响干式双离合器性能和寿命的因素进行了分析,其中滑摩导致的温升是影响的关键。建立了双离合器式自动变速汽车起步过程传动系统动力学模型,采用双离合器起步控制策略,进行了摩擦副压盘滑摩功仿真计算。利用ANSYS分析软件进行了摩擦副压盘瞬态温度场、重载坡道重复起步时压盘温度变化及压盘热容量对温升影响的仿真分析。     

有无电流条件下温度对碳/铜摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响

通过销-盘摩擦磨损试验,研究了碳/铜摩擦副在有无电流条件下的摩擦学性能。结果表明:试验过程中摩擦副温度不断地升高,且有电流时摩擦副温度比无电流时高,滑板材料的磨损量随着温度的升高而增大;当无电流通过时,摩擦因数随温度的升高先增大后减小,当有电流通过时,摩擦因数随温度的升高而减小。观察碳滑板磨损前后表面形貌发现:磨损表面随摩擦副温度的升高变得越来越光滑;当无电流通过时,磨粒磨损和黏着磨损是主要磨损类型,当有电流通过时,磨损类型以氧化磨损和电弧烧蚀为主。碳滑板材料磨损表面EDS分析发现,元素转移和氧化现象在磨损过程中时有发生。     

干滑动条件下45CrNi材料摩擦磨损规律研究

以某自行火炮底座传动箱摩擦副所用材料45CrNi为研究对象,考察了该材料在不同热处理状态下（530℃回火、380℃回火、830℃淬火及原始状态）组成摩擦副时的干滑动摩擦磨损特性。试验结果表明：530℃回火盘和摩始销组成摩擦配副时结合最好,具有较好的摩擦磨损性能,销试样磨损率最小;在较低速度下载荷是影响材料摩擦因数的主要因素,而速度对摩擦因数的影响较小;粘着磨损是材料配副磨损的主要形式。     

环境湿度对浸金属碳滑板磨损及温升的影响

为探究环境湿度对弓网摩擦副载流滑动过程中电弧放电能量、浸金属碳滑板温升及滑板磨损量的影响,采用环-块式高速载流摩擦磨损试验台,对比不同湿度条件下,电弧能量、滑板温升及滑板磨损量随滑动速度、电流强度、法向力的变化情况。试验结果表明：不同环境湿度下,滑动速度和电流强度的增大均会导致电弧能量及滑板温升急剧增大;电弧热是导致温升的主要热源;增大法向力对于抑制电弧放电、降低滑板温升均有显著效果,而对于滑板磨损量变化的影响,不同湿度情况则截然相反;高湿度环境下接触副附着的水膜改善了接触状况和散热情况,电弧能量及滑板温升都小于低湿度环境;低湿度环境下滑板表面受到更严重的机械摩擦,其表面状态相比高湿度更差;在平均湿度较高的夏季适当增加升弓压力,在平均湿度较低的冬季适当降低列车行驶速度可以减少浸金属碳滑板磨损。     

水润滑下316L不锈钢与聚醚醚酮摩擦磨损性能研究

为了寻找适合于水液压泵/马达的摩擦副材料,以316 L不锈钢与纯聚醚醚酮树脂、30%玻璃纤维增强PEEK(PEEKGF30)、30%碳纤维增强PEEK(PEEKCA30),PTFE和石墨及碳纤维填充PEEK(PEEKHPV)组成的摩擦副为研究对象,利用MMW-1立式万能摩擦磨损试验机测量摩擦副在水润滑下接触表面的摩擦因数和温度以及试样的磨损量,并通过激光共聚焦显微镜对试件表面磨损形貌进行分析。结果表明:316 L-PEEKHPV摩擦副的摩擦因数、摩擦温升、磨损量均小于其余3组摩擦副,适合作为水液压泵/马达的关键摩擦副材料。316 L不锈钢与PEEKGF30配对时,摩擦机制为涂抹和擦伤,磨损较为严重;与PEEKCA30配对时,摩擦机制为擦伤;与PEEKHPV配对时摩擦机制主要为划伤,磨损较为轻微。     

液黏摩擦副马鞍形屈曲变形接触及温度场分布特性研究

马鞍形屈曲变形是液黏离合器摩擦副最主要的热屈曲变形方式。为获取变形摩擦副的接触特性及温度场分布规律,基于椭球体赫兹点接触理论与屈曲变形规律,建立了摩擦副接触变形等效模型,获得了软启动工况下变形摩擦副接触应力的分布与变化规律;提出了考虑接触应力分布时变特性及对流换热条件的二维瞬态温度场计算模型,对摩擦副滑摩过程表面温升及温度场进行了仿真分析。结果表明,软启动过程中,摩擦副由局部接触发展为完全接触,接触区由弯曲椭圆形对称分布于摩擦副两侧发展至完全覆盖,应力大小由接触中心向四周呈椭圆形梯度下降;受接触应力影响,滑摩温度场同样按照从高温中心向四周呈椭圆形梯度下降的方式分布,但对流换热条件的差异导致高温中心相对于接触中心向对偶钢片外侧偏移,使得外径一侧整体温度更高。研究结果为后续液黏摩擦副热机耦合特性与转矩热失稳方面的研究提供了理论基础。     

不同转速下弹性环滚动载流摩擦性能和损伤分析

采用内滚道、外滚道和弹性环组成滚动载流摩擦副，通过载流摩擦试验研究了其在不同转速下的载流摩擦学性能和材料损伤。结果表明：随着转速从240 r/min增加到600 r/min,摩擦副稳态运行期间的摩擦力升高，接触电阻下降；摩擦前期材料损伤形式主要以接触表面金属塑性变形为主，摩擦平稳期以材料剥落为主；在相同的初始接触条件下，高转速促进表面疲劳和材料磨损，试验后弹性环磨痕宽度明显变宽，磨损量逐渐增大，表面氧化程度下降，O和Cu原子个数比降低；磨痕宽度增幅相近的条件下，同等转速下的摩擦力增幅小于变速条件下的摩擦力增幅；转速增加引起的摩擦力增大与高转速下弹性环滑滚增加也有关系。     

Effects of Contact Pressure and Sliding Speed on the Unlubricated Friction and Wear Properties of Zn-15Al-3Cu-1Si Alloy

The unlubricated friction and wear properties of Zn-15Al-3Cu-1Si alloy were studied over a range of contact pressure (1–5 MPa) and sliding speed (0.5–2.5 ms^?1) for a sliding distance of 2,500 m using a block-on-disc type test machine. It was observed that as the contact pressure increased, the friction coefficient of the alloy decreased but its working temperature, surface roughness, and wear volume increased. Sliding speed had no significant effect on the friction coefficient of the alloy but increased its working temperature, surface roughness, and wear volume. It was also observed that the formation of a hard and brittle surface layer had a great influence on the wear behavior of the experimental alloy. The hardness and thickness of this layer increased with increasing contact pressure and sliding speed. However, contact pressure was found to be much more effective on the hardness of the surface layer of this alloy. Both adhesion and abrasion were observed to be the dominant wear mechanisms for the alloy under the given sliding conditions. The results obtained from the friction and wear tests are discussed in terms of the test conditions and microstructural changes that take place during sliding.     

滑动干摩擦的热机理浅析

分析了在高速滑动干摩擦过程中热的产生和扩散机理、摩擦温度的测定与分析，讨论了摩擦热效应对配副材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：在摩擦过程中，摩擦热的形成是显著的；由粗糙表面产生的摩擦热作用在粗糙表面进而影响粗糙表面的形貌；摩擦热是影响摩擦副摩擦性能变化的主要因素；在研制摩擦材料时应充分考虑配副材料的耐热性与散热性等物性，进行优化选材。     

表面粗糙度对滑动电接触磨损率的影响

在电气化铁路弓网系统中,磨损率是衡量列车运行状态与接触导线使用状态的重要指标。为了充分模拟弓网系统中磨损率情况,利用自行搭建的滑动电接触摩擦磨损试验机对滑板和接触导线进行摩擦磨损试验,分析滑板表面粗糙度、法向压力、接触电流与运行速度对磨损率的影响。得出结论:滑板磨损率随滑板初始表面粗糙度、接触电流、法向压力、运行速度的增加而增加,而高载荷下粗糙度对于磨损率的影响降低;滑板摩擦从磨合期进入稳定摩擦期存在一个临界表面粗糙度,当滑板初始表面粗糙度值等于临界粗糙度值时,其磨损率最低;不同初始表面粗糙度的滑板在跑合期内磨损过程不同,在稳定摩擦期内磨损过程趋于一致,且摩擦试验后滑板表面粗糙度也接近。     

Effect of Operating Conditions on Tribological Response of Al–Al Sliding Electrical Interface

Aluminum is widely used in electrical contacts due to its electrical properties and inexpensiveness when compared to copper. In this study, we investigate the influence of operating conditions like contact load (pressure), sliding speed, current, and surface roughness on the electrical and tribological behavior of the interface. The tests are conducted on a linear, pin-on-flat tribo-simulator specially designed to investigate electrical contacts under high contact pressures and high current densities. Control parameters include sliding speed, load, current, and surface roughness. The response of the interface is evaluated in the light of coefficient of friction, contact resistance, contact voltage, mass loss of pins, and interfacial temperature rise. As compared to sliding speed, load, and roughness, current is found to have the greatest influence on the various measured parameters. Under certain test conditions, the interface operates in a “voltage saturation” regime, wherein increase in current do not result in any increase in contact voltage. Within the voltage saturation regime the coefficient of friction tends to be lower, a result that is attributed to the higher temperatures associated with the higher voltage (and resulting material softening). Higher interfacial temperatures also appear to be responsible for the higher wear rates observed at higher current levels as well as lower coefficients of friction for smoother surfaces in the presence of current.     

ANALYSIS OF THERMAL-ELASTIC STRESS OF WHEEL-RAIL IN ROLLING-SLIDING CONTACT

A coupling thermo-mechanical model of wheel/rail in rolling-sliding contact is put forward using finite element method. The normal contact pressure is idealized as the Hertzian distribution, and the tangential force presented by Carter is used. In order to obtain thermal-elastic stress, the ther-mal-elastic plane stress problem is transformed to an elastic plane stress problem with equivalent fictitious thermal body force and fictitious boundary distributed force. The temperature rise and ther-mal-elastic stress of wheel and rail in rolling-sliding are analyzed. The non-steady state heat transfer between the contact surfaces of wheel and rail, heat-convection and radiation between the wheel/rail and the ambient are taken into consideration. The influences of the wheel rolling speed and wear rate on friction temperature and thermal-elastic stress are investigated. The results show the following: ① For rolling-sliding case, the thermal stress in the thin layer near the contact patch due to the friction temperature rise is severe. The higher rolling speed leads to the lower friction temperature rise and thermal stress in the wheel; ② For sliding case, the friction temperature and thermal stress of the wheel rise quickly in the initial sliding stage, and then get into a steady state gradually. The expansion of the contact patch, due to material wear, can affect the friction temperature rise and the thermal stress during wear process. The higher wear rate generates lower stress. The results can help under-stand the influence of friction temperature and thermal-elastic stress on wheel and rail damage.     

双粗糙面滑动摩擦热力耦合有限元分析

建立了双粗糙分形表面滑动摩擦的热力耦合模型,综合考虑了随温度变化的材料性能、材料的弹塑性变形及摩擦副的磨损失效等因素,以摩擦材料的性能参数及设定的材料损伤参数为实例对双粗糙分形表面滑动摩擦全过程的温度场、应力场及磨损进行了数值模拟,分析得到了滑动摩擦过程中摩擦界面最高接触温度、接触应力的分布、磨损率及其变化规律,实现了对双粗糙面摩擦磨损情况的模拟及预测。     

7075铝合金和QRO90模具钢在热成形工况下的摩擦磨损行为

铝合金在热成形制造过程中存在严重的模具磨损,不但缩短模具使用寿命,还造成工件表面拉毛和成形偏差。为模拟模具钢与7系铝合金在热成形工况下的摩擦过程,搭建单向高温摩擦磨损试验平台,对热成形工况下的摩擦磨损行为展开研究,并通过光学轮廓仪和扫描电镜分析模具钢与铝合金磨损表面形貌。结果发现,热成形过程中黏结磨损和磨粒磨损同时存在,磨损颗粒在粗糙表面上被压实和堆积,对后续的摩擦磨损行为有显著影响。对单向高温摩擦试验的接触副局部进行有限元建模,分析粗糙接触表面上的局部接触条件,探讨其对后续摩擦学行为的作用。分析表明,摩擦过程中存在黏滑现象,局部接触压力受表面形貌影响,显著大于名义载荷,最大等效应力出现在表面之下。这对进一步分析磨损行为、提出合适的表面工程方案提供了基础。     

Role of contact frequency on the wear rate of steel in discontinuous sliding contact conditions

This work presents a novel approach of sliding ball-on-disk wear tests where the disc material is investigated. Each part of the wear track on the disc is in discontinuous contact with the counterbody. The contact frequency at each part of the wear track on the disc with the counterbody is defined by the rotation frequency of the disc. The sliding speed is however a function of both the rotation frequency and wear track diameter. In this work, the effect of the contact frequency on friction and wear was investigated on carbon steel in discontinuous sliding contact with corundum balls. Various sliding speeds were used while maintaining the contact frequency at a fixed value, and various contact frequencies were applied at constant sliding speeds.The wear rate of the disk material is shown to depend not only on the usual wear test parameters, namely sliding speed and contact load, but also on contact frequency. Moreover, contact frequency is shown to be a key factor determining the wear mode even at constant sliding speed and load. At contact frequencies above 9 Hz, the dominant wear mechanism is oxidational wear, while at frequencies below 4 Hz the dominant wear mechanism is adhesive wear. This transition from adhesive to oxidational wear takes place together with a change in the type of debris generated and in the value of the coefficient of friction.The validity of the Garcia-Ramil-Celis model proposed earlier for discontinous sliding contact conditions, is demonstrated for the case of carbon steel disks sliding against a chemically inert counterbody.