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1.
    
In this paper, we analyze the visual fatigue of integral imaging three‐dimensional (3D) display by studying the accommodation and convergence when viewing the integral imaging 3D images. The theoretical analyses show that there is no inconsistency between the accommodation and convergence distances, which means that the integral imaging 3D display has no visual fatigue. Experiments are implemented, and the results finally demonstrate the rationality of the theoretical analyses. These analyses can be quite beneficial for researchers to better understand the performances and promote the practical applications of the integral imaging 3D display.  相似文献   

2.
    
In this study, we compared visual comfort in 2D/3D modes of the pattern retarder (PR) and shutter glasses (SG) stereoscopic displays by changing viewing factors and image contents. The viewing factors include ambient illuminance/monitor luminance/background luminance and image contents mainly are determined with different disparity limits. The degrees of 2D/3D visual comfort were investigated by using various combinations of ambient illuminance, monitor luminance, background luminance, and disparity limit. A series of psychological experiments were also performed to compare 2D and 3D viewing experiences for the passive PR and active SG stereoscopic displays and to discover more comfortable conditions under various variable combinations. The experiment results show that the various variable combinations affecting visual comfort in the passive PR and active SG stereoscopic displays were significantly different. Finally, we suggest more comfortable conditions of viewing 2D and 3D images for the PR and SG stereoscopic displays.  相似文献   

3.
    
Autostereoscopic displays are likely to become widely used products in the future. However, certain physiological factors, especially visual comfort, limit their development. In this study, four observational parameters – ambient illuminance, image content, scaling ratio, and horizontal distance between major and minor objects – were evaluated to determine the degree of visual comfort offered by 3D computer‐generated images on an autostereoscopic display. Visual comfort score with the range of 0–1 is designed to represent the degree of visual comfort for the 3D images with different manipulations of ambient illuminance, image content, scaling ratio, and horizontal distance between major and minor objects in this study. Subjects were asked to indicate images that produced discomfort. The proportion of images for each condition where participants indicated that viewing the image was comfortable was computed. Images receiving a proportion of 0.5 or greater were classified as acceptable. The disparity ranges over which acceptable images were attained for each participant and for each condition were analyzed with analysis of variance. The analytical results indicate that ambient illuminance and image content have a significant effect on the acceptable disparity range, while scaling ratio and horizontal distance between major and minor objects did not.  相似文献   

4.
    
We propose a crosstalk‐free dual‐view integral imaging display. It is composed of a display panel, a barrier array, and a micro‐lens array. The central barrier is located at the vertical central axes of the display panel and the micro‐lens array to split the element image array and the viewing zone. Moreover, other barriers are located at the margins of the elemental images and corresponding micro‐lenses to eliminate the crosstalk. The lights emitting from the left and right half of the element image array are modulated by the left and right half of the micro‐lens array to reconstruct the right and left viewing zones, respectively. A prototype of the proposed dual‐view integral imaging display is developed, and good experimental results agree well with the theory.  相似文献   

5.
We develop an algorithm for calculating hyper-geometric modes of the coherent light field, which represent a solution to the paraxial wave (Schrödinger-type) equation. The propagation of the hyper-geometric modes containing a phase spiral singularity is computer simulated. A comparison is conducted of the exact analytical solution and an approximate solution derived using an integral Kirchhoff propagation operator. A specific feature of the hyper-geometric modes that distinguish them from the familiar paraxial (Gauss, Bessel) modes is that the major radius of the former increases as a square root of the distance passed and the spacing between the adjacent maxima (or minima) in the diffraction pattern decreases with increasing radial coordinate.  相似文献   

6.
    
This paper proposes a method for combining multiple integral three‐dimensional (3D) images using direct‐view displays to obtain high‐quality results. A multi‐image combining optical system (MICOS) is used to enlarge and combine multiple integral 3D images without gaps. An optical design with a simple lens configuration that does not require a diffuser plate prevents the deterioration in resolution resulting from lens arrangement errors and the diffuser plate. An experiment was performed to compare a previously developed method with the proposed method, and the latter showed a significant improvement in image quality. A method for expanding the effective viewing angle of the proposed optical design was also developed, and its effectiveness was confirmed experimentally. A prototype device of the proposed optical design was constructed using a high‐density organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) panel with 8K resolution and 1058 ppi pixel density to achieve 311 (H) × 175 (V) elemental images, a viewing angle of 20.6° in both the horizontal and vertical directions, and a display size of 9.1 in. In addition, the proposed optical design enabled making device considerably thinner, ie, with a thickness of only 47 mm.  相似文献   

7.
    
Although numerous potential causes may lead to visual discomfort when viewing content on three‐dimensional (3D) displays, vergence–accommodation conflict is a particular cause of binocular parallax‐based stereoscopic displays, and it is unavoidable. Based on the study of 3D content visual attention, we proposed a novel stereoscopic depth adjustment method to improve the visual comfort and enhance perceived naturalness. The proposed method combined the 3D image saliency and specific viewing condition to establish a novel model for computing the optimum zero‐disparity plane of stereoscopic image. The results of perception experiments, focused on visual comfort and stereoscopic sensation, supported that the proposed method can significantly enhance stereoscopic viewing comfort and even can improve the stereoscopic sensation by insuring the 3D image fusion.  相似文献   

8.
视差立体显示因其能再现三维空间信息而在虚拟现实系统中得到广泛应用,然而观看视差立体显示与观看真实场景的视觉机制是不一致的,将引起晶状体调节与双眼辐辏的冲突,进而引发视觉不适.针对这一问题,首先描述了调节辐辏功能的视觉机制;然后分析了立体显示中调节辐辏冲突所引起的视觉异常现象及其测量方法;总结了立体图像舒适度预测算法的最新研究进展,并按照眼部、脑活动、自主神经系统3类测量方法对视疲劳客观评估的潜在指标进行了分类;最后讨论了本领域的未来研究方向和挑战,以及相关研究在虚拟现实头盔立体显示中的潜在应用.  相似文献   

9.
针对先前的立体图像显著性检测模型未充分考虑立体视觉舒适度和视差图分布特征对显著区域检测的影响,提出了一种结合立体视觉舒适度因子的显著性计算模型.该模型在彩色图像显著性提取中,首先利用SLIC算法对输入图像进行超像素分割,随后进行颜色相似区域合并后再进行二维图像显著性计算;在深度显著性计算中,首先对视差图进行预处理;然后基于区域对比度进行显著性计算;最后,结合立体视觉舒适度因子对二维显著图和深度显著图进行融合,得到立体图像显著图.在不同类型立体图像上的实验结果表明,该模型获得了85%的准确率和78%的召回率,优于现有常用的显著性检测模型,并与人眼立体视觉注意力机制保持良好的一致性.  相似文献   

10.
    
A primary reason for visual discomfort caused by viewing 3D contents in autostereoscopic displays is the conflict between accommodation and convergence. Parallax directly affects the degree of conflict. In this paper, three factors are investigated—parallax magnitude, changing parallax, and spatial resolution—which are supposed to exert substantial influence upon visual comfort. The aforementioned three factors are integrated into stereoscopic sequences generated by software. With the data on the subjective evaluation of comfort from the viewers, statistical method is used to obtain both the main effects and interactions among the three factors. According to the experimental results, changing parallax might play a more crucial role in visual comfort than parallax magnitude. Spatial resolution might alleviate the negative effects in which changing parallax brings about. The experiment indicates that parallax for autostereoscopic displays should be within 50′ in consideration of comfort.  相似文献   

11.
文章阐述了视觉语言在平面设计中的重要地位。通过对平面设计三要素的分析,从文字、色彩、图形三个方面对视觉语言在平面设计中的表现形式进行论述。结合一些设计作品,介绍如何在实际平面设计中应用视觉语言。  相似文献   

12.
    
This study investigated the aesthetic judgment of large‐size curved displays and found out the most preferred radius of them. For the survey, 1:1 scale curved display mock‐ups were presented to subjects, and the displays were made of acrylic frame with various sizes and curvatures. The subjects were asked to assess their preference for the displays in both aesthetic appeal and visual comfort at a distance of 2.5 m. The survey results showed that the most preferred radius of curvature varies depending on the display size, and it increases as the display size becomes larger. For 55‐in. displays, the most preferred radius of curvature was found as 2000 mm across the contents attached on the displays. With regard to the 65‐ and 75‐in. displays, the subjects' preference was increased to 3000 mm that lightly varied depending on the presented contents.  相似文献   

13.
    
Stereoscopic displays have gained much popularity, while visual discomfort during watching stereoscopic displays is becoming an increasing concern. Vergence‐accommodation conflicts are one of factors inducing visual discomfort. How to properly assess the visual discomfort by vergence‐accommodation conflicts has been the focus of researchers. Compared with previous studies, this paper aims to address two problems: (1) designing an elaborate experiment to induce visual discomfort without interference of the long performance time and (2) objectively selecting fewer electrodes and extracting electroencephalogram (EEG) features much related to visual discomfort. The results show that, better than previous experimental paradigm, the designed experimental paradigm not only causes the visual discomfort properly but also shortens the performance time to less than an hour. Moreover, for the proposed model, the visual discomfort can be evaluated well based only on six selected electrodes or even better than previous models relying on much more electrodes.  相似文献   

14.
立体视频稳像效果评价是评价立体视频稳像算法性能的有效途径.针对当前缺乏立体视频稳像效果客观评价方法的问题,提出一种结合视觉舒适度的无参考立体视频稳像效果评价方法.将立体视频稳像前后的运动平滑度和视觉舒适度变化作为视频稳像前后的变化特征,结合主观评价训练得到立体视频稳像效果评价的支持向量回归模型;回归模型通过学习立体视频稳像前后的变化特征与主观评价结果之间的关系,最终获得直接评价任意立体视频稳像效果的能力.使用收集的55条仿真视频训练模型,并在10条真实视频上进行实验的结果表明,所提方法的稳定性较好,在视频量达到180条时,模型的评价结果趋于稳定,且模型评价结果与主观评价结果相关性达到93%,可用于立体视频稳像效果的客观评价.  相似文献   

15.
    
In order to investigate the age differences for viewing autostereoscopic display, we conduct a 3 × 3 × 3 × 4 mixed design with repeated measurement experiment by using three‐dimensional (3D) video clips. Visual comfort is compared between four age groups with a questionnaire. Results of subjective evaluation are compared through the chi‐square test to check if there is a statistical significance between groups with respect to the distribution of number and proportion according to five levels of visual comfort. Then we examine age differences of visual comfort under three key display parameters including crosstalk, ambient illumination, and disparity. The results indicate that the degree of comfort varies considerably among age groups as the parameters of the display system change. Although the seniors feel most discomfort and the children get best experience in general, there is no statistical difference among the subjects when the ambient illumination is medium or disparity is large. So, it is necessary to take account of the age differences in designing 3D display parameters for enhancing visual comfort.  相似文献   

16.
    
Abstract— A series of 12 display frames of different combinations of gloss levels and diffuse reflectance levels was mounted on a display to test the visual comfort of 31 test subjects. The frames were tested in a controlled environment where a light reflex was purposefully visible on the frame. The intensity of the light reflex was controllable by the user, and the dial setting was recorded for each frame. The frames were also shown in two different test office environments, one light and one dark. Qualitative comments about the frames were recorded. A gloss level of 30 gloss units corresponded to about 30% of test subjects that wanted no reflex at all to be visible on the frame. There was a significant effect of frame gloss on the acceptable light level of the reflex. When the acceptable‐light‐level dial setting was converted to luminance contrast, the acceptable luminance contrast on the frames decreased with increasing gloss, and this effect was more pronounced for black frames.  相似文献   

17.
    
A conflict between accommodation and vergence is one possible cause of visual fatigue and discomfort while viewing conventional three‐dimensional displays. Previous studies have proposed the super multi‐view (SMV) display technique to solve the vergence–accommodation conflict, in which two or more parallax images enter the pupil of the eye with highly directional rays. We simultaneously measured accommodative, vergence, and pupillary responses to SMV three‐dimensional displays to examine whether they can reduce the conflict. For comparison, responses to two‐view stereo images and real objects were also measured. The results show that the range of the accommodative response was increased by the SMV images compared with the two‐view images. The slope of the accommodation–vergence response function for the SMV images was similar to that for the real objects rather than the two‐view images. We also found that enhancement of the accommodative range by the SMV images is noticeable with binocular viewing, indicating that vergence‐induced accommodation plays an important role in viewing SMV displays. These results suggest that SMV displays induced a more natural accommodative response than did conventional, two‐view stereo displays. As a result, SMV displays reduced the vergence–accommodation conflict.  相似文献   

18.
    
In stereoscopic images, the crossing point of the viewing directions of the two eyes determines the perceived depth. Assuming that accommodation is affected by the positions of the crossing point, the effect of crossing point on minimum angle of resolution (MAR) was investigated. For 40 participants, MAR was measured by two‐alternative forced choice where Snellen optotype E of up and down directions were used as two kinds of stimuli. As the crossing point of the viewing direction of the left and right eyes moves farther from the sample display, the ability to identify the direction of letter E decreases at the optotype of the same line thickness. The change of MAR shows linear trends with respect to the optical power change that are the reciprocal of the distance from the participant to the crossing points located out of screen and on screen.  相似文献   

19.
详细地阐述了大学《计算机基础》课程＂分层次＂教学的理论基础、可行性,给出了详细的分层次规则、教学内容设置和考核方式,力争以全新的教学模式,提高计算机基础课程的教学质量和教学效果。  相似文献   

20.
A sliding mode feedback controller, based on integral reconstructors is developed for the regulation of the ‘boost’ DC‐to‐DC power converter circuit conduction in continuous conduction mode. The feedback control scheme uses only output capacitor voltage measurements, as well as knowledge of the available input signal, represented by the switch positions. The robustness of the feedback scheme is tested with abusively large, unmodelled, sudden load resistance variations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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