中心气流与环形气流作用下颗粒射流的流动与混合特性

采用PIV测速系统和高速摄像仪对同轴气固两相射流进行了实验研究,着重考察了同轴射流结构和旋流对颗粒流动与混合特性的影响。结果表明,环形气流作用下颗粒获得的轴向速度比相同条件下中心气流作用下的颗粒轴向速度大,且气固两相的混合效果更佳,在这两种同轴射流结构下,颗粒的轴向速度仅在靠近喷嘴的横截面上分布较为均匀。而旋流,特别是强旋的引入不仅可以促进远场区颗粒速度的均布,而且能够有效地改善两相混合效果。     

Experimental study of the hydraulic operation of an annular centrifugal contactor with various mixing vane geometries

The annular centrifugal contactor is a combination mixer/centrifuge that has been developed for solvent extraction processes for recycling used nuclear reactor fuel. The experimental observations presented were part of a simulation‐focused research effort aimed at providing a more complete understanding of the fluid flow within these contactors to enable further advancements in design and operation of future units and greater confidence for use of such contactors in a variety of other solvent extraction applications. Laser doppler velocimetry (LDV), particle image velocimetry (PIV), pressure measurements, and high‐speed video imaging for a range of flow rates and rotor speeds were performed to characterize the flow of water in the annular mixing region of the contactor using three different mixing vane geometries. It was found that the geometry of the mixing vanes has a significant impact on the annular liquid height and general flow in the contactor mixing zone. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

Scalar mixing in turbulent concentric round jets

The scalar mixing field of a free, turbulent concentric round jet has been examined using marker nephelometry. The flow conditions included velocity ratios between the centre and annular jet of 0.188, 0.519 and 0.911. The correlation function between the concentration fluctuations in the two jet streams increased from –1.0 near the nozzle to + 1.0 further downstream indicating a tendency to complete mixing between the jets. The initial mixing behaviour between the jets was better for the lower velocity ratio between the jets (U_i/U_o = 0.188) although further downstream there was better transverse mixing between the jets with the higher velocity ratio (U_i/U_o = 0.911).     

闭口微通道电渗流微混合的数值模拟

微通道内流体的雷诺数一般都比较低,不同浓度溶液之间的混合主要通过扩散来完成,因此需要较长的时间和距离才能混合均匀。本文数值模拟了二维闭口微通道内电渗流的流动特性,并比较了施加不同电场强度情况下,闭口微通道电渗流的混合效率。结果表明由于非线性诱导背压的存在,闭口微通道内产生了两个环形流动,增强了对流,可以有效地缩短混合时间,提高混合效率。     

Investigating the liquid film characteristics of gas–liquid swirling flow using ultrasound doppler velocimetry

A novel gas–liquid two‐phase flow metering method was proposed. A spiral vane mounted in the inner pipe was used to transform inlet flow patterns into gas–liquid swirling annular flow. The thickness and velocity profile of liquid film were measured by ultrasound Doppler velocimetry. The liquid flow rates were obtained by integrating of velocity profile during the liquid film zone. Experiments were carried out in an air–water two‐phase flow loop and an ultrasonic transducer was installed under the bottom of the test section with the Doppler angle of 70°. The flow patterns included stratified wavy, annular, and slug flows. Compared with non‐swirling flow, the liquid film thickness at the bottom reduces greatly. The measurement accuracy of liquid flow rate was independent of inlet flow patterns, gas and liquid velocities. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2348–2357, 2017     

石油焦燃烧器环流混合段内床层的轴向密度分布

采用气-固环流反应器与输送床烧焦管相结合的结构形式,建立了一套适应石油焦或气化余焦燃烧要求的大型冷态实验装置. 在不同操作条件下,采用差压变送器测定了环流混合段内环区及外环区内床层轴向压力梯度及密度的分布规律. 结果表明,内环床层密度分布可分为底部密相区和上部湍流扩散区;内环颗粒循环强度对底部密相区的密度分布影响较小,只对导流筒上部湍流扩散区有影响;随着内环表观气速的增大,整个内环床层密度均降低. 外环床层密度分布与内环的表观气速、颗粒循环强度和外环床层密相料位高度有关. 利用实验数据回归出了内环和外环轴向颗粒密度分布的经验模型,其计算值与实验值吻合较好.     

环隙式离心萃取器内部两相流动研究进展

环隙式离心萃取器是集成液-液混合与液-液分离于一体的高性能萃取设备,其广泛应用于核工业、化工环保、有色冶金、生物医药等领域。离心萃取器具有优异的水力学特性和传质特性,这主要得益于其环隙中的泰勒涡流以及转鼓内的离心分离流等特殊流动。本文主要依据离心萃取器结构和两相流动特点,综述了环隙内气-液界面变化规律、气泡流动特性、液-液两相流型、液滴流动特性,以及转鼓内的气-液界面等方面的研究进展,还总结了环隙螺旋隔板、转鼓径向叶片等结构的优化对于两相流动、混合或分离效果的影响。在后续研究中,可以从离心萃取过程中的液滴分散和聚并机理、三相流动测试及模拟、结构的模型化设计方法等方面开展更加深入的研究。     

电场强化层流搅拌的荧光可视化试验及模拟分析

在层流搅拌中,搅拌桨的周期性扰动使搅拌槽内出现封闭、孤立的环状隔离流场。隔离流场严重阻碍了搅拌介质之间的有效交换,降低了搅拌效率。本文提出外加电场以强化层流搅拌的方案,利用电流体动力学效应改变流场的对称结构,消除混合死区。试验采用平面激光诱导荧光（planner laser induced fluorescence, PLIF）技术实现了搅拌槽内流场结构的实时可视化,并通过自编程程序识别并计算出非混合区域面积百分比。结果表明,随着电场强度的增大,混合效率逐渐提升,当电场强度为1.5kV/cm时混合效率可达98%。研究建立了基于有限元法及浓度扩散模型的混合搅拌模拟平台,探究搅拌槽内部流场结构时空演变规律。通过模拟分析发现,当外加平行板电场强度达到0.5kV/cm以上时,搅拌槽内部出现明显的二次涡流。二次涡流的出现与径向混合相互作用从而不断削弱隔离流场。在电场强度不变的条件下,外加周期性电场可以进一步提高搅拌效率,电场强度1kV/cm条件下的外加周期性电场可以使搅拌效率提升至98%以上。     

搅拌槽内液相层流荧光可视化及高效混合技术

机械搅拌作为一种重要的混合技术,在化工生产、环保安全、生物制药等领域有着广泛的应用。搅拌效率和流场的分布是衡量搅拌质量的重要指标。然而,在层流搅拌流场中,搅拌桨周期性的扰动产生了环形动力流场导致搅拌槽内普遍存在混合隔离区,隔离区的存在是实现高效混合的主要障碍。本实验基于平面激光诱导荧光技术实现了二维瞬态液相混合流场结构的可视化,研究了Reynolds数和搅拌槽的几何参数对流场结构时空变化规律的影响。基于MATLAB软件对实验图像进行后处理得到非混合区域面积覆盖率,定量计算出流体的混合效率。结果表明,层流搅拌中搅拌槽内叶轮上方和下方出现对称的隔离区域,并且不会随着Reynolds数的增加而消失。通过在搅拌槽内部特定位置（侵入隔离流场几何中心）设置几何挡板结构,破坏隔离区域环形流场的对称性和封闭性,引发混沌混合从而提升混合质量。设置在特定位置的长方体挡板和扇形圆环挡板分别使搅拌槽内流体混合效率在200s内从65%提升至95%和97%。该研究可为高效层流搅拌混合器的设计提供实验数据与理论指导。     

Analysis of the effect of mixing vane geometry on the flow in an annular centrifugal contactor

The annular centrifugal contactor is a compact mixer/centrifuge developed for solvent extraction processes for recycling used nuclear fuel. This research effort couples computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling with a variety of experimental observations to provide a valid detailed analysis of the flow within the centrifugal contactor. CFD modeling of the free surface flow in the annular mixing zone using the volume-of-fluid method combined with large eddy simulation of turbulence was found to have very good agreement with the experimental measurements. A detailed comparative analysis of the flow and mixing with different housing vane geometries (four straight vanes, eight straight vanes, and curved vanes) was performed. Two additional variations on the eight straight vane geometry were also simulated. This analysis determined that at the simulated moderate flow rate the four straight mixing vane geometry has greater mixing and fluid residence time as compared to the other mixing vane configurations. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

ANNULAR CENTRIFUGAL CONTACTORS FOR MULTIPLE STAGE EXTRACTION PROCESSES

The annular centrifugal contactor is a vertical, liquid - liquid, direct drive, centrifuge capable of both mixing and separating. Efficient mixing is achieved in the annulus between the spinning rotor and the stationary lower housing. Separation occurs in the rotor due to the enhanced density difference of two liquids at increased gravitational force. In this design, mixing and disengaging times of three and ten to thirty seconds, respectively, are typical. System equilibrium is reached in minutes, even for multiple stage processes, due to the low operating volume of these devices

Annular centrifugal contactors, capable of nearly one theoretical stage per unit, are readily employed in complex processes. They can be directly coupled to one another because the rotor pumps the liquids from the annular mixing zone to a height sufficient to feed the next unit. New designs have recently become available which offer such enhancements as interchangeable heavy phase weirs, a low mix option, and a clean in place rotor. This commercially available technology is now being utilized for polymer, organic peroxide, pharmaceutical, and metals recovery processes to improve throughput and efficiency, lower process inventory, and reduce waste. The ability to process during complete phase ratio changes, intermittent flows, and changes in flow rate without loss of performance make these contactors an attractive extraction tool.     

Non-ideal flow in an annular photocatalytic reactor

This study deals with the modelling of non-ideal flow in a tubular photocatalytic reactor with thin layer of TiO₂ photocatalyst. The objective was to analyse different level of mixing in the photoreactor applying basic principles of chemical reaction engineering. For this purpose photocatalytic oxidation of toluene was used as the model reaction. Photocatalytic reactor was operated in two different flow modes: classic type of an annular reactor with basically ideal (plug) flow with some extent of dispersion and annular flow reactor acted as stirred tank reactor with mixing of reaction mixture accomplished by recirculation. A series of experiments with step input disturbance at the entrance of the reactor with different air flow was performed in order to achieve better understanding of the reactor hydrodynamics. Several reactor models are applied, such as one dimensional model of tubular reactor at the steady state conditions, axial dispersion model at non-stationary conditions and the model of the continuous non-stationary stirred tank reactor. Numerical methods necessary for solving model equations and parameter estimation were described.     

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Study of the Flow in an Annular Centrifugal Contactor

Abstract

This study presents an initial scoping analysis of the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to modeling the flow in an annular centrifugal contactor. The unsteady, turbulent nature of this multi‐phase flow presents significant challenges to quantitative CFD modeling. Existing methods for confronting these obstacles are considered and initial results of the steady‐state flow of a single liquid phase in the annular mixing zone are presented. The flow of particulates and the effects of changes in geometric and operational parameters were also evaluated. Even with simplifying assumptions qualitatively accurate results could be obtained using widely available CFD models.     

水平光滑细管内R32冷凝换热的流型特性

采用可视化的方法,对流体R32在内径2 mm 的水平光滑圆管内冷凝换热的流型进行了观测实验,实验设定的流体饱和温度为40℃,质量流量分别为100、200、400 kg·m^-2·s^-1。观测到的主要流型为塞状流、弹状流、环波状流和环状流。通过实验观察,发现随着流量的增加环状流的流型区域增加,流型由环波状流转换成间歇流的干度推迟,其分界线为一条斜线,主要是由于随着流量的增大,气液表面剪切力增大促进了环波状流的形成。借鉴量纲1准则数提出间歇流与环波状流分界线公式。将实验值与其他5种流型模型进行了对比分析,发现只有与Yang-Shieh模型比较吻合。     

Modelling of Self-Induced Oscillations in the Mixing Head of a RIM Machine

In this paper, the self-induced oscillations in the mixing head of a RIM machine were modelled. An analytical and simple correlation was derived between the Strouhal number and the averaged pressure drop along the amplitude of the oscillation in the mixing chamber. This correlation theoretically identified that the frequency of the oscillations could be well correlated by the jet Reynolds number, Re_d, and the dimensionless distance between the two jets as proposed by Denshchikov et al., Fluid Dyn. 3 , 460-462 (1983). The flow field dynamics in the mixing head was simulated successfully by Fluent and the computed pressure fluctuations were used to calculate the frequencies of the oscillations in the mixing head. The calculated Strouhal numbers are in good agreement with the dominant frequency from the power spectra of the measured velocity component u_x (Santos, 2003). Finally, the effect of Re_d and Froude number, Fr, on the Strouhal number was investigated in the impingement region. The average Strouhal number showed a decrease with the Reynolds numbers, due to the increasing randomness of flow field in the impingement region. It was also found that the operations at lower values of Fr presented an increasing stability up to the point where the system is unable to present dynamic evolution. The model in this paper provides a theoretical starting point towards understanding of the quantities of the oscillatory flow in the mixing head, as well as a numerical approach to evaluate the dominant frequency in the mixing chamber.     

Radial Gas Mixing in a Fluidized Bed with a Multi‐Horizontal Nozzle Distributor using Response Surface Methodology

The gas mixing in the radial direction within a fluidized bed equipped with a multi‐horizontal nozzle distributor was studied using response surface methodology (RSM), which enables the examination of parameters with a moderate number of experiments. All experiments were carried out in a circular fluidized bed of 0.29 m I.D. cold model fluidized bed. The distributor is placed beside twenty‐two horizontal nozzles that are arranged in three concentric circles with all existing discharge directed clockwise. The tracer gas (CO₂) was discharged into the bed as a tracer gas and the analysis was performed with a gas chromatograph. In order to compare the different internal circulations, the tracer gas was discharged in the center area or annular area of the bed. In RSM, the static bed height, superficial velocity and the open area ratio of the distributor are chosen as the research variables, and the standard deviation of the time averaged radial tracer concentration is used as the objection function. A mathematical model for the gas mixing as a function of the operating parameters was empirically proposed. The results show that the standard deviation of time averaged radial tracer concentration is well correlated with the operating and geometry parameters, (U – U_mf)/U_mf, H_s/D and ψ_d, and that the tracer gas injected to the center position has a better dispersion than when injected to the annular position. This model can be used for optimizing the design of fluidized bed reactors at a required performance level.     

Effect of Cylinder Rotation on Flow Characteristics of the Annular Region in Annular Centrifugal Extractor

The flow patterns in the annular region of a 50 mm annular centrifugal extractor (ACE) were studied using phase particle image velocimetry (PIV), by which the distributions of radial velocity, axial velocity, vorticity, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and micromixing time of a fluid under different rotating Reynolds numbers were investigated. In the center of the annular region, both the radial and axial velocities of the fluid are close to zero, regardless of the rotating Reynolds number changes. The TKE of the fluid along the radial direction is small at center and large on the edge. The results show that the mixing process mainly occurs at the region near the outer cylinder’s sidewall, and the mixing time in this region is less than that in the internal annular region. Besides, the whole mixing efficiency is proportional to the rotational speed when the speed is below a certain level, and then gradually reaches a plateau when the speed is further increased.     

A study on mixing mechanism in air spouted beds

The mixing mechanism of solid particles in the air spouted bed was studied by employing an impulse response technique. The particles, german millet and barley, were spouted by air in columns of diameter of 8.4 cm and 12.6 cm. In the proposed theory, it was assumed that the mixing of the particles in the spouted bed occurs when they circulate through spout, fountain and annulus. Also a theoretical model was derived by assuming that the particle flow in the annulus is a combination of many annular plug flows while the flow in the spout as well as in the fountain is a mixed flow The residence time distribution of the particles in the bed was measured by injecting a portion of colored particles into the feed line and analyzing the concentration of the colored particles in the discharge line. The experimental results and the proposed theory were most satisfactorily agreed when the null residence time in the spout and in the fountain was assumed in the theoretical model.     

ANNULAR CENTRIFUGAL CONTACTORS FOR MULTIPLE STAGE EXTRACTION PROCESSES

The annular centrifugal contactor is a vertical, liquid - liquid, direct drive, centrifuge capable of both mixing and separating. Efficient mixing is achieved in the annulus between the spinning rotor and the stationary lower housing. Separation occurs in the rotor due to the enhanced density difference of two liquids at increased gravitational force. In this design, mixing and disengaging times of three and ten to thirty seconds, respectively, are typical. System equilibrium is reached in minutes, even for multiple stage processes, due to the low operating volume of these devices

Annular centrifugal contactors, capable of nearly one theoretical stage per unit, are readily employed in complex processes. They can be directly coupled to one another because the rotor pumps the liquids from the annular mixing zone to a height sufficient to feed the next unit. New designs have recently become available which offer such enhancements as interchangeable heavy phase weirs, a low mix option, and a clean in place rotor. This commercially available technology is now being utilized for polymer, organic peroxide, pharmaceutical, and metals recovery processes to improve throughput and efficiency, lower process inventory, and reduce waste. The ability to process during complete phase ratio changes, intermittent flows, and changes in flow rate without loss of performance make these contactors an attractive extraction tool.     

Continuous detonation in the regime of self-oscillatory ejection of the oxidizer. 2. Air as an oxidizer

Results of an experimental study of continuous detonation of a hydrogen-air mixture in a flow-type annular combustor 306 mm in diameter in the regime of air self-ejection are reported. The regime of pulsed detonation is also obtained. Stable regimes of continuous detonation with one and two transverse detonation waves having velocities D = 1.48−1.16 km/sec are observed in experiments. The frequency of the pulsed detonation wave is ≈1.4 kHz. The known condition for the continuous detonation regime (good mixing for the formation of a detonable layer) is validated. The size of the slot for air ejection, providing a necessary flow rate for detonation and a necessary ratio of the species in the mixture, is determined. Some methods for estimating the air flow rate are presented.