基于蚁群优化算法的单通道冗余VLSI阵列重构

通过冗余修复方法来解决超大规模集成电路(VLSI)制造过程中因缺陷而造成的成品率低的问题。根据物理阵列中缺陷单元的分布情况,构造相应的矛盾图模型,将阵列的重构问题转化为用蚁群优化算法求解矛盾图的最大独立集问题,使得所求独立集的顶点个数恰为缺陷单元的个数。实验表明,与标准遗传算法和神经网络算法相比,用蚁群优化算法来求解单通道冗余VLSI阵列重构问题是简单有效的。     

Design of electronically steerable linear arrays with evolutionary algorithms

This paper deals with the design of electronically steerable linear arrays for intelligent antenna systems. The design problem is modeled as a multi-objective optimization problem with non-linear constraints. The well-known NSGA-II and SPEA 2 algorithms are employed as the methodologies to solve the resulting optimization problem. The main goal and contribution of this paper is computation of the trade-off curves between side lobe level and main beam width for steerable linear arrays. The addressed problem considers a driving-point impedance restriction placed on each element in the array. This consideration makes the problem more restrictive and therefore more difficult to solve. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the algorithms for the design of steerable linear arrays.     

Complex weight control of array pattern nulling

An efficient method based on the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm for the linear antenna arrays pattern synthesis with prescribed nulls in the interference direction and minimum side lobe levels by the complex weights of each array element is presented. In general, the pattern synthesis technique that generates a desired pattern is a greatly nonlinear optimization problem. SQP method is a versatile method to solve the general nonlinear constrained optimization problems and is much simpler to implement. It transforms the nonlinear minimization problem to a sequence of quadratic subproblem that is easier to solve, based on a quadratic approximation of the Lagrangian function. Several numerical results of Chebyshev pattern with the imposed single, multiple, and broad nulls sectors are provided and compared with published results to illustrate the performance of the proposed method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2007.     

An extended particle swarm optimization algorithm for pattern synthesis of conformal phased arrays

In this article, an extended particle swarm optimization (EPSO) algorithm is proposed for designing conformal phased arrays. On the basis of traditional particle swarm optimization (PSO), novel velocity updating mechanism, new exceeding boundary control operator, and global best perturbation are introduced in EPSO to overcome the drawbacks of PSO. To validate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, both the classical test functions and the scenarios concerning a 1 × 9‐element cylindrical conformal phased array and a 3 × 9(27)‐element cylindrical conformal array with flat‐top shaped‐beam pattern are presented. Simulation results show that the proposed method is superior to genetic algorithm (GA) and PSO when applied to both the classical test functions and the practical problems of conformal antenna array synthesis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2010.     

基于改进遗传算法的圆阵稀布方法

由于圆形阵列所具有的特性,使其正得到日益广泛的应用,但是圆阵方向图却具有相对主瓣较高的旁瓣电平。为此,针对稀布圆形阵列的天线单元使旁瓣电平尽量降低的问题,应用改进的遗传算法,取角度差值为染色体的基因,进行阵列孔径、单元个数、最小间隔一定的稀布优化排列,减小了遗传算法的搜索空间,提高了搜索效率。仿真结果表明:该方法能有效提高收敛速度、降低圆阵的旁瓣电平。     

Optimized element positions for prescribed radar cross section pattern of linear dipole arrays

Approximate closed‐form expression is derived for the scattering from dipole arrays based on the equivalent circuit theory. Then, a method is proposed for synthesis of dipole arrays to produce desired scattering pattern using genetic algorithm (GA). In the synthesis method, the element positions in an array are considered as the optimization parameter and the derived expression is used to evaluate the fitness function of GA. To assess the validity and efficiency of the proposed method, several linear dipole arrays are designed to obtain scattering pattern with low sidelobe level (SLL). A good agreement between the patterns calculated using the expression and simulated by FEKO validates the accuracy of the presented expression. In addition, the numerical results show that the maximum SLL of the scattering pattern is considerably reduced by optimization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2011.     

基于准最小二乘法的光伏阵列模型鲁棒参数估计方法

光伏阵列的模型参数估计在光伏发电系统的仿真、输出功率预测、最大功率点跟踪等方面有重要意义。当测量数据中只含随机误差时,以加权最小二乘（WLS）为优化函数的参数估计方法有较好的辩识效果。但是当测量数据中含有显著误差时,WLS参数辩识的效果较差。为解决此问题,本文提出了一种以准加权最小二乘法（QWLS）为优化函数的参数估计方法来减小显著误差的影响,采用了赤池信息量准则(AIC)设计QWLS最优参数,将该方法应用于光伏阵列中构造模型鲁棒参数估计问题。最后将WLS和QWLS分别结合序列二次规划（SQP）算法,进行光伏阵列模型的参数估计仿真与实验测试。测试结果显示QWLS参数估计结果更准确,验证了准最小二乘法的鲁棒性与有效性。     

Design of aperiodic planar arrays for isoflux radiation in GEO satellites by applying evolutionary optimization

The design of an aperiodic planar array is presented in this research. This design of aperiodic arrays considers the reduction of the side lobe level and the isoflux radiation requirements for GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) satellite applications. In this way, it is considered four different optimization cases. The first two cases are optimizations of amplitude and phase excitations for the antenna elements in a uniform antenna array and the last two cases are optimizations of positions of the antenna elements and certain number of levels of amplitude excitation in an aperiodic array. In this case, it is proposed a simple new approach combining the main idea of both thinned theory and random arrays approaches. For this optimization problem, the well-known method of Genetic Algorithms (GA) is utilized. The obtained results show the proper performance of the array factor to provide the isoflux radiation and low side lobe level. Depending on the performance requirements, the design of the aperiodic array could lead the satellite hardware to be reduced significantly even more that results presented previously in the literature.     

Differential evolution to synthesize low sidelobe thinned isophoric time‐modulated planar array with increased directivity

In this article, a novel method for synthesizing rectangular planar array through thinning and time‐modulation is proposed. A new differential evolution based approach that generates a rank based population is adopted to find out the optimum element off position for thinning and ontime duration to modulate the antenna elements in time domain. The proposed synthesis method defines a preservative boundary at the array center where the antenna elements are not thinned and time‐modulated rather uniformly excited. It is shown that this proposed thinning and time‐modulation strategy with an optimum preservative boundary helps to realize low side lobe radiation pattern with increased directivity by controlling less number of optimization variables as compared to traditional approach. It also reduces the feed network complexity specifically for large antenna arrays.     

基于模拟退火法的优化线阵的前视三维SAR模型

提出了一种基于模拟退火法的优化线阵的前视三维合成孔径雷达（SAR）模型。针对实线阵需要的阵元个数多、数据计算量大等问题,利用模拟退火法优化3D-SAR的天线阵列得到一个位置优化的非均匀稀疏线阵。分析比较非均匀稀疏线阵和几种不同结构的线阵：非均匀稀疏线阵能以较少的阵元数目达到与其他几种阵列相似甚至更好的波束分辨率,并有效地避免了均匀稀疏阵列的栅瓣问题。分析了前视三维SAR的信号模型。将位置优化的非均匀稀疏线阵应用于前视三维SAR成像并结合BP成像算法。通过仿真实验验证了该模型的正确性和有效性。     

Fast simulation‐driven optimization of planar microstrip antenna arrays using surrogate superposition models

A technique for simulation‐driven design of excitation tapers for planar antenna arrays is presented. Our methodology exploits antenna array models constructed as a superposition of simulated radiation and reflection responses of the array under design, with only one radiator active at a time. Low computational costs of these models are ensured by using iteratively corrected electromagnetic‐simulation data computed with coarse meshes. Our technique allows for simultaneous control of the radiation pattern and the reflection coefficients of the array. Numerical efficiency as well as scalability of the technique is demonstrated using the design examples of various sizes and topologies, including a sixteen element and hundred element microstrip patch antenna arrays of the Cartesian lattice and a hundred element microstrip antenna array of the hexagonal lattice. The proposed technique is versatile as it also can be applied for simulation‐based optimization of antenna arrays comprising other types of individually fed elements, e.g., wires, strips, or dielectric resonator antennas. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 25:371–381, 2015.     

Multilevel redundancy allocation using two dimensional arrays encoding and hybrid genetic algorithm

With the popularity of multilevel design in large scale systems, reliability redundancy allocation on multilevel systems is becoming attractive to researchers. Multilevel redundancy allocation problem (MLRAP) is not only NP-hard, but also qualifies as hierarchy optimization problem. Exact method could not tackle MLRAP very well, so heuristic and meta-heuristic methods are often used to solve it. To improve the effectiveness of current algorithms on MLRAP, this paper proposes a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) based on the two dimensional redundancy encoding mechanism. Instead of hierarchical genotype representation, a two dimensional array is used to represent the solutions to MLRAP. Each row of the array contains the redundancy information of a certain unit in the system and each element in one row stands for the redundancy value of one element of that unit. The number of rows of this array is fixed and equals to the number of distinct units in the system. Each row of the array is an unfixed-length vector whose length depends on the redundancy of all elements of its parent unit. On top of this two dimensional arrays, a local search operator employing simulated annealing strategy is used to generate new population for the next generation instead of the traditional genetic operators. Experimental results have shown that our two dimensional arrays based HGA outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches using two kinds of multilevel system structure.     

增加主瓣增益控制的阵列天线方向图综合遗传算法

阵列天线方向图综合是针对阵列天线方向图进行的相关研究中的一项基础性的研究内容。不同的应用场景中不仅需要设计形式不同的天线阵列,更需要阵列天线方向图并根据不同的性能参数指标要求进行分析优化,从而获得符合使用要求的阵列方向图。针对传统阵列天线方向图综合算法在方向图综合过程中未考虑主瓣增益约束的问题,提出了一种用于阵列天线方向图综合的改进遗传算法。在经典遗传算法的基础上设计了新的适应度函数以满足特殊情况下对主瓣增益进行约束的需求;并在算法计算过程中增加了精英保留策略,设计了随进化代数改变的交叉、变异概率。经仿真实验,结果表明所提算法能够在阵列天线方向图综合时在保证主瓣方向上的增益满足要求的同时可以获得相对低的副瓣电平水平。     

基于凸优化的3D变迹函数水下声呐成像算法

针对水下声呐成像算法中旁瓣电平过高的问题,提出一种基于凸优化的3D变迹函数优化方法,用于成像算法之前,以求在波束形成中获得较低旁瓣电平。利用凸优化算法高效求解满足约束条件的阵元激励权值,将激励权值形成一个3D变迹函数,以幅度变迹的方式作用于各阵元接收的信号,并对幅度变迹后的各阵元接收信号采用延时叠加方法波束形成并成像。以主瓣宽度和峰值旁瓣电平作为衡量波束性能的指标,将所提出方法与切比雪夫窗函数方法和未经变迹函数方法处理进行对比,并进行成像仿真。实验结果表明:所提出方法可以有效地抑制波束峰值旁瓣电平,提高成像对比度。     

Thermal optimization of a micro valve array

This paper describes the thermal optimization of an array of thermopneumatically actuated microvalves. The valve density achieved in the current prototype amounts to 100 valves per square inch. Thin valve membranes of less than 3 μm thickness allow for low temperature actuation. In order to reduce thermal cross talk between adjacent valves, cooling channels and insulating trenches have been introduced. It could be shown that these features reduce thermal cross talk and thus enhance array performance. The effectiveness of the cooling channels was characterized both experimentally and by means of finite element simulations. Since available theories for convective heat transfer showed some discrepancies for the examined device, the average heat transfer coefficient was determined experimentally. The comparison of computational simulation results and infra-red measurements showed good agreement. Finite element models allow reliable prediction and optimization of the performance of high-density valve arrays.     

Amplitude‐only pattern synthesis of nonuniform linear arrays using a generalized pattern search optimization

In this work, synthesis of linear array geometry and excitation amplitudes is first formulated as a linearly constrained multiobjective optimization problem with the goals of minimum sidelobe level, null control and high directivity and then solved by a generalized pattern search (GPS) algorithm for the optimum element locations and excitation amplitudes. The constraints are imposed on the interelement spacing and dynamic range ratio of the amplitude tapering to reduce mutual coupling effects between the elements. GPS methods are newly discovered, derivative‐free methods where the current iterate is updated by sampling the fitness function at a finite number of points along a suitable set of search directions to find a decrease in the function value. Thus, GPS methods can be exploited efficiently in solving optimization problems without requiring any information about the gradient of the fitness function which may be even discontinuous, nondifferentiable, stochastic or highly nonlinear. Finally, four worked examples are presented that illustrate the use of the whole GPS synthesis method, and the optimization goal in each example is easily achieved. Furthermore the full‐wave simulations of the synthesized arrays are also completed to examine the mutual coupling effects. Finally the results of the GPS algorithm are validated by comparing with results obtained using the genetic algorithm, and the results of the uniform and Dolph ‐ Chebyshev arrays, having the same number of element and the same aperture length. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2011.     

Mixed variable optimization using Taguchi's orthogonal arrays

Taguchi's orthogonal arrays for robust design are used in this paper in a nontraditional way to solve a mixed continuous-discrete structural optimization problem. The factors of an orthogonal array correspond to the members of a structure and the levels of each factor correspond to the material choices of each member. Based on the number of factors to be studied and the number of levels of each factor, an appropriate orthogonal array is selected for each specific problem. The number of rows of the orthogonal array correspond to the number of experiments (i.e. continuous sizing optimizations) to be conducted. The response of these experiments, which are the weight of the optimal designs corresponding to different material settings, are then used to calculate the mean effect of each factor level. Some possible optimal material settings can then be determined. Three examples are presented in this paper. Analysis using Taguchi's orthogonal arrays was able to isolate several near optimal or optimal designs. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method compared to more traditional solution methodologies are also discussed.     

基于遗传算法的圆柱阵列稀疏方法

由于共形阵列所具有的特性,使其正得到日益广泛的应用,但其耗用较多的阵元,方向图具有相对主瓣较高的旁瓣电平。为此,针对基本的共形阵列——圆柱阵列的天线阵元,应用经典遗传算法,以阵元的工作状态为优化参量,对其进行稀疏。减少了阵元数量,仿真结果表明,该方法能有效地降低圆柱阵列的旁瓣电平。     

An efficient error estimation method for antenna distortions in space based radar

The phased array antenna plays an important role in determining the performance achievable in a space based radar system. However, the array position errors caused by the antenna distortions in the complex cosmic vacuum environment will distort the antenna pattern, which significantly degrades the performance of the radar systems. Most of the conventional estimation methods are proposed based on the random position errors without the consideration of the distortion character for spaceborne arrays, resulting in a large estimation error. In this paper, to address this issue, an efficient array error estimation method is proposed to compensate the antenna distortion errors. In the proposed method, the initial sensor positions can be obtained based on the measured results from the units distributed over the array surface. Then the distortion model parameters can be estimated by solving an optimization problem. Based on this, the sensor positions can be corrected with high accuracy at the lth iteration. In this way, the proposed method can improve the accuracy and the robustness of the estimation simultaneously. Several simulated results are presented to validate the proposed method for the position error estimation in a space based radar system.     

High gain substrate integrated waveguide beam scanning antenna with sub‐array elements

A method to enhance the gain of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) beam scanning antenna is proposed in this article. 2 × 2 SIW cavity‐backed sub‐arrays are employed in array design. The antenna is constructed on two layers. The top layer places four SIW cavity‐backed sub‐arrays as radiating elements and the bottom layer is an SIW transmission line to feed the sub‐arrays. Beam scanning feature can be obtained due to the frequency dispersion. Moreover, through separating radiators to the other layer and using 2 × 2 SIW cavity‐backed sub‐arrays as radiating parts, the antenna gain is improved significantly. For a linear array, 4.1 to 6.8 dB gain enhancement is achieved compared to a conventional SIW beam scanning antenna with the same length. Then, the linear array is expanded to form a planar array for further gain improvement. A 64‐element planar beam scanning array is designed, fabricated, and tested. Experimental results show that the proposed planar array has a bandwidth from 18.5 GHz to 21. 5 GHz with beam scanning angle from ?5° to 11.5° and gain in the range of 20.5 to 21.8 dBi. The proposed high gain beam scanning antennas have potential applications in radar detection and imaging.