永磁同步发电机风能转换系统滑模控制仿真

针对由于风速的随机波动性而使基于线性定常控制器的风能转换系统稳定性较差的问题,提出了一种基于滑模控制的永磁同步发电机风能转换系统的设计方案;分析了该系统中风力机模型、传动装置模型和永磁同步发电机模型的建立原理,介绍了滑模控制策略的具体实现。仿真结果表明,该系统具有较好的速度跟踪特性,实现了最大风能捕获。     

基于有效风速估计与预测的风电机组自适应最大风能跟踪控制

针对如何在有效风速未知情况下实现风电机组最大风能跟踪(MPPT)的问题,本文使用支持向量回归(SVR)和自适应控制原理,提出基于有效风速估计与预测的自适应MPPT控制方案.首先,使用机组的历史运行数据,训练得到基于SVR的风速估计与预测模型,为MPPT控制提供实时参考输入.其次,结合在线学习估计器(OLA)和减小转矩增益(DTG)控制原理,设计自适应MPPT控制器,该控制器能够较好应对系统未知动态特性和干扰,且能降低传动链载荷.最后,使用李雅普诺夫原理证明闭环系统所有信号都是有界的.仿真结果表明本文提出的方法能够获得良好的MPPT效果,进而提高机组产能.     

带有速度观测器的风力发电系统风能捕获控制

为了最大化捕获风能和省去安装机械传感器的花费,提出了基于直接转矩控制理论框架的速度观测器风能捕获控制策略。这个策略能有效克服系统参数变化和风速波动不确定性的影响,实现风速跟踪控制。以2 MW直驱永磁风力发电机组作为研究对象,进行了仿真实验研究。结果表明,提出的控制策略可以实现快速风速跟踪和准确地估计转速,且对于风速变化的未知干扰具有较强的鲁棒性。     

A rotor speed estimation algorithm in variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator wind energy conversion system

A rotor speed estimation algorithm in a direct vector controlled permanent magnet synchronous generator wind energy conversion system is proposed. The proposed method is based on a simple equation obtained from the flux model of the machine and contains only stator flux and current. Constant gain recursive least squares estimator is used for implementing the speed estimation algorithm. Rotor position information used for coordinate transformation is computed using the estimated speed. Stator flux information required by the speed estimator is obtained using the stator voltage equation by implementing a programmable low pass filter. The estimated speed is used as the feedback signal for the speed control loop of the vector controlled machine side converter control system whose command speed is obtained from a wind speed sensorless maximum power point tracking controller, thus, we obtain a complete rotor speed and wind speed sensorless permanent magnet synchronous generator wind energy conversion system. Simulation is carried out to validate the performance of the proposed method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

改进型双馈风力发电机最大功率点跟踪策略

针对传统双馈风力发电机最大功率点跟踪极值搜索策略将正弦信号作为搜索信号而很难将正弦信号从总的输出信号中区分出来的问题,提出了一种利用风湍流作为极值搜索信号的改进型最大功率点跟踪策略。该改进策略对叠加风湍流的叶尖速比和功率系数进行傅里叶变换,获得相位差信息,从而确定叶尖速比变化方向,使双馈风力发电机达到最佳运行工作点。仿真结果表明,该改进策略可控制风力发电机转速较好地跟踪风速变化,实现了额定风速以下运行区域的最大风能捕获。     

直驱式风电系统中变流器拓扑对比分析

针对直驱式风电系统变流器的拓扑结构进行研究.对常用的拓扑进行了分析和说明.对不控整流后接电流源型和电压源型逆变器、DC/DC变换再接逆变器,以及背靠背双PWM变换器等各种变流器结构的工作原理、应用和优缺点进行了介绍和对比,并针对风电机组对大功率变流器的需求,对大功率变流器的特性和应用进行了相关分析与探讨.     

基于扰动观测器的永磁同步发电机最大功率跟踪滑模控制

本文设计了一款基于扰动观测器的滑模控制(perturbation observer based sliding-mode control, POSMC)来实现永磁同步发电机(permanent magnetic synchronous generator, PMSG)的最大功率跟踪(maximum power point tracking, MPPT).首先,将发电机非线性、参数不确定、以及随机风速聚合成一个扰动,并通过扰动观测器对其进行在线估计.随后,采用滑模控制(sliding-mode control, SMC)对该扰动估计进行实时完全补偿,从而实现不同工况下的控制全局一致性以及各类不确定环境下的鲁棒控制.同时, POSMC采用扰动实时估计值进行补偿来代替传统SMC中所使用的扰动上限值进行补偿,因此可有效解决传统SMC过于保守的缺点,使得控制成本更为合理.最后, POSMC无需精确的PMSG模型,仅需测量d轴电流和机械转速,易于实现.本文进行了3个算例研究,即阶跃风速、随机风速和发电机参数不确定.仿真结果表明,与矢量控制(vector control, VC)和SMC相比, POSMC在各类工况下均可捕获最大风能并具有较强的鲁棒性.基于d Space的硬件在环实验(hardware-in-loop, HIL)验证了所提算法的可行性.     

分段变步长MPPT算法在风力发电系统中的应用

针对传统定步长爬山搜索(HCS)法在风力发电系统最大功率跟踪(MPPT)控制过程中的快速性和准确性矛盾,提出了一种基于爬山搜索法和模糊控制的分段变步长MPPT算法.该算法根据发电机P-ω特性曲线对最大功率点(MPP)跟踪过程进行分段,使系统能够根据工作点所在的区域选择合适的跟踪算法和步长完成最大功率跟踪.在Matlab/Simulink中分别对提出的模糊分段变步长算法和传统爬山搜索法进行了仿真.仿真结果表明:所提算法明显地改善了系统跟踪MPP的速度和稳态精度,在MPPT方面明显优于传统的爬山搜索法.     

Fuzzy observer-based control for maximum power-point tracking of a photovoltaic system

This paper presents a novel fuzzy control design method for maximum power-point tracking (MPPT) via a Takagi and Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model-based approach. A knowledge-dynamic model of the PV system is first developed leading to a TS representation by a simple convex polytopic transformation. Then, based on this exact fuzzy representation, a H_∞ observer-based fuzzy controller is proposed to achieve MPPT even when we consider varying climatic conditions. A specified TS reference model is designed to generate the optimum trajectory which must be tracked to ensure maximum power operation. The controller and observer gains are obtained in a one-step procedure by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The proposed method has been compared with some classical MPPT techniques taking into account convergence speed and tracking accuracy. Finally, various simulation and experimental tests have been carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed TS fuzzy MPPT strategy.     

基于深度军队联合作战算法的永磁同步发电机最大功率跟踪

提出一款新型启发式算法,即深度军队联合作战算法(DJOA),用于调节永磁同步发电机(PMSG)的比例–积分–微分(PID)控制器最优参数.从而实现不同风速下的最大功率跟踪(MPPT). DJOA由如下3类策略构成,即:a)进攻作战:DJOA与传统军队联合作战算法(JOA)的进攻作战机理一致,以实现最优解的全局搜索(global exploration);b)深度防御作战:DJOA引入两名副官(当前两个次最优解),通过综合考虑军官(当前最优解)与两名副官的信息,从而合理引导士兵以实现更深度的局部探索(local exploitation); c)混合重组作战:DJOA引入混合蛙跳算法(SFLA)机制来有效避免算法陷入局部最优.本文通过4个算例对DJOA的优化性能进行研究,即阶跃风速、低频随机风速、高频随机风速以及鲁棒性测试.仿真结果表明,与量子遗传优化算法(QGA)、生物地理学习的粒子群算法(BLPSO)和JOA相比,所提算法能够最大程度地获取风能且仅需最低的控制成本,同时在发电机参数不确定下具有最高的鲁棒性.     

粒子群优化鱼群算法及其在光伏系统最大功率点跟踪中的应用

将标准粒子群优化算法中的速度惯性、粒子个体的记忆因素和粒子间学习交流因素等几个特征引入人工鱼群算法,提出了粒子群优化鱼群算法。在新算法中,鱼群的游动具有了速度惯性的特征,并且其行为模式被扩充为追尾、聚群、记忆、交流以及觅食。通过仿真分析,验证了粒子群优化鱼群算法比两种基本算法具有更快的收敛速度和更高的寻优精度,且性能稳定。最后将所提出的粒子群优化鱼群算法应用于局部遮阴情况下的光伏发电系统最大功率点跟踪,实验表明,该算法可以在很短时间内以很高精度寻得不均匀光照系统的最大功率点。     

Energy efficient control of a stand-alone wind energy conversion system with AC current harmonics compensation

This paper presents a new energy-efficient control strategy for a variable-speed wind energy conversion system (WECS). The considered WECS is designed for dc load supply and battery charging in stand-alone applications. The batteries are charged through a three-phase full-bridge power converter. The WECS contains a vector-controlled self-excited induction generator (SEIG) coupled to a wind turbine (WT) for electric power generation on the ac side. The control algorithm proposed in this paper includes three separate optimizations: two fuzzy-logic-based optimizations, which ensure that maximum energy is extracted from both the WT and the SEIG, respectively, at all operating conditions, and also the optimization of phase current harmonics through adaptive hysteresis control. In addition, a recently developed algorithm for real-time loss calculation of a hysteresis-driven power converter is utilized to quantitatively assess the power converter losses with respect to different hysteresis bandwidth settings. The performance of the proposed control algorithm is experimentally evaluated and compared with two competing algorithms which do not involve current harmonics compensation, whereas one of them also does not involve optimization of the SEIG output power. This enables evaluation of the gain in system performance due to the introduced optimizations. The evaluation and comparison are made over a wide range of wind speeds, both in steady state and under transient conditions, by using a 1.5 kW experimental setup with the DS1103 controller board (dSPACE).     

An improved model predictive control of low voltage ride through in a permanent magnet synchronous generator in wind turbine systems

This research investigates a wind energy conversion system based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). In addition, a model predictive control (MPC) is proposed for the PMSG in normal and fault conditions. The most efficient mode of the control algorithm is found for maximum power point tracking in normal conditions and fast dynamic response in fault conditions following the selection of the optimum voltage vector. This method prevents a sudden increase in the DC‐link voltage by storing the active power in the generator rotor inertia. Moreover, during the low voltage, the grid code adoption of the reactive current is injected into the grid side. The performance of the proposed control scheme is evaluated for a wind power generator using MATLAB software. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can safeguard the DC‐link during the fault.