Investigation on decoupling of wide band wearable multiple‐input multiple‐output antenna elements using microstrip neutralization line

An investigation to enhance the decoupling between the elements of a compact wide band multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna is presented in this communication. A microstrip neutralization line (NL) is designed on the top of antenna surface to enhance the port isolation. The geometry is embedded on a jeans material to be apposite for the on‐body wearable applications. The antenna covers the frequency spectra from 3.14 to 9.73 GHz (around 102.4%) and fulfills the bandwidth requirements of WiMAX (3.2‐3.8 GHz), WLAN (5.15‐5.35/5.72‐5.85 GHz), C band downlink‐uplink (3.7‐4.2/5.9‐6.425 GHz), downlink defense (7.2‐7.7 GHz), and ITU (8‐8.5 GHz) bands. The port isolation is found to be more than 32 dB over the whole application bands. The antenna is appraised in a rich scattering environment with very minimal envelope correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.12) and great amount of diversity gain (DG > 9.8). The proposed MIMO antenna system is able to achieve the channel capacity loss (CCL) of less than 0.2 BPS/Hz throughout the whole operating band. The proposed structure is etched on an area of 30 × 50 mm². The simulated and measured performances of the proposed antenna are in well‐matched state.     

A compact wide band textile MIMO antenna with very low mutual coupling for wearable applications

This communication presents a compact wide band wearable MIMO antenna with very low mutual coupling (VLMC). The proposed antenna is composed of Jeans material. Two “I” shaped stubs are connected in series and are employed on the ground plane between the two patches separated by 0.048 λ to increase isolation characteristics of the antenna‐port. The antenna covers frequency spectrum from 1.83 GHz to 8 GHz (about 125.5%) where the minimum port isolation of about 22 dB at 2.4 GHz and maximum of about 53 dB at 5.92 GHz are obtained. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of the MIMO antenna is obtained to be less than 0.01 with a higher diversity gain (DG > 9.6) throughout the whole operating band. The proposed MIMO antenna is cost effective and works over a wide frequency band of WLAN (2.4‐2.484 GHz/5.15‐5.35 GHz/5.72‐5.825 GHz), WiMAX (3.2‐3.85 GHz) and C‐band downlink‐uplink (3.7‐4.2 GHz/5.925‐6.425 GHz) applications. Simulation results are in well agreement with the measurement results.     

Compact planar frequency reconfigurable multiple‐input‐multiple‐output antenna with pattern and polarization diversity characteristics for WiFi and WiMAX standards

A compact planar frequency reconfigurable dual‐band multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna with high isolation and pattern/polarization diversity characteristics is presented in this article for WiFi and WiMAX standards. The MIMO configuration incorporates two symmetrically placed identical antenna elements and covers overall size of 24 mm × 24 mm × 0.762 mm. Reconfiguration of each antenna element is achieved by using a PIN diode which allows antennas to switch from state‐1 (2.3‐2.4 GHz and 4.6‐5.5 GHz) to state‐2 (3.3‐3.5 GHz and 4.6‐5.5 GHz). In state‐1, the configuration offers isolation ≥18 dB and 20 dB in lower band (LB) and upper band (UB) respectively; whereas, in state‐2, isolation ≥21 dB and 20 dB in LB and UB respectively is achieved. The same decoupling circuit provides high isolation in dual‐band of two states, which makes overall size of the proposed design further compact. The antennas are characterized in terms of envelope correlation coefficient, radiation pattern, gain, and efficiency. From measured and simulated results, it is verified that the proposed frequency reconfigurable dual‐band multi‐standard MIMO antenna design shows desirable performance in both operating bands of each state and compact size of the design makes it suitable for small form factor devices used in future wireless communication systems.     

A compact printed ultra‐wideband multiple‐input multiple‐output prototype with band‐notch ability for WiMAX,LTEband43, and WLAN systems

A compact ultra‐wideband multiple‐input multiple‐output (UWB‐MIMO) antenna with good isolation and multiple band‐notch abilities is developed in this work. It consists of two quadrant shaped monopole antennas backed by ground stubs. A good isolation is achieved due to the two proposed extended curved ground stubs. The frequency rejection for the WLAN system is realized by loading a capacitive loaded loop resonator adjacent to the feed line. The band rejection for the WiMAX and LTE band43 system is achieved by embedding a quadrant shaped CSRR on each radiator's surface. The measured bandwidth of the antenna is 3.06 GHz‐11 GHz (|S₁₁| < ?10 dB and |S₂₁| < ?18 dB) with a band rejection from 3.5 GHz‐4 GHz to 5.1 GHz‐5.85 GHz, respectively. Time domain performances are investigated in terms of group and phase delay characteristics. Diversity characteristics are evaluated in terms of the envelope correlation coefficient, mean effective gain, and channel capacity loss.     

Compact sub‐6 GHz 5G‐multiple‐input‐multiple‐output antenna system with enhanced isolation

A compact two‐element multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna system with improved impedance matching and isolation is presented for future sub‐6 GHz 5G applications. The two identical tapered microstrip line fed modified rhombus‐shaped radiating elements are placed in the same orientation at a compact substrate area of 0.24λ₀ × 0.42λ₀ (where, λ₀ at 3.6 GHz) on a shared rectangular ground. A remodeled T‐shaped ground stub is placed between a pair of radiating element to achieve improved impedance bandwidth and isolation. Further, a split U‐shaped stub connected to center of each radiating element to achieve the desired resonant frequency of 3.6 GHz. The proposed antenna covers a ?10 dB operating band of 3.34 to 3.87 GHz (530 MHz) with more than 20 dB isolation between a pair of elements. MIMO performances are also analyzed and experimentally validated. The measured performances of a prototype are found in good agreement with simulated performances. Further, the simulation study is carried out to see the effect of housing and extended ground plane on two‐element MIMO antenna for practical application. An idea of realization of 12‐element MIMO is also studied using the proposed two‐element MIMO antenna.     

Metal‐frame‐integrated eight‐element multiple‐input multiple‐output antenna array in the long term evolution bands 41/42/43 for fifth generation smartphones

A metal‐frame‐integrated eight‐antenna array operating in the long term evolution bands 41/42/43 (2.496 GHz‐2.69 GHz, 3.4 GHz‐3.8 GHz) for future fifth generation multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) applications in smartphones is presented and discussed. The proposed eight‐antenna MIMO array is formed by integrating four identical building blocks, each of which consists two dual‐mode monopole antenna elements with a neutralization line (NL) embedded in between. Part of the metal frame is exploited to increase the effective resonant length of the monopole antenna. By using the wideband NL, two transmission dips can be generated, and thus an improved isolation (>10 dB) is achieved. The proposed antenna array was simulated and experimentally tested. Good antenna efficiency (>44%) and low envelope correlation coefficient (<0.2) were obtained in the bands of interest. In an 8 × 8 MIMO system with 20 dB signal‐to‐noise ratio, the calculated ergodic channel capacity was as high as 38 bps/Hz in the low band, and 38.3 bps/Hz in the high band. Details of the proposed antenna array are described. The simulated, measured, and calculated results are presented.     

Design of a dual‐band MIMO dielectric resonator antenna with high port isolation for WiMAX and WLAN applications

A novel dual‐band MIMO dielectric resonator antenna with high port isolation for WiMAX and WLAN applications is designed and investigated. The proposed antenna operates at 3.5 and 5.25 GHz bands. High port isolation is achieved using hybrid feeding mechanism that excites two orthogonal modes at each frequency bands. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna covers the entire WiMAX (3.4–3.7) GHz and WLAN (5.15–5.35) GHz bands. The scalable behavior along with the frequency ratio of the antenna has also been investigated in this work. The measured isolation between antenna ports is ?52 dB at the lower band and ?46 dB at the upper band, respectively. Envelope correlation coefficient, diversity gain and mean effective gain have also been investigated. Moreover, measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones.     

A compact dual‐band 2 × 1 metamaterial inspired mimo antenna system with high port isolation for LTE and WiMax applications

This article proposes a compact (43 × 26 × 0.8 mm³) dual‐band two‐element metamaterial‐inspired MIMO antenna system with high port isolation for LTE and WiMAX applications. In this structure, each antenna element consists of a square–ring slot radiator encircling a complementary split ring resonator. A tapered impedance transformer line feeds these radiating apertures and shows good impedance matching. A 2 × 3 array of two‐turn Complementary Spiral Resonator structure between the two antenna elements provides high dual‐band isolation between them. The fabricated prototype system shows two bands 2.34 – 2.47 GHz (suitable for LTE 2300) and 3.35 – 3.64 GHz (suitable for WiMAX). For spacing between two antennas of 10 mm only, the measured isolation between the two antenna elements in the lower band is around ?32 dB while that in the upper band is nearly 18 dB. The system shows a doughnut‐shaped radiation patterns. The peak measured antenna gains for the proposed MIMO system in the lower and higher bands are 3.9 and 4.2 dBi, respectively. The MIMO system figure of merits such as the envelope correlation coefficient, total efficiency are also calculated and shown to provide good diversity performance.     

Modified circular common element four‐port multiple‐input‐multiple‐output antenna using diagonal parasitic element

A four‐port multiple input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna with common radiating element is proposed for 2.4 GHz Wi‐Fi applications. It comprises a modified circular radiator fed by four identical modified feedlines, partial ground planes, and a diagonal parasitic element (DPE). The parasitic element is used to enhance the interport isolation. The antenna has a 2:1 Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) impedance band 2.34‐2.56 GHz and nearly omnidirectional radiation patterns. The radiation efficiency is more than 79% and gain is 2 dBi at resonant 2.43 GHz. The isolation in the given frequency band is 10 dB. At the 2.43 GHz, the isolation between adjacent ports (1, 2 and 1, 4) is 14 dB and between opposite ports (1, 3) is 12 dB. The mean effective gain (MEG) ≤ ?2.7 dB and envelope correlation coefficient is <0.01. The ?10 dB total active reflection coefficient bandwidth is 202 MHz. The antenna is designed for a Wi‐Fi device and the effectiveness of antenna has been checked for distance of ½ feet from the human head. The specific absorption rate (SAR) is found to be ≤0.17 W/Kg by CST simulation tool.     

Low profile four‐port super‐wideband multiple‐input‐multiple‐output antenna with triple band rejection characteristics

A quad‐port planar multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna possessing super‐wideband (SWB) operational features and triple‐band rejection characteristics is designed. The proposed MIMO configuration consists of four modified‐elliptical‐self‐complementary‐antenna (MESCA) elements, which are excited by tapered co‐planar waveguide (TCPW) feed lines. A radiator‐matched complementary slot is present in the ground conductor patch of each MESCA element. The proposed MIMO antenna exhibits a bandwidth ratio of 36:1 (|S₁₁| < ?10 dB; 0.97‐35 GHz). Further, a step‐like slit‐resonator is etched in the radiator to eliminate interferences at 3.5 GHz. A hexagonal shaped complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) is also loaded on the MESCA radiator to remove interferences at 5.5 and 8.5 GHz. The MIMO antenna is fabricated on FR‐4 substrate of size 63 × 63 mm² and experimental results are found in good agreement with the simulated results. The MIMO antenna exhibits inter‐element isolation >17 dB and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) <0.01 at all the four ports.     

Gain enhancement and mutual coupling reduction of multiple‐intput multiple‐output antenna for millimeter‐wave applications using two types of novel metamaterial structures

A method to significantly increase the gain and reduce the mutual coupling of microstrip multiple‐intput multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna based on metamaterial concept is presented. The μ‐negative and ε‐negative features of the proposed modified peace‐logo planar metamaterial (MPLPM) and two‐sided MPLPM (TSMPLPM) structures are calculated. The antenna structure consists of eight MPLPM slabs and two TSMPLPM, which are embedded in azimuth plane of a MIMO antenna vertically. The dimensions of MIMO antenna are 28 × 16 × 6.3 mm³ at 40 GHz. As a result, a compact MIMO antenna is simulated in comparison with primary microstrip structures. The corresponding return‐loss of the antenna is better than 10 dB over 34.5 to 45.5 GHz for Ka‐band applications. Good consent between the measured and simulated result is tacked. The maximum simulated gain of the structure is 15.5 dB at 40 GHz, creating a maximum gain improvement of 11.5 dB in comparison with a MIMO antenna without any metamaterial combinations. The value of the insertion‐loss (isolation) is 33 dB, which has improved by more than 25 dB compared to the conventional sample.     

High isolation two‐port compact MIMO fractal antenna with Wi‐Max and X‐band suppression characteristics

This article features about an ultra‐wideband (UWB)‐multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna that exhibits the potentials of good port isolation and dual‐band suppression. The proposed antenna model consists of a unique fractal‐shaped radiating patch, a common ground interface leading to the incorporation of an intuitive approach; parasitic inverted neutralization stubs, which is located at the central co‐ordinate axis system, protruded vertically, where its extension is twisted with a motive of enhancing the port isolation. In addition to that, contiguous notches are implemented to achieve band‐notching at WiMAX (3.35‐4.45 GHz) and X‐band (9‐10 GHz). The total electrical area of UWB MIMO antenna is 0.179(λ₀)² at 2.25 GHz. To rationalize the counterparts of MIMO and band‐notching, diversity performance is studied through the electromagnetic (EM) solver and the corresponding circuit analysis is pursued through a electronic design automation (EDA) solver. The prototype has been fabricated, measured, and agreed well with the simulated results. The feasibility of proposed antenna model is considered to be quite optimum, with due consideration of its outcomes from applications point‐of‐view.     

Compact triple‐band stacked monopole antenna for USB dongle applications

In this article, a novel compact triple‐band stacked monopole antenna for USB dongle applications is proposed. The antenna consists of an e‐shaped monopole connected directly to the feedline and a square patch‐shaped monopole at another layer connected to feedline by a metallic pin. The e‐shaped monopole is used to obtain WLAN band (2.4‐2.48 GHz) and WiMAX band (3.4‐3.69 GHz). On the other hand, square patch‐shaped monopole is introduced to get WLAN bands (5.15‐5.35 and 5.725‐5.825 GHz) and WiMAX band (5.25‐5.85 GHz). The antenna is compact with the dimension of 17 × 13 mm².     

Dual‐band dual‐polarized hybrid aperture‐cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna for wireless applications

A dual‐band dual‐polarized hybrid aperture‐cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) is examined in this article. Inverted regular pentagon shaped aperture is not only used to launch two radiating hybrid modes (HEM_11δ and HEM_12δ mode) in CDRA but also act as a radiator. Out of two frequency bands, the lower frequency band is linearly polarized while upper frequency band is the combination of both circular and linear polarization. A circular polarization (CP) characteristic in upper frequency band is created by loading quarter annular stub with microstrip line. LHCP/RHCP can easily be controlled by alternating the position of quarter annular stub. It is operating over two frequency ranges i.e. 2.48‐2.98 GHz and 4.66‐5.88 GHz with the fractional bandwidth 18.31% and 23.14% respectively. Axial ratio bandwidth (3‐dB) is approximately 8.78% (4.9‐5.35 GHz) in upper frequency band. The proposed antenna design is suitable WiMAX (2.5/5.5 GHz) and WLAN (2.5/5.5 GHz) applications.     

Reduced mutual coupling of compact MIMO antenna designed for WLAN and WiMAX applications

This communication describes a simple compact wide band multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The proposed antenna is integrated with an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure which is used to reduce the mutual coupling between the ports. The structure is excited by a line feed mechanism and investigated experimentally. The antenna covers the frequency range from 2.01 to 3.92 GHz with the corresponding fractional bandwidth of 64.42%. It fulfills the bandwidth requirements of WLAN (2.35‐2.5 GHz) and WiMAX (3.2‐3.85 GHz) bands where minimum port isolation is obtained around 29 dB throughout the entire application band. The proposed MIMO antenna has very low envelope correlation co‐efficient (ECC < 0.01) and high diversity gain (DG > 9.8). It also has very low channel capacity loss (CCL) which is found to be less than 0.2 Bit/s/Hz. The simulation results are compared with the measurement outcomes and found a good agreement between them.     

A compact multi‐band multi‐input multi‐output antenna for 4G/5G and IoT devices using theory of characteristic modes

A compact four element multi‐band multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) antenna system for 4G/5G and IoT applications is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna is developed using the theory of characteristic modes helping in systematic design of MIMO antenna system. It consists of four L‐shaped planar inverted‐F antenna (PIFA) elements each operating at 3.5, 12.5, and 17 GHz bands with the bandwidth of 359 MHz, 1 GHz, and more than 3.7 GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna system is suitable for both 4G/5G and internet of things devices as it shows the satisfactory MIMO system performance. Good isolation characteristics are observed by implementing complimentary Metamaterial structure on the ground plane resulting in isolation level lower than ?21 dB between the antenna elements. The proposed antenna is fabricated and experimental results are also presented and discussed.     

Enhancement of gain with corrugated Y‐shaped patch antenna for triple‐band applications

In this article, investigation has been carried out on Y‐shaped patch antenna to produce triple‐band for wireless applications. The corrugated Y‐shaped patch antenna is considered to produce low reflection coefficient with high gain at the triple‐bands. The corrugated Y‐shaped patch antenna is resonates at 4.19 GHz (4‐4.43 GHz), 8.79 GHz (8.61‐9.01 GHz), 13 GHz (12.6‐13.6 GHz) frequencies with reflection coefficient of ?29.26 dB, ?34.87 dB, ?40.37 dB and gain 5.01 dBi, 5.42 dBi, 7.46 dBi, respectively. The proposed corrugated Y‐shaped patch antenna works three frequency bands at radio communications, satellite communications, and aeronautical radio navigation applications, respectively.     

A miniaturized multi‐wideband Quasi‐Yagi MIMO antenna system

A multi‐band directional multiple‐input–multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna system is presented based on a rectangular loop excited Quasi‐Yagi configuration. A 64% reduction in size is obtained using a rectangular meandered element as well as a small ground plane. The proposed two‐element MIMO antenna system covers the Telemetry L‐band and several LTE/WLAN bands. It has a wide measured bandwidth of 689 MHz (1.897–2.586 GHz) in the desired band centered at 2 GHz, and a measured bandwidth of more than 168 MHz across rest of the bands. The MIMO antenna system has a total size of 45 × 120 × 0.76 mm³, with a single element size of 55 × 60 × 0.76 mm³. The non‐desired back‐lobe radiation which is obtained using a small ground plane, is significantly reduced by using a novel defected ground structure (DGS) as compared with the complex techniques present in literature. The proposed DGS provides a high measured front‐to‐back ratio of 14 dB at 2 GHz and 11 dB in other bands. A maximum measured realized gain of 5.8 dBi is obtained in the desired band using a single parasitic director element. The proposed MIMO antenna system has a minimum measured radiation efficiency of 70%, isolation of 12 dB, and envelope correlation coefficient of 0.098 within all bands which ensures very good MIMO performance.     

Dielectric resonator based two‐port dual band antenna for MIMO applications

This article investigates a dual band multiple input multiple output (MIMO) cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (cDRA) for WLAN and WiMAX applications. It consists of two symmetrical orthogonally placed radiators. Each radiator is excited through a narrow rectangular aperture with the help of a microstrip line. For higher mode excitation, the proposed structure uses dual segment DRA which apparently looks like stacked geometry. The aperture fed dielectric resonator works as a feed for upper cDRA to generate higher order mode. The presented radiator covers the band between 3.3‐3.8 GHz and 5‐5.7 GHz. The measured isolation is better than 20 dB in the desired band. The average gain and radiation efficiency achieved for the proposed antenna is 6.0 dBi and 85%, respectively at the operating frequency band. In the proposed geometry, broadside radiation patterns are achieved by exciting HEM_11δ and HEM_12δ modes in a stacked geometry. Different MIMO performance parameters (ECC, DG, MEG, and CCL) are also estimated and analyzed. The prototype of proposed antenna is fabricated and tested. The measured outcomes are in good accord with the simulated one.     

A low‐profile dual port UWB‐MIMO/diversity antenna with band rejection ability

A band notched ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna is presented in this article as a good prospect for multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO)/diversity application. The proposed MIMO antenna is constituted of two modified rectangle‐shaped patch antenna elements. A stepped stub is extended from the modified ground plane as a decoupling element between the radiators to realize a good isolation level between them. A band rejection response is obtained by connecting an open resonant stub to each of the radiators. The simulated prototype is fabricated and tested for verification. Results reveal that the proposed prototype provides a 10 dB return loss bandwidth from 3.08 to 10.98 GHz with band notch characteristics from 4.98 to 5.96 GHz, and a good port isolation level (S₂₁ ≤ 20). Diversity performances are ensured in terms of total active reflection coefficient, envelope correlation coefficient (<0.013 except notch band), diversity gain (≈9.51 dB), mean effective gain ratio (≈1), and channel capacity loss (≤0.35 bps/HZ except notch band). It evidences that the presented band notched UWB antenna can be a good prospective for MIMO/diversity applications.