乳酸菌发酵在谷物产品中的应用及研究进展

谷物食品是人类能量摄入的主要来源之一，随着人们生活水平的提高，谷物食品的营养价值和食用品质受到了广泛关注。发酵是改善食品性质、功能及营养缺陷的重要方法，也是谷物加工的重要手段。乳酸菌能够利用碳水化合物进行生长代谢，在食品工业中被广泛应用于各种发酵制品，其发酵产生的代谢产物有许多重要的生理功能，包括调节肠道菌群平衡、提高免疫力、抗菌和抗肿瘤等。因此，乳酸菌发酵在谷物食品中的研究与应用，对提升食品品质具有重要意义。本文综述了乳酸菌发酵对谷物营养成分、生物功能和结构、理化性质的影响，总结了乳酸菌发酵谷物产品的优势以及乳酸菌发酵在多种谷物产品中的应用，分析了乳酸菌发酵谷物食品目前研究的不足及可能的发展方向, 拟为乳酸菌发酵在谷物中的研究与开发提供参考。     

乳酸菌在食用农产品安全生产中的应用研究进展

食用农产品作为食品加工的源头,对食品的质量安全和品质起关键性的作用。作为食品安全的首要环节,食用农产品的安全生产问题已成为近年来各国学者研究的热点。随着对乳酸菌生物特性和安全性能研究的深入,利用乳酸菌减少生产中农药和化学肥料使用过程中带来的危害从而获得绿色食用农产品受到众多消费者的关注。当前,乳酸菌在保障食用农产品质量安全领域发挥了越来越大的作用。本文综述了国内外有关乳酸菌在食用农产品拮抗致病微生物和腐败微生物、重金属和农药残留的去除、真菌毒素降解及果树病虫害防控等领域的最新研究进展,旨在为促进乳酸菌在食用农产品中的应用发展和食用农产品加工质量控制提供新思路,同时提出了乳酸菌未来研究的方向和可能面临的挑战。     

Effects of Fermented Edible Seeds and Their Products on Human Health: Bioactive Components and Bioactivities

There is a long history of using fermentation in food production. Edible seeds, such as certain beans and cereal grains, are important in the human diet and provide many health benefits. Various microbes, such as lactic acid bacteria, molds, and yeasts, considered as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) microbes, are commonly used to ferment edible seeds and their products. Fermentation can change bioactive components and produce new bioactivities. In order to highlight the importance of fermentation on bioactive components and bioactivities in edible seeds, this review, therefore, summarizes recent relevant studies and discusses fermentation procedures and influences of fermentation on their bioactive components and bioactivities. Overall, fermented edible seeds and their products contain enhanced bioactive components, especially γ‐aminobutyric acid and natural phenolics, and they possess versatile bioactivities, such as antioxidant and anti‐cancer effects, and, therefore, can be recommended as an important part of the human diet, or they can be developed into functional foods to help in the prevention of certain chronic diseases.     

大型食药用真菌深层发酵研究进展

食药用真菌的研究已成为现代农业产业关注的新焦点。发酵工程是生物工程中的一个重要方面。食药用真菌应用发酵工程的原理生产逐渐成为现代工业发展的趋势。本文综述了大型食药用真菌深层发酵的历史、发酵的工艺与特点。大型食药用真菌深层发酵的应用包括:制备液体菌种用于食药用真菌栽培、将发酵产物提取后用于制备保健食品和药品、代谢产物生产食品或饲料蛋白、制备保健美容化妆品、培育食药用真菌子实体等。食药用真菌利用深层发酵法生产食用菌菌丝体或者其代谢产物都可以在短期内得到。其生产效率远远大于农业栽培法,此外,深层培养能够更方便有效地从发酵液中提取其代谢产物。因此,深层培养将成为现代食药用真菌生产的趋势。     

Bioutilisation of agro‐industrial waste for lactic acid production

With the advancement in science and technology, the importance of bioconversion of industrial waste into value‐added products through biotechnological route has been realised. Moreover, to make the process economic and environment responsive, agro‐industrial waste/by‐products can be used as substrates in fermentation processes as an inexpensive raw material. In the field of food biotechnology, organic acids represent the third largest category among the biological products, which can be produced chemically or by fermentation process. Among organic acids, lactic acid holds an important position because of its multivariate applications in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, textiles and other industries. Traditionally, lactic acid was produced from pure substrates, but agricultural feedstocks and industrial by‐products have evoked the interest of researchers to use them as raw materials for the biotechnological production of lactic acid. The utilisation of biomass has gained major attention due to environmental hazards, scarcity of fossil fuels and meet the increasing world food and feed demand. Integrated biorefinery approaches have also been adopted for the production of lactic acid along with primary product to minimise the cost. This review provides comprehensive information on the recent advances in biotechnological production of lactic acid utilising agro‐industrial waste/by‐products.     

美味牛肝菌及其深层发酵液中风味物质的研究

研究了美味牛肝菌子实体及其深层发酵液中挥发性风味物质的组分。运用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)提取美味牛肝菌的风味物质。通过GC/MS检测获知,美味牛肝菌子实体及其深层发酵液中分别有39种和6种组分。鉴定结果表明,其子实体中的主要挥发性物质是由八碳化合物组成,包括1-辛烯-3-醇(19.52%)和1-辛烯- 3-酮(11.98%),深层发酵液中的主要组分是3-羟基-2-丁酮。在美味牛肝菌子实体及其深层发酵产物中添加外源β-葡萄糖苷用于增香,从β-葡萄糖苷酶作用后的子实体和发酵液中分别分离出48种和25种组分,其中新生成的化合物各有17种(16.63%)和19种(3.78%)种,其余组分的含量有些在原有基础上有所增加。酶解作用后的发酵液中新增加的化合物如糠醛,顺茉莉酮,胡椒酮,(Z,E)-法呢醛,(Z,Z)-法呢醛对风味的贡献较大。通过感官评审和GC/MS分析发现,β-葡萄糖苷酶对美味牛肝菌子实体及其深层发酵液中的挥发性化合物有影响并且具有增香作用。     

Contents of cadmium,mercury and lead in edible mushrooms growing in a historical silver-mining area

Three harmful metals were determined using AAS techniques in 285 samples of fruiting bodies of 15 wild-growing edible mushroom species. The mushrooms were collected from a forest on the fringe of a historical area of silver mining. The metals were also determined in a topsoil organic layer sampled from nine sites within the observed area. As compared to background levels from unpolluted sites from several European countries, cadmium contents were considerably elevated in nearly all the tested species; lead contents were increased in most of the species, while mercury contents were elevated only in certain species. Thus, many species from the observed area may contribute considerably to the body burden of the metals. Agaricus silvaticus accumulated cadmium extremely and Lepista nuda accumulated mercury. There were no obvious simple positive relationships between the contents of the observed metals in fruiting bodies and the contents of total metals in the soil organic layer.     

海藻乳酸菌发酵的研究进展

海藻是一类重要的海洋资源,富含大量营养元素如蛋白质、碳水化合物、维生素和矿物质,以及多糖、酚类等生物活性物质。由于海藻营养价值极高,利用乳酸菌发酵海藻促进生物活性化合物的产生和释放,具有良好的健康效益。因此,本文根据国内外近年来利用乳酸菌发酵海藻的相关研究报道,对乳酸菌发酵类型、乳酸菌发酵海藻的可行性和乳酸菌主要种类、以及乳酸菌在海藻发酵中的效果和作用进行阐述,同时综述了乳酸菌发酵海藻在食品行业中的开发应用现状,并对今后发展趋势和前景进行展望,为藻类乳酸菌发酵制品的开发提供一定参考。     

L-乳酸的开发与应用进展

介绍了乳酸的性能,生产的主要技术路线与最佳的操作条件及国内外研究开发的现状与发展趋势。L-乳酸的发酵工艺包括淀粉、乳酸菌、蔗糖、葡萄糖原料、电渗析、萃取、膜法发酵等,L-乳酸在食品、面包、乳酸饮料、乳制品、酿造业中有很大的市场前景。     

蛹虫草营养保健醋的研制

本实验以采收蛹虫草后的培养基残料为原料,经浸提、发酵生产虫草保健醋的工艺过程,并对产品的营养成分进行了测定和分析。结果表明,与传统的醋酸发酵工艺相比,该工艺更适合虫草废料的理化特性,且省却了酒精发酵阶段,发酵周期缩短到了25d;所得产品不仅具有发酵醋的醇厚风味,且含有多种氨基酸和蛹虫草独特的营养及活性成分,如虫草酸、虫草素等。该产品营养丰富、味道醇和、酸甜适口,极具开发利用价值。     

Boza: A lactic acid fermented cereal beverage as a traditional Turkish food

Consumption of lactic acid fermented foods is common in many mid-Asian, Middle East, and African countries. These products have many advantages such as destroying undesirable factors in the raw products, reducing the volume of the material, and providing a safer product. Besides improving organoleptic quality by fermentation, they are also superior in digestibility and nutritive value compared to their unfermented counterparts.

Boza is a traditional Turkish beverage made by yeast and lactic acid bacteria fermentation of millet, cooked maize, wheat, or rice semolina/flour. The name, boza, in Turkish comes from the Persian word, buze, meaning millet. However, the Turks who lived in Middle Asia called this beverage bassoi. There are also similar beverages produced in East European countries (braga or brascha), the Balkans (busa), and Egypt (bouza). In the past, boza has been produced and consumed with slight differences in the recipe in the Turkish countries. Boza is made of various kinds of cereals (usually millet, maize, and wheat), but boza of the best quality and taste is made of millet flour. In the Balkans, such as Bulgaria, cocoa is also included in the boza recipe. Boza produced in Egypt has high alcohol content (up to 7% by volume) and is consumed as beer. Because of its lactic acid, fat, protein, carbohydrate, and fiber contents, it is a valuable fermented food that contributes to human nutrition.     

发酵蔬菜中乳酸菌抑菌性的研究

乳酸菌(Lactic Acid Bacteria)是一类能发酵碳水化合物产生乳酸的细菌,他广泛应用于发酵食品中,是发酵蔬菜中的有益菌群。乳酸菌的抑菌功能是通过产生各种代谢产物包括酸性物质、二氧化碳、过氧化氢和细菌素等来实现的。通过分析发酵蔬菜中微生物菌群结构的组成,介绍了乳酸菌对病原菌和腐败菌的抑制作用特点及作用机理,旨在为乳酸菌制品的加工、储藏提供理论依据,更好地将乳酸菌这一益生菌应用于各类食品加工的实践操作中。     

桑黄发酵菌粉与桑黄子实体成分分析比较

对桑黄子实体和发酵菌粉的氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物元素以及多糖等主要活性成分的含量进行了分析比较。结果表明,桑黄子实体和发酵菌粉均含有17种氨基酸,均以谷氨酸含量最高,必需氨基酸中都以亮氨酸含量最高。优势脂肪酸均为不饱和脂肪酸,且均以油酸,亚油酸为主。桑黄子实体和发酵菌粉中都含有人体必不可缺的钙、铁、锌等8种矿物质元素。都含有丰富的多糖、黄酮类化合物和酚类物质,桑黄子实体中的多酚类物质含量是发酵菌粉的3.91倍,为37.52 mg/g;但发酵菌粉中的粗多糖含量是子实体的22.48倍,为94.20 mg/ g。     

乳酸菌在果蔬及谷物制品中的应用

乳酸菌作为一种益生菌,具有多种生理功能,用其发酵食品更是具有改善风味、延长保质期等特点,因此乳酸菌在各类食品中得到了广泛应用.鉴于乳酸菌在乳制品中的应用历史较为悠久,且有广泛的报导,本文仅列举了近些年乳酸菌较新的应用领域,阐述了其应用现状及益处, 并对今后发展提出了建议.乳酸菌可实现多种果汁、蔬菜汁及谷物制品的发酵,通过乳酸发酵,实现了菠萝皮、麦麸等的利用,改善了原料口味,提高了利用价值。     

Probiotic fermentation of plant based products: possibilities and opportunities

Functional foods are claimed to have several health-specific advantages. In addition to their basic nutritive value, they contain a proper balance of ingredients which help in the prevention and treatment of illnesses and diseases. Within this category, products containing lactic acid bacteria or probiotics are increasingly gaining importance. The recognition of the beneficial effects of dairy products containing probiotics has been well established. The allergy to dairy products, lactose intolerance, and cholesterol content are the major drawbacks related to the use of fermented dairy products for a large percentage of consumers. Modern consumers are increasingly interested in their personal health, and expect the food that they eat to be healthy or even capable of preventing illness. Because of this, probiotic food products made out of fermentation of cereals and fruits and vegetables is receiving attention from the scientific world as well as consumers and constitutes the major part of this review. The use of mathematical models for the probiotic fermentation will help in reducing the time and effort involved in the optimization of the probiotic fermentation process. We have tried to summarize the developments in the use of mathematical models for probiotic fermentation. Future technological prospects exist in innovations which represent solutions for the stability and viability problems of probiotics in new food environments. Current research on novel probiotic formulations and microencapsulation technologies exploiting biological carrier and barrier materials has also been discussed.     

Impact of processing on polysaccharides obtained from button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies were subjected to processing: blanching, boiling in water and blanching followed by lactic acid fermentation. Water soluble polysaccharides were obtained from fruiting bodies, quantified and analysed in terms of chemical composition, antioxidant capacity and antiproliferative activity towards cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and T-47D). The content of water soluble polysaccharides ranged from 7.35 ± 0.12 to 6.90 ± 0.17 mg g⁻¹ fresh weight of sample. Boiling in water and blanching followed by fermenting caused minor decrease in the content. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy of the extracted polysaccharides showed that both α- and β-linkages are present in the samples. Size exclusion chromatography confirmed the presence of 163.3 and 1.9 kDa molecules. The processing caused changes in chemical composition (protein and phenolics content decreased). The isolated polysaccharides exerted antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Both the activities were slightly lowered as the result of the processing.     

葡萄酒中生物胺的产生与工艺控制

生物胺存在于多种发酵食品中，人体吸收过量的生物胺后会引起不良的生理反应。在葡萄酒苹果酸—乳酸发酵(MLF)过程中，有些乳酸菌能够对氨基波脱投产生生物胺。利用PCR与DNA探针技术能够快速检测葡萄酒中的组胺产生菌。工艺上采用接种法进行MLF，并在MLF完成后对乳酸菌进行有效清除、可以显著降低葡萄酒中生物胺的含量。     

Indole compounds in fruiting bodies of some edible Basidiomycota species

The contents of nonhallucinogenic indole compounds were determined in methanol extracts from fruiting bodies of four common edible European species of higher fungi representing the most popular taxon Basidiomycota: Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange), Cantharellus cibarius Fr., Lactarius deliciosus (L. Fr.) S.F. Gray and Leccinum rufum (Schaef.) Kreisel. Amongst eleven compounds under analysis, 6–7 metabolites, distinct in different species, were identified in the extracts of fruiting bodies. Serotonin and melatonin were the only common compounds to all species. The contents of the analyzed compounds were diverse, ranging from 0.01 to almost 40 mg/100 g d.w. The contents of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptamine and melatonin were low (below 1.40 mg/100 g d.w.). Noteworthy, the serotonin contents were very high in all species under study and amounted to 5.21, 29.61, 18.42 and 31.71 mg/100 g d.w., respectively. Moreover, the fruiting bodies of these species contained indoleacetic acid (max. 2.04 mg/100 g d.w.) and tryptophan degradation products: kynureine sulfate (max. 39.20 mg/100 g d.w.) and kynurenic acid (6.21 mg/100 g d.w.).     

Sourdough lactobacilli and celiac disease

Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common food intolerance. The only effective treatment for CD is a strict adherence to a gluten-free diet throughout the patient's lifetime. Gluten-free products are not widely available and are usually more expensive than their gluten-containing counterparts. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop safe and effective therapeutic alternatives, to develop high-quality gluten-free products and to investigate the potential of the bread making biotechnology following ancient protocols which include long-time fermentation by selected sourdough lactic acid bacteria. This review describes the most relevant results related to biotechnologies that use selected sourdough lactic acid bacteria and probiotics as starters for sourdough fermentation to investigate their potential to decrease the risk of gluten contamination in gluten-free products. As shown by studies in vitro on celiac intestinal tissue and in vivo on CD patients, the bacterial proteolytic activity is rather promising not only as currently demonstrated for eliminating traces of contaminant gluten but probably also in perspective for the manufacture of tolerated baked goods.