薄膜太阳能电池项目给排水设计的控制管理

本文介绍了薄膜太阳能电池项目的给排水设计内容及过程的控制管理。主要分为勘察、方案、施工图、设备采购、施工调试5个部分。通过对薄膜太阳能电池项目给排水设计的控制管理的介绍,希望新加入的员工能够快速胜任项目管理工作。     

Integrated water resource management through water reuse network design for clean production technology: State of the art

This article considers new and existing technologies for water reuse networks for water and wastewater minimization. For the systematic design of water reuse networks, the theory of the water pinch methodology and the mathematical optimization are described, which are proved to be effective in identifying water reuse opportunities. As alternative solutions, evolutionary solutions and stochastic design approaches to water system design are also illustrated. And the project work flow and an example in a real plant are examined. Finally, as development is in the forefront in process industries, this paper will also explore some research challenges encountered in this field such as simultaneous water and energy minimization, energy-pinch design, and eco-industrial parks (EIP).     

Prediction of critical total drawdown in sand production from gas wells: Machine learning approach

Sand production is a critical issue in petroleum wells. The critical total drawdown (CTD) is an essential indicator of the onset of sand production. Although some models are available for CTD prediction, most of them are proven to lack accuracy or use commercial software. Furthermore, the previous correlations have not studied the trend analysis to verify the correct relationships between the parameters. Therefore, this study aims to build accurate and robust models for predicting CTD using response surface methodology (RSM) and support vector machine (SVM). The RSM is utilized to obtain the equation without using any software. The SVM model is an alternative method to predict the CTD with higher accuracy. This study used 23 datasets to develop the proposed models. The CTD is a strong function of the total vertical depth, cohesive strength, effective overburden vertical stress, and transit time with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.968, 0.963, 0.918, and −0.813. Different statistical methods, that is, analysis of variance (ANOVA), F-statistics test, fit statistics, and diagnostics plots, have shown that the RSM correlation has high accuracy and is more robust than correlations reported in the literature. Moreover, trend analysis has proven that the proposed models ideally follow the correct trend. The RSM correlation decreased the average absolute percent relative error (AAPRE) by 12.7% compared to all published correlations' AAPRE of 22.6%–30.4%. The SVM model has shown the lowest AAPRE of 6.1%, with the highest R of 0.995. The effects of all independent variables on the CTD are displayed in three-dimensional plots and showed significant interactions.     

An optimization framework for the integration of water management and shale gas supply chain design

This study presents the mathematical formulation and implementation of a comprehensive optimization framework for the assessment of shale gas resources. The framework simultaneously integrates water management and the design and planning of the shale gas supply chain, from the shale formation to final product demand centers and from fresh water supply for hydraulic fracturing to water injection and/or disposal. The framework also addresses some issues regarding wastewater quality, i.e., total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration, as well as spatial and temporal variations in gas composition, features that typically arise in exploiting shale formations. In addition, the proposed framework also considers the integration of different modeling, simulation and optimization tools that are commonly used in the energy sector to evaluate the technical and economic viability of new energy sources. Finally, the capabilities of the proposed framework are illustrated through two case studies (A and B) involving 5 well-pads operating with constant and variable gas composition, respectively. The effects of the modeling of variable TDS concentration in the produced wastewater is also addressed in case study B.     

株洲化工集团管理改革经验探讨

(接上期)e.充分利用广告、宣传报道、营业推广、人员推销、网络营销等促销手段,向消费者提供有关信息,从而达到促销目的。f.在分销策略方面,以直接销售为主,并辅以间接销售。按照"立足湖南、抢占中南、辐射全国、开拓国际"的16字营销策略,不断完善营销体系。     

Patterned catalyst layer boosts the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells by optimizing water management

Mass transport is crucial to the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, especially at high current densities. Generally, the oxygen and the generated water share same transmission medium but move towards opposite direction, which leads to serious mass transfer problems. Herein, a series of patterned catalyst layer were prepared with a simple one-step impressing method using nylon sieves as templates. With grooves 100 μm in width and 8 μm in depth on the surface of cathode catalyst layer,the maximum power density of fuel cell increases by 10% without any additional durability loss while maintaining a similar electrochemical surface area. The concentration contours calculated by finite element analysis reveal that the grooves built on the surface of catalyst layer serve to accumulate the water nearby while oxygen tends to transfer through relatively convex region, which results from capillary pressure difference caused by the pore structure difference between the two regions. The separation of oxidant gas and generated water avoids mass confliction thus boosts mass transport efficiency.     

Fabrication of microstructure controlled cathode catalyst layers and their effect on water management in polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Although cathode catalyst layers (CCLs) are at the center of water management in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), the understanding of water movement in CCLs and their roll on fuel cell performance is still limited. In this present study, several CCLs with controlled microstructure, including main pore size, pore volume and porosity ranging from 30 to 70 nm, 0.443 to 0.962 cm³/g_Pt/C, and 45.4 to 64.4%, respectively, were prepared by changing the hot-pressing pressure in a decal process, and their water management ability and cell performance were evaluated. The electrochemical analyses reveal that, as the pore size and pore volume of CCLs increase, the diffusion resistance mainly arising from water accumulation in the pores is evidently reduced by capillary water equilibrium, which leads to better cell performance. Water balancing between accumulation and discharging in the pores also depends on the CCL pore structure, and the CCLs with greater pore sizes and larger pore volumes reveal more stable cell performance by better water management in steady state operation, even under extremely humid conditions. Based on these MEA technologies such as fabrication of CCLs, further study will be performed to understand microscopic phenomena in nano pores of CCLs by combining the experimental approach with CCL numerical modeling.     

Fundamental research in the European Community on the chemical and physical properties of coal: The European commission's research programme: ‘Chemical and Physical Valorisation of Coal’

On 24 and 25 November 1980, a round table discussion organized by the Commission of the European Communities and attended by coal scientists from six Community countries was held in Brussels. The delegates came from France, the UK, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy and the Federal Republic of Germany to present and discuss the latest results of their work in the field of fundamental research into the chemical and physical properties of coal. This Letter reports the content of the discussion and describes the reasons for and the significance of this annual meeting.     

聚氯乙烯生产的批量控制和批量管理

介绍了聚氯乙烯生产中批量控制和批量管理的概念及S88标准,提出了在聚氯乙烯生产中应用批量管理的基本方法。     

浅谈质量管理体系中文件控制程序的建立

质量管理体系文件是质量管理体系构成的基础要素,而如何对质量管理体系文件进行编写、评审、审批、发放、修订、回收和作废等过程进行控制需要有一个基本的流程和规范来进行,而文件控制程序正是起到了这样的作用.本文结合了本公司在质量管理体系建立过程中文件控制程序建立的方法,探讨了文件控制程序建立的基本流程,基本内容和要点.     

风险管理视角下的化工企业内部控制浅析

随着市场经济的不断进步和发展,我国的企业也面对着更加广阔的市场,参与了更广泛的竞争,化工企业也不例外。全球化背景下,在提高企业竞争力的同时,加强企业的风险管理,提高企业的内部控制水平,促进企业的健康有序发展十分必要。     

Economic and environmental strategic water management in the shale gas industry: Application of cooperative game theory

In this work, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to address optimal shale gas-water management strategies among shale gas companies that operate relatively close. The objective is to compute a distribution of water-related costs and profit among shale companies to achieve a stable agreement on cooperation among them that allows increasing total benefits and reducing total costs and environmental impacts. We apply different solution methods based on cooperative game theory: The Core, the Dual Core, the Shapley value, and the minmax Core. We solved different case studies including a large problem involving four companies and 207 wells. In this example, individual cost distribution (storage cost, freshwater withdrawal cost, transportation cost, and treatment cost) assigned to each player is included. The results show that companies that adopt cooperation strategies improve their profits and enhance the sustainability of their operations through the increase in recycled water.     

Polymer-based chelating adsorbents for the selective removal of boron from water and wastewater: A review

Boron removal from water is a highly interesting research area that has been addressed in various investigations in the recent years. This is due to the expansion of harmful effects of boron traces in water streams on the environment and human health with the rise in boron global demand in various industries that coincided with the implantation of more stringent water quality standards. Various technologies have been applied for the removal of boron from water solutions, including ion exchange technology, which has a great potential in treating varieties of boron-containing streams up to levels in parts per million using boron-selective adsorbents. This article comprehensively reviews the latest progress in the development of polymer-based boron-selective (chelating) materials and their applications for the removal of boron from water solutions, including commercial boron-selective resins (BSRs) and their researched counterparts. The emerging trends in the development of alternative adsorbents with different substrates, morphologies, and functional groups are also elucidated. The future directions to overcome the limitations of the present generation of resins are also discussed.     

Optimization issues of the broke management system in papermaking

This paper presents an optimization strategy for the design and operation of a broke management system in a papermaking process. A stochastic model based on a two-state Markov process is presented for the broke system and a multiobjective and bi-level stochastic optimization model is developed featuring (i) a multiobjective operational subproblem for the optimization of the broke dosage and (ii) a multiobjective design problem formulation. An efficient optimization strategy is proposed for the operational subproblem along with a simulation based Pareto optimal solution for the design problem, and illustrated with a detailed case study.     

基于全过程污染控制策略的钢铁工业园区水网络全局优化

作为典型的高耗水工业,节水减排是我国钢铁工业可持续发展亟须解决的关键问题之一。本研究基于全过程污染控制策略,提出了面向钢铁工业园区水网络特点的多尺度优化建模方法,充分考虑了钢铁园区涉水单元-工序水网络-园区水网络等不同尺度水系统的用排水特点及相互作用,有助于进一步发掘园区节水减排新空间。在此基础上建立了园区水网络全局优化模型,利用数学规划方法来探索综合用水成本最低的园区水网络优化方案。一年产能为500万吨钢材的钢铁工业园区水网络优化案例研究表明,采用全过程污染控制策略的钢铁园区水网络全局优化方案,综合用水成本、新水用量及新水成本占比等用水指标与其他采用局部水污染控制技术的方案相比有较大幅度的降低,与园区现用水指标相比,各指标均降低20%以上。案例研究表明所提出的园区水网络优化模型可行有效,优化结果对于钢铁园区水污染控制技术的集成和水网络全局优化方案的精准确定具有重要的参考价值。     

Desalination in the gaza strip: drinking water supply and environmental impact

More than 90% of the population of the Gaza Strip depends on desalinated water for drinking purposes. About 90% of the groundwater is unacceptable for drinking as a result of contamination by nitrate and chloride. One of the major options for resolving the water problems is the utilization of desalination technology for both sea and brackish water. The objective of this article is to address desalination water management in its embryonic stage in the Gaza Strip. The sources of drinking water supply, distribution system and the environmental impact of brine water will be fingered in detail. Desalination facilities range from large seawater plants to small brackish desalination units on a home scale. Governmental, non-governmental and private desalination plants are common. The distribution system of desalinated water is a responsibility of governmental, non-governmental, private small community bodies and even individuals. Disposal of brine water is made either directly or indirectly into the sea, sewage system, poor land, channels, wadies, etc. Brine constituents have an adverse impacton the surrounding environment, e.g., sea life, soil, wastewater treatment plants and the groundwateraquifer. The lack of real environmental impact assessments, especially for mid- and home-scale units may lead to a deterioration of the environment. The fragmentation of the responsibilities of water desalination, distribution of desalinated water and the disposal of brine water suggest that urgent action should be taken (e.g., legislation or establishment of a supervisory body). In other words, strict policies and management actions are to be taken in order to alleviate the health and environmental impact of an important and uncontrolled new system.     

A model-centric approach for the management of model evolution in chemical process modelling

This paper explores the development of an automatic model-centric version control approach for managing the evolution of chemical models and to support model reuse. Unlike traditional versioning which is text-based, the basis of versioning in the proposed approach is based on structural changes of the chemical models. An implemented prototype tool incorporating the proposed approach and the use of an example XML-based representation of chemical models was used to illustrate the associated concepts. Some results associated with a case study are presented. Given that chemical modelling tools like HYSYS has just delivered an XML infrastructure that aims to support collaborative engineering, this proposed technique is timely and relevant. The benefit of the approach is that it provides a way of automatic storage and retrieval of the chemical models as well as the management of the different versions of the model as it evolves, thus allowing chemical process engineers to concentrate on the modelling and simulation.     

Hydrate formation in oil–water systems: Investigations of the influences of water cut and anti-agglomerant

To investigate the characteristics of hydrate formation in oil–water systems, a high-pressure cell equipped with visual windows was used where a series of hydrate formation experiments were performed from natural gas + diesel oil + water systems at different water cuts and anti-agglomerant concentrations. According to the temperature and pressure profiles in test experiments, the processes of hydrate formation under two kinds of experimental procedures were analyzed first. Then, based on the experimental phenomena observed through the visual windows, the influences of water cut and anti-agglomerant on the places of hydrate formation and distribution, hydrate morphologies and hydrate morphological evolvements were investigated. Hydrate agglomeration, hydrate deposition and hydrate film growth on the wall were observed in experiments. Furthermore, three different mechanisms for hydrate film growth on the wall were identified. In addition, the influences of water cut and anti-agglomerant on the induction time of hydrate formation were also studied.     

Olive oil mill waste water as a replacement for fresh water in the manufacture of fired clay bricks

This paper describes the introduction of olive mill wastewater (OMW) to replace fresh water normally used in clay brick manufacture. OMW is recognised as the major agro‐food industry pollutant in the Mediterranean/North African olive‐growing region. The research involved adding OMW to laboratory‐produced clay bricks following the same making procedure used at a collaborating Tunisian brick factory. The samples containing OMW were found to be comparable in forming/extrusion performance to a control product that used fresh water. If introduced at the factory scale, this innovation would allow a substantial volume of OMW to be recycled, saving on the fresh water currently used in the brick‐forming process. During the subsequent brick drying operation, most of the OMW (～98% water) would be released as vapour. Once in the kiln, the remaining solids in the bricks (calorific value 21–23 MJ kg^?1) would liberate additional heat, reducing the gross energy from fossil fuel currently required during firing. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Ingress of water into organic coatings: Real-time monitoring of the capacitance and increase in mass

Water ingress into a cataphoretic coating employed in the car industry was studied using real-time mass and capacitance measurements. The results showed the presence of three well-differentiated time constants associated with the process. The corresponding time scales were 2–3 min, 1 and 10 h. The first time constant (fastest process) was assumed to be associated with the filling of surface pores by water. This process involved about 50% of the total water uptake. The second time constant was assumed to be due to the water occupancy of pores in the bulk of the coating. Finally, the slowest process was assumed to be due to water diffusion through the bulk coating. This process presented capacitive effects only if fillers were present in the coating.