冷处理对超级马氏体不锈钢组织及逆变奥氏体的影响

为研究冷处理对超级马氏体不锈钢的组织性能及逆变奥氏体的影响,通过淬火+回火(A钢)、淬火+冷处理+回火(B钢)以及淬火+深冷处理+回火(C钢)3种工艺进行对比研究。结果表明:实验钢中基体组织为回火马氏体,随回火温度的升高,马氏体板条变细。在相同回火温度下,A钢马氏体板条尺寸较大,B钢次之,C钢尺寸较小、且更平直。实验钢中逆变奥氏体含量随回火温度的升高先增加随后降低,在650℃时达到最大,整个过程中C钢逆变奥氏体含量高于B钢和A钢。实验钢的硬度随回火温度的升高而降低,在650℃时达到最小,随后增大。相同回火温度下,C钢硬度高于B钢,B钢高于A钢。A钢中逆变奥氏体多为块状,尺寸较大,分布较少;B钢次之;C钢中逆变奥氏体多为条状,尺寸较小,且分布均匀。     

热处理工艺对超级马氏体钢逆变奥氏体的影响

 试验采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）及能谱分析（EDS）等手段,研究不同铬含量的超级马氏体不锈钢在相同热处理工艺下逆变奥氏体含量、组织形貌及生长规律的异同。结果表明,13Cr和15Cr两试验钢经淬火＋回火后的显微组织为回火马氏体和逆变奥氏体,两试验钢中逆变奥氏体含量及尺寸均随着回火温度升高先增加再减小,且在650～700 ℃时达到最大。两试验钢内的逆变奥氏体在回溶过程中会对基体组织产生细化作用。通过对比发现,15Cr钢中的逆变奥氏体含量更多,尺寸更大,回溶时对基体的细化作用更明显。     

调质低碳贝氏体钢的组织和性能

研究了C-Mn-Mo-Cu-Nb-Ti-B系低碳微合金钢915℃淬火和490~640℃回火的调质工艺对钢的组织及力学性能的影响.用扫描电镜和透射电镜对实验钢的组织、析出物形态和分布以及断口形貌进行观察,采用X射线衍射仪分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数.结果表明:调质后,实验钢获得贝氏体、少量马氏体及残余奥氏体复相组织,贝氏体板条宽度只有250 nm,残余奥氏体的体积分数随着回火温度的升高而降低,经淬火与520℃回火后残余奥氏体的体积分数为2.1%.调质后析出物的数量激增,6~15 nm的析出物占70%以上.实验钢经过915℃淬火与520℃回火后,其屈服强度达到915 MPa,抗拉强度990 MPa,-40℃冲击功为95 J.细小的析出物及窄的板条提高了钢的强度.板条间有残余奥氏体存在,改善了实验钢的韧性.      

回火温度对Mn-Ni钢亚稳奥氏体形貌及其力学性能的影响

 利用了X射线衍射仪（XRD）、电子背散射衍射（EBSD）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）研究了回火温度对一种Mn-Ni钢亚稳奥氏体形貌及其力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着回火温度的升高,室温亚稳奥氏体的体积分数逐渐升高。当回火温度为600和625 ℃时,亚稳奥氏体主要以片层状在回火马氏体板条间析出,且排列方向与周围的马氏体板条平行,这种片层状亚稳奥氏体分布较为均匀,尺寸较小,约为60～100 nm,且稳定性较高;当回火温度为650 ℃时,试验钢中出现尺寸较大的块状奥氏体在回火马氏体界面的交叉处不均匀析出。分析表明,块状奥氏体有利于提高钢的塑性,不利于改善钢的低温韧性;而片层状奥氏体能大幅度的改善钢的低温韧性。     

5NiCrMo低温钢调质热处理工艺研究

研究了5NiCrMo低温钢的调质热处理工艺,分析了回火温度对该钢组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:试验钢经调质热处理后,形成了回火马氏体和逆转变奥氏体的混合组织。560~640℃回火时,随温度提高,屈服强度呈降低趋势,-100℃冲击功先升高、在620℃回火时达到峰值后降低。深冷后保留的逆转变奥氏体显著影响试验钢的低温韧性。拉伸和冲击性能均满足要求的回火温度是580~620℃。     

回火温度对ZG0Cr13Mn8N钢显微组织的影响

研究了铬以相（马氏体－奥氏体）ＺＧ０Ｃｒ１３Ｍｎ８Ｎ钢在４００～７００℃温度区间内回火后的显策组织。结果表明,ＺＧ０Ｃｒ１３Ｍｎ８Ｎ钢在５８０℃回火时奥氏体量增多;淬火和逆变奥氏体在低于５８０℃回火时都十分稳定,而高于５８０℃回火时则不稳定;随着回火温度的升高,马氏体板条特征愈加不明显,且在板条马氏体和奥氏体内均有Ｍ７Ｃ３型碳化物析出、聚集和长大。     

常化后冷却工艺对1600MPa级超高强钢组织性能的影响

为改善高强度钢的塑性和韧性,对中碳低合金马氏体高强度钢分别采用常化后空冷＋回火和常化后控冷＋回火工艺,研究常化后冷却工艺对钢中残余奥氏体及力学性能的影响.采用扫描电镜获得钢的组织形态,利用X射线衍射和电子背散射衍射技术分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数、形貌和分布.发现两种工艺下均得到板条马氏体＋残余奥氏体组织,残余奥氏体均匀分布在板条之间,随工艺参数不同,其体积分数在3%~10%变化.常化后加速冷却能显著细化马氏体板条,提高钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度100 MPa以上,冲击功下降4 J.残余奥氏体的体积分数随常化控冷终冷温度的升高呈现先升高后降低的变化,常化后的控制冷却也可以作为进一步改善马氏体类型钢组织和性能的方法      

亚临界区淬火温度对一种新型“锰代镍”低温钢组织演变及力学性能的影响

利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了亚临界区淬火温度对一种新型"锰代镍"低温钢组织演变及力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着亚临界区淬火温度的升高,室温亚稳奥氏体的体积分数逐渐降低。当亚临界区淬火温度为700和740℃时,亚稳奥氏体主要以片层状在回火马氏体板条间析出,且排列方向与周围的马氏体板条平行,这种片层状亚稳奥氏体分布较为均匀,尺寸较小,厚度约为100nm,且稳定性较高;当亚临界区淬火温度为780℃时,试验钢中出现尺寸较大的块状奥氏体,在回火马氏体界面的交叉处不均匀析出。分析表明,不同热处理制度下基体"有效晶粒"尺寸、所生成的亚稳奥氏体体积分数及其稳定性的不同是导致不同亚临界区淬火温度下试验钢低温韧性差异的主要原因。     

590 MPa级双相钢马氏体转变的热力学分析

采用热力学计算理论预测双相钢的临界退火温度,计算值与试验结果相符.根据铁素体和奥氏体体积分数比值为70∶30,计算得到退火温度为807℃.试验采用800℃的退火温度得到的最终组织马氏体体积分数为13 ％～18％,且其性能完全达到DP590双相钢级别要求.在临界退火和过时效段之间有至少10％～12％的奥氏体转变为新生铁素体和马氏体.     

高温回火对USS122G超高强度不锈钢显微组织的影响

 为了研究高温回火工艺对USS122G超高强度不锈钢显微组织和硬度的影响,采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、物理化学相分析等方法进行分析测试及表征。结果表明,随着回火温度升高,钢中的奥氏体体积分数及第二相数量呈减少趋势,680~700 ℃时第二相的平均尺寸约为65 nm,第二相强化效果减弱,此时硬度为36HRC~37HRC;700 ℃时第二相开始在晶界聚集,而温度高于720 ℃后,细小的第二相数量增加,第二相在晶界上形成了网状分布,硬度有增加趋势。钢的硬度变化主要受到第二相强化影响,综合高温回火对钢中奥氏体体积分数、第二相及硬度的影响,最终确定该钢的最佳高温回火温度为660~680 ℃。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes

The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.     

Quality of life of relatives of mental patients

Usage of quality of life of psychiatric patients' relatives as the parameter of estimation of the quality of psychiatric care is considered. By means of standard questionnaire elaborated by the authors as well as by means of both individual and group conversations the quality of life was analyzed in 40 relatives which lived together with psychiatric patients. Different spheres of their life and difficulties (financial, social-psychologic, production) were examined in families with such patients. The defects of psychiatric care that had direct influence on the quality of life of the psychiatric patients' relatives are outlined.