塑料模具标准件顶杆用65MnV钢的组织分析

对新型塑料模具标准件顶杆用钢６５ＭｎＶ在淬火和氏温回火过程组织的变化进行了系统的研究。结果表明,６５ＭｎＶ钢的低温淬火组织为位错马氏体组织,随淬火温度的升高,淬火组织逐渐由针状与板条状马氏体的混合组织变成针状马氏体组织,马氏体组织的亚结构由位错型马氏体向孪晶马多体转变。钢在低温回火时析出与基体共格的弥散分布的须状ε碳化物,ε碳化物随回火温度的升高而发生转变,形成非共格的棒状渗碳体组织。     

40Mn钢锻热淬火强韧化机理的研究

本文研究了形变后的高温停留时间对40Mn 钢锻热淬火组织和性能的影响。研究结果表明,采用1250℃奥氏体化并形变后在20秒内淬火,可获得具有高密度位错及弥散碳化物质点的细小、交错形态板条马氏体;这种组织经620℃回火后获得细小胞块与颗粒状碳化物相互缠结的稳定结构,因此在使用状态下具有高强韧性组织及机械性能。本文还对锻热淬火的晶界净化现象进行了探讨。     

航空齿轮钢16Cr3NiWMoVNbE的真空低压渗碳

对航空齿轮钢16Cr3NiWMoVNbE进行真空低压渗碳热处理,研究了真空渗碳、淬火、冰冷处理以及回火工艺对材料的组织和性能的影响。结果表明：实验钢经渗碳淬火处理后,从表面到心部的组织可分为碳化物区、碳化物与针状马氏体混合区、针状马氏体区和心部板条马氏体区。在碳化物区的晶界有大量的块状Cr碳化物析出,在析出位置Ni元素较少。在针状马氏体和板条马氏体基体中细小的析出物为Nb、V、Mo微合金元素的碳化物。从渗碳钢表面到心部,随着碳浓度的降低硬度曲线呈现先升高后降低的趋势,渗层深度为0.95 mm。冰冷处理使残余奥氏体进一步转化为马氏体,使实验钢的硬度大幅度提高。     

TOUGHENING EFFECTIVNESS AND ITS MECHANISM OF HIGH STRENGTH STEEL

本文以28Cr_2MoV 钢为对象,研究了通过改善显微组织形态提高调质高强度钢强韧性的效果和强韧化机理。实验表明:合理设计新的热处理工艺,可使这种钢从低温到高温整个回火温区的韧性(a_K、K_(1c))普遍提高。分析指出,改善调质态韧性是由于未溶尽的碳化物颗粒在快速奥氏体化淬火中对改善组织形态所起特殊作用的结果。这种颗粒在加热时提供形核位置以细化奥氏体晶粒,在冷却时切变型转变过程中充当位错增殖源,使淬火组织具有高密度位错,这又为回火提供大量形核位置,使碳化物呈细小、均匀分布并大量析出。相应地韧化基体,提高分散强化效果,改善调质钢的韧性。     

提高调质高强度钢韧性及其机理的研究

本文以28Cr_2MoV 钢为对象,研究了通过改善显微组织形态提高调质高强度钢强韧性的效果和强韧化机理。实验表明:合理设计新的热处理工艺,可使这种钢从低温到高温整个回火温区的韧性(a_K、K_(1c))普遍提高。分析指出,改善调质态韧性是由于未溶尽的碳化物颗粒在快速奥氏体化淬火中对改善组织形态所起特殊作用的结果。这种颗粒在加热时提供形核位置以细化奥氏体晶粒,在冷却时切变型转变过程中充当位错增殖源,使淬火组织具有高密度位错,这又为回火提供大量形核位置,使碳化物呈细小、均匀分布并大量析出。相应地韧化基体,提高分散强化效果,改善调质钢的韧性。     

铌钒微合金钢中碳化物的析出过程

为了解铌钒微合金钢碳化物析出过程对机械性能的影响,将Nb-V微合金钢在1200℃固溶0.5h后淬火,在500℃回火不同时间,淬火样品的显微硬度最高,随着回火时间延长,显微硬度先快速下降,随后上升,在回火4～10h时出现一个硬度峰,随后又缓慢下降.用三维原子探针(3DAP)研究这些样品中碳化物的析出特征.结果显示,淬火样品中V、Nb元素分布均匀;随着回火时间延长,碳化物的尺寸逐渐增大,数量增加,回火4～10h的样品数达到最多,与硬度峰对应,同时V碳化物依次向V、Nb和V、Nb、Mo的复合碳化物转变.     

新型高钴镍合金钢的微观组织和性能

研究了新型高CoNi超高强度合金钢的组织和性能.在最佳热处理条件下,达到最佳强韧性,σb ≥1960MPa,σ0.2≥1740MPa,断裂韧性K1c≥112 MPa·m1/2,其组织为典型的淬火回火板条马氏体,等温回火处理产生二次硬化反应,析出与基体共格的细小弥散合金碳化物M2C沉淀使其得到强化.析出相与基体间的共格关系随回火温度的升高而失去,并转化为M23C6或 M7C3.分布在晶界的膜状奥氏体有韧化作用.在较高温度下回火,M2C粗化、失主与基体间的共格关系,并向其它碳化物转化,以及在晶内形成大量奥氏体,使性能下降.     

Cr含量降低对H13钢组织与力学性能的影响

对比了Cr含量降低为3%的3Cr-H13钢与Cr含量为5%的传统H13钢性能的差异,利用SEM、TEM、XRD进行微观组织与相组成分析,研究了Cr对H13钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,Cr含量的降低明显提高了H13钢的回火稳定性与高温强度,其原因主要与回火组织中马氏体的回复程度及二次析出碳化物的种类有关。传统H13钢在650℃回火时,马氏体基本回复完全,基体强度明显下降,并在原马氏体板条界和晶界上析出了较多的尺寸为120nm左右的近球形Cr7C3和M6C型碳化物,第二相强化效果降低;而Cr含量降低为3%的3Cr-H13钢在650℃回火后,基体依然为板条马氏体,板条内保持较高的位错密度,同时板条内析出的大量细小弥散的短棒状VC,在起到弥散强化作用的同时还钉扎位错,推迟了马氏体的回复,从而提高了高温性能。     

深冷处理对低碳高合金马氏体轴承钢力学性能及组织的影响

利用洛氏硬度计、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜等研究了低碳高合金马氏体轴承钢深冷处理后的硬度变化及组织演化。结果表明:深冷处理促使部分残留奥氏体转变为马氏体,导致深冷处理后实验钢的硬度较淬火态硬度有所升高。经深冷处理后实验钢在0~100 h回火过程中的硬度均比未深冷处理实验钢的硬度高。深冷处理促使钢中碳原子偏聚并在回火过程中以碳化物的形式析出,与未经深冷处理的实验钢相比,经深冷处理的实验钢回火后马氏体基体中的含碳量更低,表明实验钢经深冷处理后在回火过程中析出更多的碳化物。透射电镜分析表明,实验钢在回火过程中析出的大量弥散分布的纳米级M2C和M6C型碳化物是实验钢长时间回火后保持高硬度的主要原因。     

物理金相二级人员试题参考答案

(续上期 )1 1 .随着回火温度的升高 ,固溶在 α相中的碳化物逐渐析出 ,当温度更高时 ,亚晶粒长大并发生回复和再结晶。与此同时渗碳体发生聚集长大并球化 ,晶格恢复不再有畸变。1 2 .一般合金钢在 2 0 0～ 350°C之间出现第一类回火脆性 ,与新形成的碳化物沿马氏体条间、束的边界或在片状马氏体的孪晶带和晶界上析出有关。某些钢于 450～ 650°C之间回火时将发生脆性 ,即第二类回火脆性 ,这与杂质元素如 Sb、P、Sn、As等在晶界的偏聚有关。1 3.亚温淬火是不完全淬火 ,它是在临界区或两相区加热淬火 ,淬火后在马氏体基体上还保留少量弥散…     

直接淬火装甲钢的微观组织和性能

设计和冶炼了一种低碳低合金热轧后直接淬火装甲钢（ＤＱ钢），采用控轧和轧后直接淬火工艺生产钢板。对微观组织和抗弹性能进行了分析，并与ＧＹ４和ＧＹ５装甲钢进行对比。结果表明，热轧后直接淬火钢的变形奥氏体扁平形态保留至淬火组织中，转变后的板条马氏体细小；ＤＱ钢的背面强度极限与中碳ＧＹ４和ＧＹ５钢相当。用ＤＱ钢取代中碳装甲钢大幅度提高焊接性能并节约合金元素，并有望在舰船防护上得到应用。     

不同热处理制度下激光增材制造12CrNi2钢组织研究

采用激光增材制造技术制备12CrNi2合金钢核电应急柴油机凸轮轴可以明显降低产品研发周期,优化产品结构.本研究采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和电子万能试验机对激光增材制造12CrNi2合金钢热处理前后的组织和力学性能进行了研究.微观组织观察发现,试样存在带状特征和柱状晶形貌,圆弧带间为致密的冶金结合,顶部由于无后一道的重熔热作用,柱状晶形貌十分显著.沉积态组织主要由铁素体组成,试样不同部位的铁素体形貌存在一定的差异.经退火处理后,铁素体边界出现大量白色粒状析出物,延伸率显著提高,达到22.9%.经淬火及不同温度回火处理后,带状特征和柱状晶形貌消除,得到马氏体及其回火组织,抗拉强度达到1 000 MPa.与沉积态抗拉强度831 MPa相比,热处理态试样的抗拉强度显著提高.经固溶时效处理后,晶粒明显粗化.     

Influence of heat treatments on microstructural parameters and mechanical properties of P92 steel

Abstract

The microstructural parameters (dislocation density, martensite lath width, precipitate diameters, and volume fractions) have been measured for the 9%Cr steel P92 (NF616) after different heat treatments. The austenitising temperatures were 970, 1070, and 1145°C and the tempering temperatures 715, 775, and 835°C. Increasing the austenitising temperature led to an increase in the austenite grain size and in the martensite lath width, but no significant effect on the tensile properties at 20, 600, and 650°C was observed. The creep strength was, however, reduced by tempering at 835°C due to rapid recovery of the martensitic structure with a sharp decrease in dislocation density. The lowest creep strength was found for the P92 steel subjected to a heat treatment that produced a fully ferritic microstructure; the secondary creep rate was four orders of magnitude higher than that of the steel in the usual martensitic condition.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of 780 MPa high strength steels produced by direct-quenching and tempering process

Microstructure and mechanical properties of 780 MPa grade steel plate manufactured by conventional reheat-quenching and tempering (RQ-T) and direct-quenching and tempering (DQ-T) processes were investigated. The DQ process was found to enhance the hardenability of steel effectively so that tensile strengths of a range from 780 to 860 MPa have been achieved using DQ-T process, while tensile strength of about 770 MPa has been obtained from the RQ-T sample. In contrast, low temperature toughness of DQ-T samples was generally inferior to that of RQ-T sample, unless hot rolling and cooling processes were optimized in a controlled manner. For example, fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) of DQ-T samples was varied in a range from –50°C to –120°C, while RQ-T specimens exhibited nearly constant FATT of about –80°C. The finish-rolling temperature (FRT) was one of potential process parameters to determine strength/toughness balance of the steel manufactured by DQ process, while the effect of FRT was closely associated with the cooling rate applied in the process. It has been demonstrated that, for the specimens quenched with a cooling rate higher than 20°C/sec, it may seem to be appropriate to adjust the FRT as low as possible in the non-recrystallization region. In contrast, for the specimens quenched with a low cooling rate of less than 10°C/sec, it may seem to be proper to apply higher FRT to obtain excellent strength/toughness balance of the steel.     

An investigation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of direct-quenched and tempered AISI 4140 steel

Direct quenching (DQ) process is an appropriate method in steels heat treatment field. This method enhances production rate, reduces energy consumption and decreases environment contamination. In this study hot-rolled AISI 4140 steel billets with different diameters (75, 80, 85, 100, 105 and 115 mm) and 20 m length were quenched directly in a water tank. Also some samples with similar size and composition were provided by conventional reheating, quenching and tempering (RQ) heat treatment process. The quenched samples were tempered at the temperature of 630 °C for 2 h. Mechanical properties of heat treated samples including tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, hardness and impact toughness were measured. Also, the microstructure and harden-ability of this steel were investigated under various conditions and the results were compared to RQ heat treated products. The results showed that direct quenching and tempering processes (DQ–T) is due to enhance of mechanical properties such as tensile strength and harden-ability of AISI 4140 and it is affected by various parameters such as steel temperature before quenching, water temperature, quenching time and also billet size.     

Nb、Ti微合金元素对连铸10MnNiCr钢埋弧焊接头组织与韧性的影响

利用金相显微镜、冲击试验等研究了Nb、Ti微合金元素对连铸10MnNiCr钢埋弧焊焊接接头组织与韧性的影响。结果表明,Nb V Ti钢的焊缝和焊接热影响区比Nb V钢的具有更高的冲击韧性。其中Nb元素易促进侧板条铁素体形成,对韧性不利;Ti元素易使焊缝金属产生针状铁素体,并抑制CG HAZ晶粒粗化,对改善埋弧焊接头韧性有显著作用。     

Effect of ageing on the mechanical properties of directly quenched copper bearing microalloyed steels

The present work aims to study the ageing behaviour of directly quenched Cu-added microalloyed steels. Temperatures related to precipitation of Cu and recovery of dislocations retained in the microstructure after quenching of the steels from finish rolling temperature are determined by differential scanning calorimetric method. Ageing of the directly quenched steels has resulted in the reduction in hardness and strength with concomitant improvement of ductility. 1.5 wt% Cu-added Ti–B microalloyed steel has yielded the most attractive combination of strength and ductility. Presence of Ni in the 1.5 wt% Cu-added Ti–B microalloyed steel indicates sluggish kinetics of Cu precipitation. Ageing has generally deteriorated the impact toughness except for Ni containing Cu-added microalloyed steel above −25 °C temperature. Formation of recovered dislocation cells and fine ?-Cu precipitates during ageing have contributed to the microstructural softening and hardening, respectively.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of V–Ti–N microalloyed steel used for fracture splitting connecting rod

A new kind of V–Ti–N high strength microalloyed medium carbon steel has been developed, which is used for fracture splitting connecting rod. In this article, the characteristics of this carbon steel and its production process were studied. The microstructure, precipitated phases and their effects on mechanical properties were investigated by optical microscope, SEM, and TEM. The results showed that the steel was constituted of ferrite and pearlite. By reducing the finish rolling temperature and accelerating the cooling rate after rolling, microstructure with fine grain ferrite and narrow lamellar space pearlite could be obtained in V–Ti–N microalloyed medium carbon, and a large number of precipitated phases distributed over ferrite. These led the tensile strength to be more than 1000 MPa, yield strength (YS) more than 750 MPa. The impact fractograph showed typically brittle fracture characteristic.