不同因素对Pd-Fe合金共沉积规律的影响

以FeSO4·7H2O、Pd(NH3)2Cl2、磺基水杨酸(SSCS)和(NH4)2SO4所组成的溶液体系为研究对象,采用循环伏安法分析了镀液中Pd:Fe配比、电极转速、扫描速度、溶液pH值、pH调整剂和导电盐等因素对Pd-Fe合金共沉积电位的影响规律.结果表明,Pd-Fe合金的共沉积电位介于Fe2 和Pd2 的沉积电位之间.溶液中Fe2 浓度增加使其共沉积峰位略有负移,且阳极峰值电流逐渐增大;电极转速或扫描速度增大均使共沉积峰位发生负移,使峰值电流增加;溶液pH值减小使共沉积峰位正移,且pH值小于4时几乎无沉积峰;由乙二胺调节溶液pH值比由氨水调节后Pd-Fe合金的共沉积峰位负移;导电盐的存在使共沉积峰位正移,且峰值电流增大.     

硫酸盐体系中铟在玻璃碳电极上的电化学成核机理

关于硫酸盐体系中镀铜的沉积机理少见报道,采用循环伏安法和计时电流法研究了铟在硫酸盐体系中电沉积的循环伏安特性与电结晶机理.通过分析恒电位暂态曲线,求出铟离子的扩散系数D和不同电压下的晶核密度N_0.结果表明:铟的电沉积没有经历欠电位沉积过程,而是经历了晶核形成过程,其电沉积反应是一个不可逆过程;在外加电位范围内铜的电结晶按照瞬时成核方式和三维生长方式进行.     

ChCl/CrCl3·6H2O体系中Cr(Ⅲ)的电化学成核机理

本文在ChCl/CrCl3.6H2O离子溶液体系中,采用循环伏安法和恒电位阶跃法研究了Cr(Ⅲ)在玻碳电极上的电化学成核机理。研究结果表明,Cr(Ⅲ)的电化学成核机理是三维成核并与过电位有关。当过电位较小时,Cr(Ⅲ)的电结晶过程为三维连续成核,其扩散系数为(2.56±0.33)×10-11m2/s。当过电位较大时,Cr(Ⅲ)的电结晶过程趋向于三维瞬时成核过程,其扩散系数和晶核数密度均与过电位无关,分别为(3.04±0.3)×10-11m2/s和(4.47±0.05)×1011/m2。两种成核方式的法向生长速率常数均与过电位成线性关系,晶体法向的生长没有受到任何阻滞。     

氨络合物体系中镍在玻璃碳上的电化学成核机理

采用循环伏安法和计时电流法研究了氨络合物体系中镍在玻璃碳上电结晶的初期行为。结果表明．镍在该基体上的沉积没有经历UPD过程，镍的电沉积经历了晶核形成过程，在所研究的外加电位范围内其电结晶按连续成核和三维生长方式进行，外加电位对晶体生长具有显著的影响。通过分析恒电位暂态曲线，求出镍离子的扩散系数D，以及不同外加电位下的饱和晶核数密度Nsat，探讨了外加电位对成核作用的影响。     

Ni-Fe合金共沉积的电化学行为

通过线性扫描、循环伏安、交流阻抗方法,研究了柠檬酸溶液中Ni-Fe合金共沉积的电化学行为.结果表明,Ni-Fe合金的共沉积为异常共沉积,Fe发生了欠电位沉积;增大FeSO4浓度,阴极极化增大,镀层中Fe含量升高,镀层的耐蚀性降低;柠檬酸起增大电流密度、减小阴极极化、促进Ni-Fe合金共沉积的作用;光亮剂增大阴极极化,对Fe2 离子的阻碍作用大于对Ni2 离子的阻碍作用;陈化作用有利于阴极极化的增大和镀层光亮度的提高;Ni-Fe合金的共沉积过程为电化学步骤控制.XRD表明Ni-Fe合金为面心立方固溶体晶体结构,SEM表明镀层表面光亮平滑.     

Ni-Fe-Cr合金共沉积的电化学行为

用线性扫描、循环伏安、交流阻抗法研究了柠檬酸体系中Ni、Fe、Cr以及Ni-Fe-Cr合金共沉积的电化学行为,分析了温度、光亮剂和柠檬酸对Ni-Fe-Cr合金共沉积的影响.结果表明:Ni-Fe-Cr共沉积的速度比Fe、Cr沉积的速度快,比Ni沉积的速度慢,Fe为异常沉积;在峰电位-1.38 V时获得的镀层组成为57.5?,38.2%M,4.3%Cr;随温度升高,阴极极化减小,Ni-Fe-Cr镀层中Cr含量下降,适宜的沉积温度为20～40℃;光亮剂使阴极极化增大,但使镀层耐蚀性下降;柠檬酸有增大电流密度、促进Ni-Fe-Cr共沉积的作用;Ni-Fe-Cr合金的共沉积为电化学控制过程;Ni-Fe-Cr三元合金比Ni-Fe二元舍金难以电沉积,但镀层的耐蚀性更好.     

Fe-Ni合金电沉积的电化学行为

利用线性扫描法和循环伏安法分别讨论了镀液中Fe2+和Ni2+浓度、pH值、温度、光亮剂、配位剂含量对Fe-Ni合金电沉积的电化学行为的影响。结果表明,镀液的pH值降低,温度升高时,Fe-Ni合金共沉积的阴极极化减小,镀液中Fe2+浓度增加,Ni2+浓度减小,Fe-Ni合金共沉积的阴极极化增大;加入光亮剂和配位剂时,有利于提高镀层的致密性,同时镀层的耐腐蚀性增强。通过计算Fe-Ni合金共沉积电极反应的表观活化能,阴极电极电势在-1.0～-1.2V时,表观活化能均40kJ/mol,说明Fe-Ni合金的共沉积过程为电化学步骤控制。XRD表明Fe-Ni合金为固溶体晶体结构,SEM表明镀层表面光亮平滑。     

NaF-KF-K_2TaF_7熔盐Ta(V)在钨电极上的电化学还原机理

熔盐电镀钽层具有高熔点、耐烧蚀等高温热学力学性能。为探究钽在电镀过程的反应机理,实验在1 073 K以32.52%(质量分数)NaF-67.48%(质量分数)KF(摩尔比2∶3)共晶盐为电解质体系,添加质量分数为2%的氟钽酸钾,以Pt为参比电极,钨棒为对电极,用循环伏安法、计时电位法以及计时电流法研究了钽离子在惰性钨电极上的电化学过程和电化学结晶成核方式。结果显示,Ta(V)电化学还原过程是受扩散控制的不可逆的1步反应转移5个电子过程,电极反应方程式为:Ta(V)+5e~-=Ta。根据循环伏安曲线和Randles-Sevcik方程计算出1 073 K时Ta(V)的扩散系数为4.126×10~(-5) cm~2·s~(-1);计时电流曲线表明1 073 K时,Ta(V)在钨电极上的电结晶成核方式为瞬时成核。     

酸性镀镍中有机添加剂对镍电沉积的作用机理

为了进一步弄清常用镀镍添加剂邻磺酰苯酰亚胺、1,4-丁炔二醇及2者的混合物对酸性镀镍中镍电沉积的作用机理,通过循环伏安、交流阻抗和电势阶跃等电化学方法进行了试验研究.结果表明:加入有机添加剂后均能使镍电沉积电位负移,且该电极过程不可逆;同时镍沉积过程经历了2个电子转移步骤和中间产物吸附步骤;当2种添加剂联合使用时,镍电沉积的阴极过电位增大约650 mV,并能有效增大成核数密度,更有利于得到光亮镍层;加入有机添加剂后镍电沉积,I2/Im2-t/tm曲线均靠近瞬时成核理论曲线,说明在有机添加剂作用下镍的沉积遵循瞬时成核三维生长的电结晶机理.     

离子液体对PbO_2电沉积形核生长过程的影响研究

为揭示1-乙基-3-甲基-咪唑四氟硼酸盐([Emim]BF_4)添加对PbO_2阳极形核和生长过程的影响机制,利用电化学工作站测试PbO_2在玻碳电极上沉积的电化学行为特征,包括:循环伏安曲线、计时电位曲线及计时电流曲线,并与氧化沉积的PbO_2涂层表面形貌进行对比分析。结果表明,PbO_2电沉积过程遵循三维连续成核模式,离子液体辅助时虽未明显改变PbO_2电结晶机理,但对PbO_2电沉积过程中成核和结晶长大速率均有抑制作用,其中以抑制核长大为主,从而明显地减小了PbO_2结晶颗粒尺寸,得到致密的电极表面结构,使得电化学综合性能增强。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.