Estimation of differential heat of dilution for aqueous lithium (bromide,iodide, nitrate,chloride) solution and aqueous (lithium,potassium, sodium) nitrate solution used in absorption cooling systems

The differential heat of dilution data are estimated theoretically using Duhring's diagrams for water/LiBr, water/(LiBr + LiI + LiNO₃ + LiCl) with mass compositions in salts of 60.16%, 9.55%, 18.54% and 11.75%, respectively, and water/(LiNO₃ + KNO₃ + NaNO₃) with mass compositions in salts of 53%, 28% and 19%, respectively, as these can be potentially utilized as working fluids in absorption cooling systems. The differential heat of dilution data obtained were correlated with simple polynomial equations for the three working fluids as a function of the solution concentration and temperature. The results showed that the differential heat of dilution of the non-conventional working fluid mixtures is lower than that of water/LiBr at typical operating temperature and concentration of interest in absorption cooling cycles employing these working fluid mixtures. The correlations developed could be useful in predicting the differential heat of dilution value while performing heat and mass transfer analyses of these potential non-conventional working fluid mixtures in absorption cooling systems.     

电磁式发动机水冷系统流固耦合传热研究

针对电磁式发动机电磁线圈由工作温度过高导致其内阻过大、发动机工作效率降低的问题,应用流固耦合传热理论对发动机水冷系统的传热性能进行研究.以电磁式发动机水冷系统流场和固场为研究对象,建立流固耦合传热的数学模型;利用UG(Unigraphics)软件建立水冷系统流固耦合模型,对水冷系统的流场和温度场分布进行仿真分析.结果表...     

Working fluids comparison and thermodynamic analysis of a transcritical power and ejector refrigeration cycle (TPERC)

The combined power and cooling cycles driven by waste heat and renewable energy can provide different kinds of energy forms and achieve a higher thermodynamic efficiency. However, only a few researchers have focused on the improvement of temperature matching between the heat source and working fluid. This paper proposes a transcritical power and ejector refrigeration cycle (TPERC) to improve temperature matching between the heat source and working fluid. Based on the modelling of the TPERC system, a comparison of working fluids and the effects of system parameters on the cooling capacity, work output, thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency are discussed. The results show that of the seven working fluids selected, R1234ze has the largest thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency, principally due to having the highest critical temperature. At the identical turbine back pressure, condensing temperature and evaporation temperature, the turbine inlet temperature and its corresponding generation pressure have little impact on thermal efficiency.     

Investigation on Heat Transfer Properties of Supercritical Water in a Rock Fracture for Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Supercritical water (SCW) has shown promise as a working fluid to extract heat from hot dry rock (HDR); however, fundamental research on its heat transfer characteristics in HDR fractures is still required. A 2D heat transfer model that considers the variable thermophysical properties was updated to numerically investigate the effects of mass flow rate, thermal reservoir temperature, and fracture aperture size on the heat transfer characteristics of SCW flow through a single HDR fracture. The heat transfer performance of SCW and supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) was compared under the same conditions. The results indicate that the heat transmission performance of SCW is superior to scCO₂ at high temperature and high pressure. It is essential to synthesize the thermal reservoir temperature and pressure, site conditions, and heat transmission fluids during HDR development.     

Visualization Study of Supercritical Fluid Convection and Heat Transfer in Weightlessness by Interferometry: A Brief Review

Supercritical fluids have become a hot topic in recent years, due to their wide applications in chemical and energy systems. With its sensitive thermal-transport properties in the near-critical region, supercritical/near-critical fluids behaviors, under both microgravity and terrestrial conditions, have become very interesting and challenging topic. This brief review is focused on the visualization experiments of fluid convection and heat transfer related critical phenomena by interferometer. Due to the sensitive property changes of critical fluids, it is very difficult to control and measure the supercritical fluid behaviors. In this review, non-intrusive visualization systems by interferometry are introduced and analyzed for experimental studies of fluids in the near-critical region. For near-critical and supercritical experiments, the temperature/density control and parameter analysis are of critical importance. The analysis of boundary conditions, convection behaviors and energy transfer modes of critical fluids, mainly under weightlessness, are also reviewed with recent opinions toward future development. It is hoped that this review could be helpful for related studies.     

Self-rewetting fluids with suspended carbon nanostructures

Thermal management is very important in modern electronic systems. Recent researches have been dedicated to the study of the heat transfer performances of binary or multi-component heat transfer fluids with peculiar surface tension properties and in particular to "self-rewetting fluids," i.e., liquids with a surface tension increasing with temperature and concentration. Thermophysical properties like surface tension, wettability and thermal conductivity, at different temperatures, have been measured not only for binary mixtures, but also for a number of ternary aqueous solutions with relatively low freezing point and for nanoparticles suspensions (so called nanofluids). Some of them interestingly exhibit the same anomalous positive surface tension gradient with temperature as binary self-rewetting solutions. Since in the course of liquid/vapour phase change, self-rewetting fluids behaviour induces a rather strong liquid inflow (caused by both temperature and concentration gradients) from the cold region (where liquid condensates) to the hot evaporator region, several interesting applications may be envisaged, e.g., the development of advanced wickless heat pipes for utilization in reduced gravity environments. The present work is dedicated to the study of the thermophysical properties of nanofluids based on water/alcohol solutions with suspended carbon nanostructures, in particular single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNH), synthesised by an homemade apparatus with an AC arc discharge in open air. The potential interest of the proposed studies stems from the large number of possible industrial applications, including space technologies and terrestrial applications, such as cooling of electronic components.     

水-乙醇混合工质振荡热管的传热特性研究

分别对充液率45%、55%、62%、70%下水、乙醇两组分按体积比13∶1、2∶1、1∶1、1∶2、1∶13混合而成的二元混合工质振荡热管的传热特性进行了实验研究,并与水和乙醇纯工质在相同充液率下的传热特性进行对比,结果表明,小充液率时,水-乙醇混合工质振荡热管烧干时热阻较纯工质小,大充液率时,水纯工质传热特性优于水-乙醇混合工质及乙醇纯工质。分析实验结果得出,水-乙醇二元混合工质振荡热管传热特性与充液率及混合工质配比有关,配比对传热特性的影响主要表现为气液平衡、物性及缔合作用。     

数据中心两相冷却技术现状与展望

随着数据中心行业的不断发展,IT设备能耗、热通量均逐渐提高,配套的制冷设备能耗占比增大,因此高效节能冷却技术逐渐受到关注。本文对现有的两相冷却技术进行了归纳、分类,并在此基础上提出了一种分布式两相冷却方法。同时介绍了两相冷却技术所涉及的冷却液物性、强化换热方法和系统热力学评估3个层面的研究进展。目前,数据中心冷却液的物性研究主要针对液相,缺少气相物性;沸腾换热和冷凝换热主要是通过对气泡和液滴的形成与脱离过程进行强化,缺少针对冷却液强化换热方法的研究;两相冷却系统具有优越的热力学性能,但存在相变引起的压力变化问题。     

Performance and heat transfer characteristics of hydrocarbon refrigerants in a heat pump systemPerformance et caractéristiques de transfert de chaleur des frigorigènes hydrocarbures utilisés dans un système de pompe à chaleur

Performance of a heat pump system using hydrocarbon refrigerants has been investigated experimentally. Single component hydrocarbon refrigerants (propane, isobutane, butane and propylene) and binary mixtures of propane/isobutane and propane/butane are considered as working fluids in a heat pump system. The heat pump system consists of compressor, condenser, evaporator, and expansion device with auxiliary facilities such as evacuating and charging unit, the secondary heat transfer fluid circulation unit, and several measurement units. Performance of each refrigerant is compared at several compressor speeds and temperature levels of the secondary heat transfer fluid. Coefficient of performance (COP) and cooling/heating capacity of hydrocarbon refrigerants are presented. Experimental results show that some hydrocarbon refrigerants are comparable to R22. Condensation and evaporation heat transfer coefficients of selected refrigerants are obtained from overall conductance measurements for subsections of heat exchangers, and compared with those of R22. It is found that heat transfer is degraded for hydrocarbon refrigerant mixtures due to composition variation with phase change. Empirical correlations to estimate heat transfer coefficients for pure and mixed hydrocarbons are developed, and they show good agreement with experimental data. Some hydrocarbon refrigerants have better performance characteristics than R22.     

吸收式制冷(热泵)循环流程研究进展

吸收式制冷作为最早的人工制冷方法,诞生至今已有200多年。在民用和工业中的实际应用有60多年。近20余年来,吸收式制冷在理论与应用等方面都取得了迅速发展,并在制冷机市场上占有相当的份额,得到国内外厂商和学者的广泛关注与研究。随着人类能源消耗量的不断增加,需要进一步深入研究新能源、分布式能源及能源的高效利用。余热、废热、可再生的太阳能、地热能等的利用使得热能驱动的吸收式制冷(热泵)技术得到越来越多的关注。与采用电驱动蒸气机械压缩式制冷(热泵)系统不同,吸收式制冷(热泵)技术可利用采用低品位热源的热能直接驱动,运行成本远低于电驱动系统。吸收式系统多采用H2O-LiB r溶液、NH3-H2O溶液等自然工质作为制冷剂,具有环境友好特性,同时具有安全、可无噪音运行、可靠性高等显著优点。但也具有占地面积大、初投资高,冷却负荷高,一次能源效率低(直燃形式)等不足。针对这些特性,现阶段的主要研究方向包括:循环设计优化、工质对选择、系统部件热质传递强化、系统控制策略优化等。狭义的吸收式循环是指闭式、溶液吸收制冷剂蒸气的吸收式制冷(热泵)循环。该类循环按照循环形式分类包括单吸收循环、多吸收循环和复合循环。单吸收循环主要包括基本单效吸收循环、扩散吸收循环、膜吸收循环、热变换器循环、重力驱动的阀切换循环以及自复叠循环;多吸收循环主要包括再吸收循环、多效循环、中间效循环、多级循环、中间级循环以及GAX循环;复合循环主要包括喷射-吸收复合、压缩-吸收复合和膨胀-吸收复合等复合形式。现有吸收式制冷技术研究热点主要包括且不局限于太阳能、中低温余热利用、冷热电联产、储能(蓄冷、蓄热),膜交换材料、高温下耐腐蚀材料,塑料热交换器等方面。吸收式循环现有循环结构的提出针对的是一定温度和浓度下循环,面对新的应用场景、新材料以及新吸收工质对,吸收式循环可以提出多种更高效、更宽热源驱动温度范围和溶液浓度范围的新循环。     

Fluid choice and test standardization for magnetic regenerators operating at near room temperature

Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the performance of an active magnetic regenerator (AMR) operating near room temperature. A two-dimensional porous model is established to analyze the impact different heat transfer fluids (HTFs) have on the performance of the AMR. The internal temperature distribution and cooling capacity of the system are analyzed and the influence of the HTF discussed. The simulation results show that when mercury is substituted in place of water as the HTF, the cooling capacity can be enhanced by nearly 600%. A fluid with high conductivity, high density, and low specific heat is most suitable for use as the HTF. Furthermore, as the environmental conditions have a great impact upon the performance of the AMR, three feasible methods of standardization testing are proposed. These involve: the evaluation index under fixed test environment conditions, a maximum exergy method, and a maximum specific exergy method around the Curie temperature.     

换热流体对旋转式室温磁制冷特性影响实验分析

为了获得磁工质床内换热流体对旋转式室温磁制冷机性能的影响规律,在室温环境下,测试并分析了旋转式室温磁制冷机的换热流体温度分布.实验表明励磁和退磁过程中,换热流体流量、成分、温度以及冷却水流率影响温差和熵增.温度分布实验结果表明,增加磁场区换热流体流量.磁场区熵增加大,冷区温跨减小,制冷量增加;换热流体比热容增大,温跨减小,制冷量增加.     

泵驱动两相循环回路中工质泵的冷损失特性分析

为了充分利用室外自然冷源,将泵驱动两相循环回路系统用于数据中心自然冷却。本文通过改变系统温差、泵频率、换热面积、高低温水源温度,对工质泵的冷损失性能进行实验研究。结果表明:高温水源温度不变时,冷损率在温差为16℃、频率为15 Hz及较大换热面时最小;低温水源温度不变时,不同温差下,当蒸发器和冷凝器个数均为5个时系统冷损率最小,且不超过3. 20%;高温水源温度越高,冷损率越低,本实验高温水源温度为26℃时,冷损率最低,且不超过2. 82%。     

Terrestrial and microgravity applications of self-rewetting fluids

Dilute aqueous solutions of high-carbon alcohols (number of C≥4) show an increase in the surface tension with increasing temperature in a particular temperature region. Liquid/vapor phase change in these aqueous solutions induces a very strong liquid flow in the vicinity of the interface due to both thermocapillary flow and the Marangoni flow caused by the preferential evaporation of alcohol-rich composition. Since such a spontaneous local liquid flow directs toward dry patch or hotter area, the expression of “self-rewetting” has been employed for these liquids. The present author focused his attention to this particular surface tension behavior, and has been studying both terrestrial and microgravity applications utilizing self-rewetting fluids as a working fluid in heat transfer devices. This article briefly introduces some of the recent research subjects related to self-rewetting fluids conducted by the present author and co-workers. First, the improvement in the thermal performance of wicked heat pipes with using self-rewetting fluids is emphasized based on detailed experimental evaluations. The experimental results on ultra-light weight wickless heat pipes, fabricated with 25µm thick polyimide film, in low gravity condition are then given.     

Natural convection from a discrete heater in enclosures filled with a micropolar fluid

In this study, we numerically investigate the steady laminar natural convective flow and heat transfer of micropolar fluids in enclosures with a centrally located discrete heater in one of its sidewalls by applying a finite difference method. The other sidewall is kept at isothermal conditions, while horizontal walls are assumed to be insulated. Computations are carried out to investigate effects of the dimensionless heater length, the material parameter of the micropolar fluid, the Rayleigh number and the Prandtl number both for weak and strong concentration cases. Local results are presented in the form of streamline and isotherm plots as well as the variation of the local Nusselt number through the discrete heater. It was shown that micropolar fluids presented lower heat transfer values than those of the Newtonian fluids. An increase at the material parameter, K is shown to decrease the heat transfer. The results for K = 0, which corresponds to the Newtonian fluid case is compared with those available in the existing literature and, an excellent agreement is obtained.     

A study on the performance of multi-stage condensation heat pumpsEtude sur la performance des pompes à chaleur à condensation en plusieurs étages

In this study, computer simulation programs were developed for multi-stage condensation heat pumps and their performance was examined for CFC11, HCFC123, HCFC141b under the same condition. The results showed that the coefficient of performance (COP) of an optimized ‘non-split type’ three-stage condensation heat pump was 25–42% higher than that of a conventional single-stage heat pump. The increase in COP differed among the fluids examined. The improvement in COP was due largely to the decrease in average temperature difference between the refrigerant and water in the condensers, which resulted in a decrease in thermodynamic irreversibility. For the three-stage heat pump, the highest COP was achieved when the total condenser area was evenly distributed to the three condensers. For the two-stage heat pump, however, the optimum distribution of total condenser area varied with working fluids. For the three-stage system, splitting the condenser cooling water for the use of intermediate and high pressure subcoolers helped increase the COP further. When the individual cooling water for the intermediate and high pressure subcoolers was roughly 10% of the total condenser cooling water, the optimum COP was achieved showing an additional 11% increase in COP as compared to that of the ‘non-split type’ for the three-stage heat pump system.     

Development and validation of a micro-fin tubes evaporator model using R134a and R1234yf as working fluids

This paper presents a model of shell and tube evaporator with micro-fin tubes using R1234yf and R134a. The model developed for this evaporator uses the ε-NTU method to predict the evaporating pressure, the refrigerant outlet enthalpy and the outlet temperature of the secondary fluid. The model accuracy is evaluated using different two-phase flow boiling correlations for micro-fin tubes and comparing predicted and experimental data. The experimental tests were carried out for a wide range of operating conditions using R134a and R1234yf as working fluids. The predicted parameter with maximum deviations, between the predicted and experimental data, is the evaporating pressure. The correlation of Akhavan– Behabadi et al. was used to predict flow boiling heat transfer, with an error on cooling capacity prediction below 5%. Simulations, carried out with this validated model, show that the overall heat transfer coefficient of R1234yf has a maximum decrease of 10% compared with R134a.     

Thermal management with self-rewetting fluids

The present paper describes the results of a series of microgravity experiments on thermal management device, actually wickless heat pipes, with using the so-called “self t-rewetting fluids” (dilute aqueous solutions of high carbon alcohols) as a working fluid. Although most of liquids show a decrease in the surface tension with increasing temperature, self-rewetting fluids show exceptionally an increase in the surface tension with increasing temperature. This particular characteristic allows for a spontaneous liquid supply to hotter interface by the thermocapillary flow. When liquid/vapor phase change takes place, furthermore, additional Marangoni effect due to concentration gradient by the preferential evaporation of alcohol-rich composition in the aqueous solutions is induced. A considerably strong liquid inflow to dry patch or thin film is therefore expected at three-phase interline or liquid/vapor interface. One of the most promising applications of the self-rewetting fluids in space is wickless heat pipes in which condensate spontaneously returns to evaporation region by enhanced Marangoni effect. Demonstrational experiments on the fluid behavior in a transparent glass tube wickless heat pipe were conducted in JAMIC, and spontaneous liquid return velocities were measured. The present authors then performed parabolic flight experiments on heat transfer characteristics of prototype wickless copper heat pipes, and the performance was compared with ordinary heat pipe having wick structure and with other working fluid.     

Sorption cooling: A valid extension to passive cooling

Passive cooling has shown to be a very dependable cryogenic cooling method for space missions. Several missions employ passive radiators to cool down their delicate sensor systems for many years, without consuming power, without exporting vibrations or producing electromagnetic interference. So for a number of applications, passive cooling is a good choice. At lower temperatures, the passive coolers run into limitations that prohibit accommodation on a spacecraft. The approach to this issue has been to find a technology able to supplement passive cooling for lower temperatures, which maintains as much as possible of the advantages of passive coolers.Sorption cooling employs a closed cycle Joule–Thomson expansion process to achieve the cooling effect. Sorption cells perform the compression phase in this cycle. At a low temperature and pressure, these cells adsorb the working fluid. At a higher temperature they desorb the fluid and thus produce a high-pressure flow to the expander in the cold stage. The sorption process selected for this application is of the physical type, which is completely reversible. It does not suffer from degradation as is the case with chemical sorption of, e.g., hydrogen in metal hydrides. Sorption coolers include no moving parts except for some check valves, they export neither mechanical vibrations nor electromagnetic interference, and are potentially very dependable due to their simplicity. The required cooling temperature determines the type of working fluid to be applied. Sorption coolers can be used in conjunction with passive cooling for heat rejection at different levels.This paper starts with a brief discussion on applications of passive coolers in different types of orbits and on the limitations of passive cooling for lower cooling temperatures.Next, the working principle of sorption cooling is summarized. The DARWIN mission is chosen as an example application of sorption and passive cooling and special attention is paid to the reduction of the radiator area needed by the sorption cooler.The application field of this type of sorption cooling in space missions is currently being expanded by examining the performance of alternative working fluids, suitable for different cooling temperatures.     

Scalable Green Synthesis and Full‐Scale Test of the Metal–Organic Framework CAU‐10‐H for Use in Adsorption‐Driven Chillers

The demand for cooling devices has increased during the last years and this trend will continue. Adsorption‐driven chillers (ADCs) using water as the working fluid and low temperature waste energy for regeneration are an environmentally friendly alternative to currently employed cooling devices and can concurrently help to dramatically decrease energy consumption. Due to the ideal water sorption behavior and proven lifetime stability of [Al(OH)(m‐BDC)] ? x H₂O (m‐BDC^2? = 1,3‐benzenedicarboxylate), also denoted CAU‐10‐H, a green very robust synthesis process under reflux, with high yields up to 95% is developed and scaled up to kg‐scale. Shaping of the adsorbent is demonstrated, which is important for an application. Thus monoliths and coatings of CAU‐10‐H are produced using a water‐based binder. The composites are thoroughly characterized toward their mechanical stability and water sorption behavior. Finally a full‐scale heat exchanger is coated and tested under ADC working conditions. Fast adsorption dynamic leads to a high power output and a good power density. A low regeneration temperature of only 70 °C is demonstrated, allowing the use of low temperature sources like waste heat and solar thermal collectors.