盐穴储气库腔体收缩风险影响因素的敏感性分析

 如何有效减少盐穴储气库在运营过程中的有效体积损失以延长储气库的使用寿命是运营和管理部门非常关心的问题。从宏观角度分析腔体的地层、设计和运行各参数对我国盐穴储气库腔体收缩风险的影响,归纳出7个可能影响因素并分别对其影响趋势进行预测,然后采用单因素敏感性分析方法,通过数值模拟计算结果的对比分析得到这7个可能影响因素对腔体体积收缩率的敏感度系数,并基于运行工况因素的敏感性系数值,提出盐穴储气库在运营过程中运行工况发生变化时腔体年体积收缩率的预测方法。结果表明除了盐岩本身的蠕变特性参数,从宏观角度分析,相邻腔体运行模式、单周期内低压运行时间比例和腔体高径比是盐穴储气库腔体收缩风险的敏感因素。因此,在腔体的建设和运营过程中,采用邻近腔体同采同注的运行模式,尽量减少低压运行时间,同时合理控制腔体的成腔形状,可以有效控制腔体的体积收缩变形。     

盐穴储气库地面沉降监测与分析

盐穴地下储气库通过地下盐矿开采、溶蚀形成的地下空间,进行天然气的储存。在储气库的运营过程中,由于盐岩蠕变,腔体体积收缩会产生地面沉降或地面塌陷。在储气库运营过程中建立地面沉降监测网,捕捉因地层蠕变产生的地面沉降具有重要的意义。详细地介绍了我国第一个盐矿储气库的地面沉降监测,并分析运行过程中的地面沉降变化规律。分析揭示,监测数据与腔体体积的收缩具有较好的吻合性。     

荷兰盐穴型地下储气库简介

地下储气库建设已经成为21世纪天然气工业发展的一个重要组成部分,盐穴型地下储气库以其独有的优势成为地下储气库的重要类型。介绍了荷兰首座盐穴型地下储气库的建设及设计参数。     

江汉盆地黄场盐穴地下储气库稳定性分析

江汉盆地黄场盐穴地下储气库已经进入溶腔阶段,针对腔体内天然气的压力高于周围地层压力时,可能出现天然气向周围地层中的渗漏隐患,在对黄场地区潜二段盐岩的地质特征、王58储气库蠕变试验、水密性实验以及王储6井气密性试验综合分析的基础上,对运行压力、腔体直径、安全矿柱等参数进行了优化,解决了储气库运行过程中压力差过大、安全矿柱过大或者过小等问题,同时兼顾了盐穴地下储气库安全性与经济性。     

洞穴型地下储气库热力分析

洞穴型地下储气库洞腔空间经历注气、储气、采气、待储四个周期性运行阶段。通过对洞穴型地下储气库洞腔空间中天然气压力和温度变化的热力过程和岩体中发生导热过程的分析,建立热力分析模型。针对具体项目,以盐穴地下储气库为例,将模型参数具体化,采用有限差分法编程计算盐穴内的温度、压力以及岩体温度场并进行各种因素的敏感性分析。洞穴型地下储气库热力工况与储气库运行阶段有密切的关系,对天然气和岩体的热力学物性参数有相当的敏感性。在进行模型敏感性分析的同时,也检验了模型计算的稳定性。     

港华盐穴储气库的运营特点及其工艺改进

港华盐穴储气库是国内城镇燃气首个地下盐穴储气库,具有多气源、多供气通道、业务多元化的运营特点.在工艺上,采取了使用最高级别的安全仪表系统、采用本质安全工艺设计、灵活选择压缩机组、盐穴分组设置、引进真空相变技术等工艺改进措施,保证储气库安全运营.     

盐穴储气库群地表铁路路基变形及运输安全评价

 在铁路路基沉降变形评估的基础上合理缩小铁路保护带宽度是关系湖北云应盐穴储气库项目是否可行的关键问题。盐穴储气库地表沉降变形的主要诱因是运营期间地下腔体体积的蠕变收缩。从经典唯像学的角度出发,将盐穴储气库地表沉降剖面曲线拟合为Gauss函数,假设地表沉降盆地体积与盐腔蠕变收缩体积有着近似正比的关系,引入体积传递系数 和影响角 这2个关键参数,得到一定体积收缩条件下的单腔储库地表沉降公式,并将其应用在湖北云应拟建盐穴储气库地表沉降预测的评估研究中,利用沉降叠加的方式获得运营期间储气库群地表沉降发展趋势。根据储气库群地表沉降评估结果,按照不同的路基沉降变形标准给出缩小铁路保护带宽度的建议和结论,并提出控制盐穴储气库群地表沉降和减小路基沉降影响的若干措施。     

基于可靠度方法的盐岩地下储气库腔体收缩风险分析

由于腔体收缩导致的储气库可用体积减少是盐岩地下储气库在运营阶段的常见风险类型之一,严重时会造成腔体围岩破损甚至坍塌破坏,引发重大事故灾害。针对盐岩地下储气库在运营过程中可能发生的腔体收缩事故,通过力学分析推导出无限、理想盐岩体中恒定内压下球形腔体在盐岩稳态蠕变阶段的体积收缩率公式,并结合腔体收缩风险的分级标准建立盐岩介质中球形腔体的体积收缩的极限状态方程;然后通过可靠度分析法计算各参数为正态随机分布时腔体收缩各级风险的发生概率,分析地应力与腔体内压差值与各级风险发生概率之间的变化规律;最后讨论若将围岩的弹性变形、初始蠕变变形以及加速蠕变变形考虑在内时对计算结果的影响,为我国盐岩储气库的运营管理提供理论参考。     

灰色理论与熵值法在盐穴储气库评价的应用

以5个盐穴储气库为研究对象，选取盐岩顶面埋深、含盐地层厚度、含盐率、氯化钠含量、储气规模、夹层厚度以及距管网距离7个评价指标，利用灰色理论进行盐穴储气库建库可行性的评价与优选。采用熵值法和层次分析法计算权重平均值作为评价指标的综合权重，通过计算得到各盐穴储气库综合靶心距，进行盐穴储气库建库可行性的评价与库址优选。研究结论为：评价结果与盐穴储气库所在区域现状基本一致，表明利用灰色理论与熵值法进行盐穴储气库建库评价与优选，可信度较高，实用性较强，可为工程实践提供技术支撑。     

储气库高跨比关系及最不稳定位置研究

针对我国盐岩矿床地质结构具有单层厚度薄、软弱夹层多等特点,储气库形状以及盐岩夹层在储气库中的位置对储气库稳定性有很大影响,根据岩石在地下受力情况,分析导致盐岩储气库变形破坏的外力,即地应力。对围岩体微元体进行分析,根据微元体受力情况,推导出了盐岩储气库不同部位受力情况的变化以及高跨比与地应力关系,据此分析夹层所处位置不同对储气库稳定性的影响,根据盐岩在地下物理力学性质情况,用圆弧滑动法分析了储气库下部深度与宽度比值,而后应用数值模拟进行了验证。为储气库建设提供理论依据。     

盐穴储气库动态注采过程的数学模型及应用

提出描述天然气地下盐穴储气库动态注采过程的数学模型,其中包括实际气体性质、盐层中内气体的对流换热、任意连续注采循环时天然气压力和温度随时间的变化。模型可应用于储气库的设计规划,可对各种储气方案比较,并从中选出最佳运行方案。     

层状盐岩溶腔储气库长期运行稳定性研究

针对我国盐岩矿床地质结构的典型特征:单层厚度薄、软弱夹层多,盐岩夹层对储气库的建造及稳定性具有很大影响,提出了层状盐岩溶腔储气库稳定性研究内容,并运用块裂介质固流耦合数值模拟方法对其影响作了进一步分析.主要结论如下:(1)层状盐岩矿床储气库建造中必然会受到高盐份泥岩夹层的影响.夹层的存在使腔体的稳定性减弱,延缓了腔体内流体的输运、对流扩散过程,增加了建腔的时间,盐岩与盐岩夹层由于蠕变率不同而造成损伤,形成裂隙气体渗漏.(2)高盐份泥岩夹层对储气库的稳定性影响很大,由弹塑性数值模拟可知,运行气压为8-24MPa,形状为椭球腔,且长短轴为7/4时结构最稳定.(3)盐岩夹层对储气库的渗透性具有一定影响.蠕变损伤在盐岩与夹层交接面处产生的裂隙是气体渗透的主通道,具有较强的导气能力,但渗透速度随着时间的延长而减小,最后达到稳定状态,且最外缘气体压力始终低于0.2MPa,从考虑气体渗透的角度,在层状盐岩矿床内建造储气库是可行的.所得结论可为我国薄盐岩矿床内建造储气库提供一定的参考依据.     

盐岩地下储库气体泄漏量的计算方法

为分析评估盐岩储气库泄漏事故灾害,借鉴现有输气管道气体泄漏率计算模型和压力容器泄压模型,提出一种适合于盐岩储库气体泄漏量的计算方法,与典型试验对比验证所提出计算方法的有效性;并以金坛盐岩地下储库为例,分析得到泄漏孔径、运营压力、井管长度对气体泄漏率的如下影响规律：气体泄漏率随着注采井套管破裂孔径的增大而逐渐增大,随着盐岩储气库运营压力的增大而线性增加,并随着井管管长的增大而逐渐减小。另外,应用所提出的模型对盐岩储库的气体泄漏速率和泄漏质量随时间的变化进行评估。     

Determination of the maximum allowable gas pressure for an underground gas storage salt cavern——A case study of Jintan,China

Increasing the allowable gas pressure of underground gas storage (UGS) is one of the most effective methods to increase its working gas capacity. In this context, hydraulic fracturing tests are implemented on the target formation for the UGS construction of Jintan salt caverns, China, in order to obtain the minimum principal in situ stress and the fracture breakdown pressure. Based on the test results, the maximum allowable gas pressure of the Jintan UGS salt cavern is calibrated. To determine the maximum allowable gas pressure, KING-1 and KING-2 caverns are used as examples. A three-dimensional (3D) geomechanical model is established based on the sonar data of the two caverns with respect to the features of the target formation. New criteria for evaluating gas penetration failure and gas seepage are proposed. Results show that the maximum allowable gas pressure of the Jintan UGS salt cavern can be increased from 17 MPa to 18 MPa (i.e. a gradient of about 18 kPa/m at the casing shoe depth). Based on numerical results, a field test with increasing maximum gas pressure to 18 MPa has been carried out in KING-1 cavern. Microseismic monitoring has been conducted during the test to evaluate the safety of the rock mass around the cavern. Field monitoring data show that KING-1 cavern is safe globally when the maximum gas pressure is increased from 17 MPa to 18 MPa. This shows that the geomechanical model and criteria proposed in this context for evaluating the maximum allowable gas pressure are reliable.     

水封式地下储气洞库的应用及研究

通过对水封式地下储气洞库应用及发展的描述 ,指出利用地下洞室储存石油液化气LPG(LiquefiedPetroleumGas)是当前乃至将来的大趋势。并对水封式地下储库的基本原理及设计作了较为详细的论述。对我国地下储气工程的修建及理论研究有一定的参考价值。     

Dynamic response of underground gas storage salt cavern under seismic loads

A dynamic elastoplastic damage constitutive model is proposed based on the failure characteristic of rock salt under seismic loads. The coding of the proposed model is achieved by the embedded FISH (short for FLACish) language of FLAC^3D (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua). Numerical models of bedded salt cavern gas storage facilities in China are developed by using FLAC^3D, and the proposed constitutive model is used in the simulations. The effects of seismic input angle, seismic acceleration, seismic moment, types of seismic waves, and gas pressure on the dynamic response, stress, displacement, plastic zone, and safety factor (SF) of rock masses that surround salt cavern gas storage facilities are studied. Results show that the seismic wave perpendicular to the surface poses the greatest risk to the safety of the cavern. With an increase in seismic acceleration, the cavern’s SF decreases and that of the lower structure of the cavern decreases more than that of the upper section. Plastic zones propagate from the cavern’s internal surface to the pillar, and then to the pillar and floor along the right and left corners of the cavern bottom. Higher internal gas pressure improves cavern safety. The acceleration and duration of seismic waves are critical factors in ensuring the safety of the cavern. The SF of the cavern’s lower structure is more sensitive to changes in seismic parameters than that of the other locations, which makes the cavern bottom more likely to be destroyed during an earthquake. Therefore, the lower structure should be the study target in the seismic design for a salt cavern gas storage facility. Results have been used in the seismic design of salt cavern gas storage facilities in China.     

Experimental study of water curtain performance for gas storage in an underground cavern

An artificial water curtain system is composed of a network of underground galleries and horizontal boreholes drilled from these galleries.Pre-grouting measures are introduced to keep the bedrock saturated all the time.This system is deployed over an artificial or natural underground cavern used for the storage of gas（or some other fluids） to prevent the gas from escaping through leakage paths in the rock mass.An experimental physical modeling system has been constructed to evaluate the performance of artificial water curtain systems under various conditions.These conditions include different spacings of caverns and cavern radii located below the natural groundwater level.The principles of the experiment,devices,design of the physical model,calculation of gas leakage,and evaluation of the critical gas pressure are presented in this paper.Experimental result shows that gas leakage is strongly affected by the spacing of water curtain boreholes,the critical gas pressure,and the number and proximity of storage caverns.The hydraulic connection between boreholes is observed to vary with depth or location,which suggests that the distribution of water-conducting joint sets along the boreholes is also variable.When designing the drainage system for a cavern,drainage holes should be orientated to maximize the frequency at which they encounter major joint sets and permeable intervals studying in order to maintain the seal on the cavern through water pressure.Our experimental results provide a significant contribution to the theoretical controls on water curtains,and they can be used to guide the design and construction of practical storage caverns.