表面活性剂的性能与应用(ⅩⅩ)——表面活性剂在制革工业中的应用

分别介绍了表面活性剂在制革工业准备工序、鞣制工序以及整理工序中的作用与功能及适用类型,表面活性剂在制革工业各工序中的应用,在很大程度上影响着成革的品质和性能。同时,提出了皮革用表面活性剂的发展方向,能赋予皮革特殊性能的专用皮革助剂(如含氟和含硅表面活性剂)将是未来皮革用表面活性剂研发的重要品种之一。     

皮革用表面活性剂（一）

表面活性剂在皮革工业中的应用已经渗透到各个工序,在很大程度上影响着成革的品质和性能。本文就制革的每个工序所用表面活性剂进行了介绍,并对皮革用表面活性剂的发展提出若干建议。     

表面活性剂在皮革生产中的应用

从生皮组织构造特点和皮革工艺要求出发，讨论了表面活性剂在皮革生产各工序中的作用和各工序对所有表面活性剂的性能要求，为皮革生产中正确选择和使用表面活性剂提供依据。     

阳离子表面活性剂在制革工业中的应用

介绍了阳离子表面活性剂的发展现状及其在制革中的应用,详细地叙述了阳离子表面活性剂的种类及性能特点,综述了阳离子表面活性剂在皮革加工过程中浸水、浸酸、鞣制、复鞣、染色、加脂、涂饰等工序中的应用。     

皮革工业用新型表面活性剂的应用进展

综述了天然表面活性剂、双子表面活性剂、高分子表面活性剂、反应型表面活性剂和特种表面活性剂等新型表面活性剂的性能以及在皮革工业中的应用现状;最后针对新型表面活性剂在皮革工业应用中存在的问题,对其发展方向和应用前景进行了展望。     

非离子表面活性剂在制革工业中的应用

简要介绍了非离子表面活性剂的分类,较详细地叙述了常用非离子表面活性剂的乳化性能、润湿性能和配伍性能等相关性能,综述了非离子表面活性剂在制革工业准备工序、鞣制工序以及整饰工序中的作用与功能。     

有机硅类表面活性剂的研究动态及其在皮革工业中的应用前景

简要介绍了有机硅类表面活性剂的基本概况和性能特点,详细阐述了有机硅类表面活性剂的研究动态,特别是有机硅改性表面活性剂的种类及其相关内容。并论述了有机硅类表面活性剂在皮革工业中的应用前景。     

阴离子表面活性剂在制革工业中的应用

简要介绍了表面活性剂的分类,综述了其在制革生产工序中常用的羧酸盐、磺酸盐、硫酸酯盐和磷酸酯盐型阴离子表面活性剂的结构和性能,着重阐述了阴离子型表面活性剂在浸水、脱脂、脱毛、脱灰、染色、加脂、涂饰等工序中的应用。     

造纸化学品氟表面活性剂性能介绍

普通表面活性剂分子中碳氢链中的氢原子部分或全部用氟原子取代，就成为氟表面活性剂，从而具有许多普通表面活性剂不具有或者更优的性能，引起了人们普遍的重视，显示出越来越强的生命力，广泛应用于消防、化工、农药、选矿、造纸、皮革、纺织等各个领域。     

磷酸酯类表面活性剂的合成及其在皮革加脂中的应用

磷酸酯类表面活性剂是分子中含磷酸酯基或磷酸酯盐这类亲水基的表面活性剂的统称。简述了磷酸酯类表面活性剂的性能特点,详细综述了磷酸酯类表面活性剂的各种合成方法,并比较了各方法的优缺点,对其在皮革加脂中的应用进行了介绍,最后对其研究前景进行了展望。     

氟表面活性剂的工业应用

介绍了氟表面活性剂的分类、结构及性质;主要综述了由于氟表面活性剂具有"三高"、"两憎"的独特性能,广泛应用于消防、皮革、石油、造纸、纺织印染及金属材料加工等工业领域,起到普通碳氢表面活性剂所不能的作用;指出了根据应用领域的不同,应从分子结构设计入手,有针对性地、有目的地研发氟表面活性剂新品种新工艺,拓展应用领域,注重氟表面活性剂与普通表面活性剂的复配研究。     

Preparation of Fat-Liquor Based on Jojoba Oil Under Phase Transfer Catalysis

Jojoba oil is of immense importance for industrial applications. There are a lot of published articles concerning its various uses in cosmetics, detergents, surfactants and lubricants. Therefore, this work was devoted to exploring its application for further use in the leather industry as a fat-liquoring agent. The fat-liquoring process is one important step in leather manufacturing, with the intention of obtaining leather of full, soft handle, flexibility, and pliability as well as improving its mechanical properties. The study involved preparation of jojoba fat-liquor via a sulfitation process. An improvement of the sulfitation process based on combined SO₃ content was achieved under phase transfer catalysis (PTC). Two differently prepared types of phase transfer catalyst of phosphonium and ammonium types were investigated, namely, benzyl tri-phenyl phosphonium chloride (BTPP) and tri-ethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (TEBA). The fat-liquored leather led to an improvement in its mechanical properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break. In addition, a significant enhancement of the texture of the treated leather by jojoba fat-liquor as indicated in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images was observed.     

表面活性剂在印刷工业中的应用

介绍了表面活性剂在印刷工业各个领域中的应用。其中包括在胶版印刷过程、制版过程、PS版的回收再生以及各种油墨和印刷用清洗用品中的应用 ,并介绍了若干相关的配方     

制革废水处理技术的对比与分析

就目前制革废水存在的问题,论述了制革废水的特点、发展与现状、危害以及处理难点,主要介绍了国内制革废水的处理工艺-传统活性污泥法、制革废水的全物化处理、氧化沟、SBR工艺和生物接触氧化法等,以及国外制革废水处理工艺-高效厌氧生物处理技术、膜分离技术和高级氧化技术。同时,对上述几种处理工艺的优缺点进行了比较分析,并对制革废水处理技术做了展望。     

The Modification of Chrome Tanned Leather by Polyethylene Glycol-Linked Gemini Fatty Alcohol Phosphate

A series of polyethylene glycol-linked Gemini fatty alcohol phosphate surfactants (GFAP) were prepared with long chain n-alkanol (C = 8, 12, 16, 18), polyethylene glycol (PEG-200, PEG-400, PEG-600, PEG-800, PEG-1000) and phosphorus oxychloride (POCl₃). The structure of the prepared surfactants was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). The surfactants were employed for the modification of chrome-tanned leather. The morphological changes of chrome-tanned leather and modified chrome-tanned leather were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The relationship between the alkyl chain length and molecular weight of the PEG and the hydrophobicity, softness, mechanical strength of modified chrome-tanned leather was also discussed. The experimental results showed that the mechanical strength and softness of modified chrome-tanned leather were enhanced with an increase of alkyl chain length, while the hydrophobicity, mechanical strength and softness were decreased with an increase of molecular weight of the PEG. The hydrophobicity, mechanical strength and softness of modified chrome-tanned leather were optimized for an alkyl chain length of 16. Therefore, 16–200 Gemini phosphate surfactants with an alkyl chain length of 16 and a PEG molecular weight of 200 have a good comprehensive modification effect on Chrome-tanned leather, the tensile strength, tear strength and softness of modified chrome-tanned leather are 57.07 N mm⁻², 79.49 N mm⁻¹, 9.73 mm, respectively.     

The use of surface active agents in tanning of leather

There are about 25 operations in the process of converting hides and skins into leather. Surface active agents are important in a number of these and find wide use in the leather-making industry. Both anionic and nonionic types are widely used while cationics have more specialized use. Sulfated oils (especially cod, sperm and neatsfoot), soaps, sulfated higher alcohols and alkylbenzene sulfonates are the main anionic surfactants used. The nonionics are principally condensation products of ethylene oxide with a secondary alcohol of 11–15 carbons or with octyl and nonyl phenol, introducing 7–10 oxyethylene units. Examples of the cationic type are the quaternary ammonium salts, i.e., lauryl, cetyl and stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride. Surface active agents are used at various stages of the leather-making process. They are used in soaking, unhairing, bating, pickling, tanning and coloring, where they serve principally as processing aids. They find more important use in fatliquoring, impregnation and finishing, where they become a part of the leather composition. Certain surfactants, namely, chrome complexes of fatty acids and perfluoro acids, and long chain alkenyl succinic acid have been used to impart water repellent properties to leather. Recent research shows promise of developing new uses for surfactants in the tanning industry. Long chain quarternary ammonium salts have shown promise as a short term preservative for freshly flayed hides and skins. An amphoteric surfactant, i.e., a long chain fatty amino acid of the structure RNHCH₂CH₂CO₂H, has shown promise as leather lubricant with improved resistance to drycleaning solvents. One of eight papers to be published from the Symposium “Surface Active Agents in the Textile Industry.” E. Market. Nutr. Res. Div., ARS, USDA.     

特种表面活性剂和功能性表面活性剂(Ⅳ)——有机硅表面活性剂的应用

综述了有机硅表面活性剂在工农业各领域中的应用.详细介绍了有机硅表面活性剂在建筑材料(如涂料、塑料)、皮革(如加脂剂、柔软剂、涂饰剂等)、化妆品(如乳化、调理等)、纺织(如柔软剂、抗静电剂、消泡剂)、农药(如喷雾改良剂、叶面吸收助剂、活化剂)等领域的应用,并对有机硅表面活性剂今后的发展前景进行了展望.