无线区域网和认知无线电技术

802.22工作组的主要任务是开发和建立一套基于认知无线电（CR）技术。在现有电视频段利用暂时空闲的频道进行无线通信的区域网空中接口标准。由于基于802.22协议的无线区域网（WRAN）工作在现有电视频段中，要求不能对正在广播的电视频道产生干扰，所以WRAN采用了认知无线电技术，对电视频段进行感知和测量。利用动态频谱管理技术找到空闲频道进行再分配。认知无线电技术将是未来无线通信的发展方向之一。本讲座分3期对无线区域网和认知无线电技术进行介绍，第1讲已经介绍无线区域网络和IEEE802．22工作组情况，包括WRAN背景、802.22系统、802．22空中接口等；第2讲已经介绍认知无线电技术和实现其的基础软件无线电（SDR）技术，包括无线电知识描述语言（RKRL）和认知循环、无线电频谱礼仪等；本讲介绍802．22WRAN频谱共存问题和认知无线电技术的应用。[编者按]     

基于认知无线电技术的IEEE 802.22

随着无线通信技术的发展,无线频谱资源越来越贫乏。同时,认知无线电技术以其灵活高效的利用频谱受到广泛的关注。文章结合认知无线电技术的特点,介绍了IEEE802.22系统中的关键技术。从无线区域网实现的频谱感知技术、共存技术、正交频分多址(OFDMA)、信道管理和多信道绑定等关键技术入手,理解认知无线电技术的核心思想。     

认知无线电技术综述

认知无线电是一种智能频谱共享技术,通过它授权用户的频谱资源得以利用.认知无线电具备感知无线通信环境、并可根据一定的学习和决策算法,实时、自适应地改变系统工作参数的能力,通过对它的利用实现了对无线频谱资源的动态使用,提高频谱资源的利用率.在对认知无线电技术提出的背景、认知无线电技术概念的发展和主要研究内容进行了介绍.     

基于白频谱的超级WIFI技术研究及实地测试验证

近几年来,随着世界范围内通信业务的增长,频谱资源日渐紧张。认知无线电技术的提出为人们利用电视广播“白频谱”进行通讯提供了可能。IEEE 802.22工作组颁布的802.22标准对认知无线电技术进行了规范,在此标准上设计的超级WIFI设备理论上能够对低人口密度地区实现良好的网络覆盖。本文介绍了IEEE 802.22标准提出的背景和主要技术内容,阐述了Carlson RuralConnect 超级WIFI设备的工作原理,并利用该设备进行了实验室和场地数据测试和整理,给出超级WIFI和白频谱设备在不同环境不同模式下的数据率、接收灵敏度和邻道干扰等信息,为我国开展超级WIFI和白频谱通讯应用提供技术参考。     

基于Radio Environment Map的IEEE802.22 WRAN系统

介绍了IEEE802.22无线区域网(WRAN)技术,它使用电视频段,其主要技术是认知无线电,以实现频谱的动态接入.同时阐述了配备无线环境映射(REM)数据库的WRAN系统可以更好实现WRAN的各项功能,同时保证对授权用户的保护.通过实验仿真证明,事件学习算法(CBL)和知识学习算法(KBL)与REM相结合,可进一步为IEEE802.22 WRAN提供更好的服务质量以支持不同的应用.     

认知无线电的关键技术和应用研究

认知无线电是一种新的智能无线电技术,它通过动态的接入频谱为用户提供高容量的服务,能极大的改善现有的低效的频谱利用率。文章重点分析了认知无线电中频谱检测、频谱管理、功率控制等关键技术,以及认知无线电在超宽带、Mesh网、无线区域网的应用现状,最后探讨了认知无线电发展需要关注的难点问题。     

认知无线电技术及其在军事通信上的应用

现代社会经济和技术的发展迅速,用户对于移动通信和接入宽带无线的需求急剧增长,而其无线资源变得越来越少,其分配也越来越不容易.认知无线电技术使用灵活,可以极速提高频谱的使用率,如今被公认为处理以上问题的最佳方式.它能够在时间与空间上共享动态频谱,因此能够提升频谱资源的利用率.本文分析了认知无线电技术,而且还对其在军事上的应用进行了认真的研究.     

基于认知无线电技术及其运用研究

随着科技的发展,人们生活水平的提高,无线用户逐渐增多,这使得原本宽松的频谱资源越来越紧张。而认知无线电技术给出一种全新的频率资源综合利用思路,大大提高频谱资源的利用率。首先介绍认知无线电技术的基本概念,接着分析认知无线电技术的关键技术和目前的运用情况。     

认知无线通信系统的频谱资源管理

作为认知无线电（CR）技术核心问题的无线频谱资源管理技术是提高认知无线电性能的关键。通过引入资源空间的概念对认知无线电技术领域中的无线频谱资源管理技术进行说明,形成了无线频谱资源空间、资源网格、可用资源图谱等无线资源管理的数据体系,并且构建了相应的分层分布式管理结构和资源管理数据库。形成的资源描述体系和管理结构可以成为研究认知无线电资源管理技术的理论概念基础和借鉴支持。     

认知无线电技术

随着无线通信技术的发展。无线用户的数量急剧增加，使得频谱资源变得越来越紧张，如何充分提高无线频谱的利用率成为亟待解决的技术问题。认知无线电技术提出了一种新的解决思路。其核心思想就是使无线通信设备具有发现“频谱空洞”并合理利用所发现的“空洞”的能力。虽然认知无线电技术能以更为灵活的方式来管理有限的频谱资源，但要真正将其应用于实际通信系统还需解决包括频谱检测、自适应频谱资源分配和无线频谱管理等关键技术问题。     

Dynamic spectrum access in IEEE 802.22- based cognitive wireless networks: a game theoretic model for competitive spectrum bidding and pricing [accepted from open call]

The emerging IEEE 802.22-based wireless regional area network technology will use the same radio spectrum currently allocated for TV service. This standard will use the concept of cognitive radio based on dynamic spectrum access to provide wireless access services in a large coverage area. A brief overview of the current state of the IEEE 802.22 standard is provided with a particular emphasis on the spectrum management (i.e., spectrum sensing and dynamic spectrum access) in this standard. Key research issues related to spectrum trading among TV broadcasters, WRAN service providers, and IEEE 802.22-based cognitive radio users are identified. To this end, a hierarchical spectrum trading model is presented to analyze the interaction among WRAN service providers, TV broadcasters, and WRAN users. In this model a double auction is established among multiple TV broadcasters and WRAN service providers who sell and buy the radio spectrum (i.e., TV bands), respectively. Again, multiple WRAN service providers compete with each other by adjusting the service price charged to WRAN users. We propose a joint spectrum bidding and service pricing model for WRAN service providers to maximize their profits. A non-cooperative game is formulated to obtain the solution in terms of the number of TV bands and the service price of a service provider. Numerical results are presented on the performance of this joint spectrum bidding and pricing model.     

基于灰色预测理论的频谱空洞特性分析研究

为了在认知无线电系统中提高频谱的利用率以及系统的性能,主要讨论了认知无线电技术中的频谱特性分析问题,基于IEEE802.22 WRAN规定的TV频段,通过信道建模,使用灰色理论的关联度理论分析频谱的特性,并提出了频谱可用性的概念.通过仿真验证了引入灰色预测理论的频谱特性分析能够显著提高系统性能.     

An IEEE 802.22 transceiver framework and its performance analysis on software defined radio for TV white space

With rapid increase in new applications and services, there is huge demand for internet bandwidth. Several researchers around the world have found that, majority of licensed bands (mostly terrestrial TV band) are either unused or underused. These underutilized bands allocated for TV transmission are known as TV white space (TVWS). For effective utilization of TVWS, the IEEE 802.22 is proposed. The IEEE 802.22 wireless regional area network (WRAN) is the latest standard for effective utilization of TV bands. This standard is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with various modulation techniques to provide different data rates. In this paper, an implementation framework for physical layer of IEEE 802.22 WRAN standard for normal mode is demonstrated and analyzed. This transceiver is implemented using the National Instruments Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench programming software on the National Instruments universal software radio peripheral 2952R. We have also analyzed different blocks of IEEE 802.22 based on their execution time, and identify the critical blocks of IEEE 802.22 that should be optimized for real-time applications for commercial product development and field deployments. We have also highlighted the difference between theoretical and practical performance of the considered error control codes for IEEE 802.22 specified block size. Additionally, various covariance based spectrum sensing methods are also analyzed for real-world environment.     

低信噪比下一种改进的谱相关频谱检测

针对现有基于谱相关频谱检测算法中周期图法谱估计精确度较低的缺点,提出了一种用主用户发送信号与认知用户接收信号的最小方差无失真响应(MVDR)谱的谱相关量作为检测统计量进行频谱检测的改进方法.由于MVDR谱估计算法比周期图法具有更高的分辨率,因此所提频谱检测算法比现有算法具有更好的检测效果.模拟了两种电视信号作为主用户发送信号,仿真结果表明:对于两种电视信号,所提算法的检测性能都优于现有算法,同时通过分析算法的复杂度,证明所提算法能够满足IEEE802.22标准对于检测时间的要求.     

An integrated low power system architecture for spectrum sensing enabled cognitive radios

Continuous rise in the number of users as well as the increased requirement of bandwidth per user has created a need to use the spectrum efficiently. Cognitive radios are solutions proposed to address the problem of using the spectrum efficiently. Regulatory bodies around the world, FCC included, have introduced specifications intended for cognitive radio applications. TV White Space devices, which operate in the spectrum holes caused by transition from analog to digital transmission, were the first targeted applications for cognitive radio specifications (IEEE 802.22, ECMA-392). However, to maximize the potential of the idea of cognitive radios it is desirable to be able to sense the spectrum across a wide band and accordingly transmit ??smartly??. This paper presents a possible transceiver architecture meant for integrated solutions while providing tentative block level specifications for the proposed architecture. Existing spectrum sensing techniques are discussed and an integrated low power system architecture at the PHY level suitable for waveform-based spectrum sensing technique that utilizes co-operative spectrum sensing methods is proposed.     

WRAN系统的频谱分配算法

IEEE802.22工作组的工作范围是对工作在54～862MHz的VHF/UHFTV频带内的固定点对多点无线区域网（WRAN）制定基于认知无线电的空中接口。频谱资源分配是WRAN中的关键技术,目前对认知无线电的频谱分配算法的研究多集中在比较广义的范围,对WRAN等具体系统的频谱分配研究较少。根据WRAN的特点和OFDM的传输特性,提出一种OFDM多用户资源分配算法：多载波比例公平算法（MPF）和最大化吞吐量算法（KH）的组合算法（KH＆MPF）,该算法将最大化吞吐量算法和多载波比例公平算法进行优势互补,得到公平性和吞吐量都次优的结果,解决用户之间的公平性问题,考虑用户的Qos要求。最后对该算法进行仿真。     

Interference Analysis of TV-Band Whitespace

Cognitive radio (CR) has been suggested as a method for promoting more efficient spectrum usage through the principles of spectrum sensing and dynamic spectrum management. The IEEE 802.22 working group in particular is developing a wireless regional-area network (WRAN) standard that will employ unlicensed CR devices operating on a noninterfering basis in the commercial broadcast television (TV) bands. Before such TV-band CR networks can be deployed, the maximum levels of first adjacent and taboo channel interference that a digital television (DTV) receiver can tolerate must be determined. In this context, we will first provide an overview of the IEEE 802.22 WRAN system. Afterwards, we will report on an experimental study that was undertaken to characterize IEEE 802.22 WRAN interference limits into Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) based DTV receivers. Lastly, we will discuss the implications of these WRAN interference limits in terms of the maximum allowable radiated power and out-of-band emission limits that are imposed on WRAN end-user devices.     

认知无线电中干扰规避方案的研究

虽然新技术的研发可以提升频谱利用率,但是很多授权频段的频谱利用率却非常低,尤其是信号传播特性好的低频段。认知无线电技术是一种智能的频谱共享技术,可以有效地提高授权频段利用率。文章介绍了认知无线电的关键技术和IEEE 802.22 WRAN标准,通过具体分析无线区域网(WRAN)对数字电视(DTV)接收机造成的干扰,建立了相应的场景模型,提出了有效的干扰规避方案。     

感知无线电中的频谱检测技术

感知无线电可以自动感知外界的无线环境并能调整系统参数以适应环境的变化。频谱检测是感知无线电的关键技术之一，要求感知用户可靠、快速地检测频谱空洞。文中按照主用户发射端检测和主用户接收端检测，对当前的主要频谱检测算法进行了分类，并对频谱检测算法进行了讨论和对比研究，给出了在IEEE802．22和频谱池结构中的频谱检测的具体应用。     

Utility Function Selection for Streaming Videos with a Cognitive Engine Testbed

Cognitive Radio (CR) is a new wireless communication and networking paradigm that is enabled by the Software Defined Radio (SDR) technology and the recent change in spectrum regulation policy. As the first commercial application of CR technology, IEEE 802.22 wireless regional area networks (WRAN) aim to offer broadband wireless access by efficiently utilizing the unoccupied TV channels. In this paper, we investigate the problem of utility function selection and its impact on streaming video quality through an IEEE 802.22 WRAN base station (BS) cognitive engine (CE) testbed developed at Wireless@Virginia Tech. We find that significant improvement on received video quality can be achieved when CE adopts a dynamic, content-aware, video-specific utility function rather than a static, predefined, general purpose utility function. This work indicates the importance of video distortion modeling and cross-layer design, and the need for employing dynamic content-aware utility functions at the CE for cognitive streaming video communication networks.