DNTF-CMDB推进剂的力学性能

采用单轴抗拉实验研究了添加3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)的改性双基推进剂的力学性能,获得了不同温度下(-40℃、20℃和50℃)DF系列推进剂的抗拉强度和断裂延伸率;用动态热机械方法获得的低温黏弹系数Cg1和Cg2,计算了DF系列推进剂的低温脆化参数。结果表明,DNTF对NC有一定的增塑作用,并能降低低温脆化参数、提高韧性。高低温和常温下断裂延伸率与组合量G(m(NG)∶m(NC)和m(DNTF)∶m(NC)的组合量)之间存在相关性,当DNTF的质量分数为20%时3个温度段的断裂延伸率和低温抗拉强度都达到最大值,而低温脆化参数有最低值。常温和高温的抗拉强度主要取决于NC与NG的质量比。DF系列推进剂的低温脆化参数与低温抗拉强度有关。     

DINA对含CL-20的复合改性双基推进剂性能影响

针对含六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)的复合改性双基(CMDB)推进剂压强指数和摩擦感度较高的问题,采用对硝化棉(NC)增塑能力较强的吉纳(二乙醇硝胺二硝酸酯,DINA)作为辅助增塑剂,研究DINA对含CL-20的CMDB推进剂力学性能、燃烧性能和安全性能等的影响。结果表明,相较于使用3,4–二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)配方,添加DINA的含CL-20的CMDB推进剂延伸率和抗拉强度分别提高了14.8%和1.6%,β转变温度下降1.27℃,在中高压区(10~20MPa)的压强指数下降至0.28,摩擦感度和撞击感度也得到不同程度下降。     

Bu-NENA基改性双基推进剂的力学性能及安全性能

为提高高固含量改性双基推进剂的低温力学性能和安全性能,以N-丁基硝氧乙基硝胺(Bu-NENA)代替硝化甘油(NG),采用无溶剂工艺制备了改性双基推进剂;采用万能试验拉伸机、动态热机械分析仪和感度测试仪等对推进剂的力学性能和机械感度进行了表征。结果表明,与NG相比,Bu-NENA可明显提高推进剂的低温力学性能,降低推进剂的机械感度。当Bu-NENA质量分数为19.1%时,推进剂(代号B3)的力学性能较好,与空白对照推进剂(NG基改性双基推进剂,代号B0)相比,B3推进剂在-40℃延伸率由3.54%提高到7.57%,提高了114%,高温拉伸强度相当;摩擦感度由46%降低至2%,降低了95.7%;特性落高H₅₀由17.2cm提高到33.6cm,提高了95.3%;动态力学性能研究表明,Bu-NENA对硝化纤维素(NC)塑化效果较好,B3推进剂的β转变温度由B0的-33.8℃降低至-37.8℃,韧性有所增强。表明该推进剂不仅机械感度明显降低,且低温力学性能明显改善,在短射程战术武器中具有一定的应用前景。     

DNTF含量对CMDB推进剂热分解特性的影响

通过高压差示扫描量热(PDSC)试验、热重-微分热重(TG-DTG)试验,研究了不同DNTF含量4种配方CMDB推进剂的热分解行为,分析了它们在4种压力条件的热分解特性及分解规律,研究了DNTF对此类推进剂热分解特征量的影响.结果表明,DNTF含量对CMDB推进剂的热分解特征量有明显影响;不同DNTF的加入量改变了推进剂的分解规律,使分解历程变长;压力改变了推进剂的峰形.     

柠檬酸三丁酯在浇铸高能少烟复合改性双基推进剂中的应用

用真空安定性方法、观察法和单轴拉伸试验分别研究了柠檬酸三丁酯(TBC)与吸收药(NC+NG)、高氯酸铵(AP)、RDX、HM X、吉纳(D INA)和间苯二酚(R es)的相容性、TBC与NC和NG的混溶性,以及TBC分别替代DBP、DEP和NG对浇铸高能复合改性双基(CM DB)推进剂力学性能和物理交联密度的影响。结果表明,TBC与(NC+NG)、AP、RDX、HM X、D INA和R es的相容性良好;且TBC也能与NG和NC混溶。同时,用TBC替代DBP和DEP对CM DB推进剂力学性能的影响不大;但TBC替代NG对CM DB推进剂力学性能的影响明显;随着TBC含量的增加,推进剂常温(+20℃)和高温(+50℃)的拉伸强度σm逐渐降低,而常温和高温的延伸率mε逐渐增大,同时推进剂的物理交联密度逐渐减小。     

丁羟推进剂的热加速老化力学性能及寿命预估

用单轴拉伸试验和扯离试验测试了不同老化温度(55、65、75和85℃)下热加速老化后丁羟(HTPB)推进剂的力学性能及其粘接试件的扯离强度,用Berthlot方程预估了推进剂及其粘接试件的寿命。结果表明,HTPB推进剂的最大延伸率随老化时间的增加呈现降低趋势;老化温度越高,推进剂的最大延伸率降低幅度越大,85℃贮存30d时最大延伸率降幅为29.81%,而55℃贮存30d时最大延伸率降幅仅为4.34%;粘接试件的扯离强度随着老化时间的增加呈降低趋势,老化时间相同时,扯离强度随老化温度的升高而降低。预估HTPB推进剂和推进剂粘接试件的贮存寿命分别为9.4y和15.9y。     

TEGDN含量和NC含氮量对TEGDN/NG混合酯双基推进剂力学性能的影响

采用无溶剂法制备了24种不同硝化三乙二醇(TEGDN)含量、不同NC含氮量的双基推进剂样品,并测试了其高温(50℃)、常温(20℃)和低温(-40℃)下的力学性能;讨论了TEGDN含量和NC含氮量对双基推进剂力学性能的影响。结果表明,混合酯双基推进剂的高温和常温抗拉强度随TEGDN含量增加而逐渐下降,在TEGDN质量分数较低(≤7.7%)时,随NC含氮量的升高呈降低趋势,在TEGDN质量分数较高(≥15.4%)时,随NC含氮量的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势;低温抗拉强度随TEGDN含量增加而逐渐升高,随NC含氮量的升高逐渐降低;高温、常温、低温下的断裂延伸率均随TEGDN含量增加逐渐上升,随NC含氮量的升高逐渐下降;提高TEGDN含量可以改善NC的塑化性能,但含氮量12.6%及以上的NC不易被良好塑化。     

湿热环境对RDX/AP-NEPE推进剂热安全性及力学性能的影响

用TG、5s爆发点和单向拉伸试验,研究了湿热环境对RDX/AP-NEPE推进剂热安全性和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在相对湿度70%、温度75℃下经历6d的湿热老化后,RDX/AP-NEPE推进剂在TG曲线上的3个质量损失阶段的表观活化能均略有降低,水分对AP分解活化能的影响较为明显,使其活化能降低9.3%。湿热老化前后,5s爆发点Tb分别为303.7℃和302.7℃。随着老化时间的增加,延伸率和抗拉强度都呈降低趋势,至第6d延伸率从106.0%降至36.7%,抗拉强度从0.631MPa降至0.541MPa。在75℃下干燥热老化6d后,RDX/AP-NEPE推进剂3个阶段的表观活化能、5s爆发点、抗拉强度和延伸率都没有明显的变化。初期老化过程中,水分对RDX/AP-NEPE推进剂的力学性能和AP的分解活化能影响较大,但对热感度基本没有影响。     

Ⅰ类AP初始缺陷对丁羟推进剂力学性能的影响

分别以两种Ⅰ类高氯酸铵(AP)为氧化剂,采用立式混合及真空喷淋浇注工艺制备了两种丁羟推进剂(HTPB);采用扫描电镜(SEM)研究了AP的微观形貌及HTPB推进剂的拉伸断面;探讨了推进剂在拉伸过程中的破坏机理;考察了不同形貌的AP在常温(20℃)和低温(-40℃)下对HTPB推进剂单向拉伸力学性能的影响。结果表明,有初始微观形貌缺陷的Ⅰ类AP局部有微裂纹或明显的突出点,且该类AP所制备的推进剂"脱湿"现象严重;拉伸断面出现AP的穿晶断裂现象,使得推进剂在常温(20℃)下的抗拉强度由0.99MPa降至0.88MPa,延伸率由48.2%降至36.6%;低温(-40℃)下的抗拉强度由2.86MPa降至2.32MPa,延伸率由62.5%降至23.5%。     

壳体粘结型低特征信号固体推进剂力学性能研究

系统研究了粘结剂、交联剂、增塑剂、键合剂对交联型低特征信号固体推进剂力学性能的影响 ,结果表明 ,该推进剂 +2 0℃拉伸强度σm≥ 0 .8MPa,- 4 0℃延伸率εm≥ 40 %     

乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品废水的治理技术

乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)是十分重要的化工中间体,其下游产品较多。江苏某化工厂开发生产乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品三十多个,年生产规模三万多吨,是国内以乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)为中间体生产精细化学品的综合骨干企业。针对乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品废水特点,该厂结合企业实际,开展了产品优化,结构调整,清洁生产,资源循环利用,节水降耗等工作,从源头削减了污染物的生产。同时投资二千多万元新建预处理装置三套,6000m3/d废水生化处理装置一套,使全厂乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品的废水得到了有效的治理。     

几种乙炔加压设备性能的比较

阐述并比较了几种加压设备在乙炔加压清净过程中的性能和特点。     

三种煤样燃烧热的测定

本文通过三个厂家提供的三种煤样燃烧热的测定,由测定结果综合得出3号煤样燃烧最完全、燃烧热也最大,是三个煤样中最好的一种。     

Semi-empirical equation of state of metals. Equation of state of aluminum

A semi-empirical equation of state for metals is described. Its capabilities are demonstrated by the example of the equation of state for aluminum. New experimental data are presented on the location of the isentrope of aluminum for unloading from the state at p = 229.71 GPa on the shock adiabat to an aerogel (SiO₂) of density 0.08 g/cm³. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 61–75, March–April, 2008.     

水泥水化热测定方法综述

水泥水化热是中、低热水泥和核电工程用水泥的一项关键的技术指标。全球范围内测定水泥水化热的方法有溶解法、直接法/半绝热法、等温传导量热法三种。本文总结了中、美、欧相关方法标准,对其测试原理、仪器设备、试验过程等方面进行了比对,并对其在领域的应用做了简单的概括。     

小议汽车涂装工艺设计对涂装成本的影响

论述了涂装工艺设计对涂装设备投资、涂装生产成本的影响。     

Measurement of the gradient of viscosity with composition of mixtures of non-ideal gases

A perturbation viscometer is a differential capillary viscometer that measures the logarithmic viscosity gradient of the viscosity-composition curve for gas mixtures. Measurements are made at different gas mixture compositions. Integration of the logarithmic viscosity gradients measured over the full composition range gives the mixture viscosity relative to the viscosity of one of the pure components of the gas mixture. This method is attractive because, for measurements of equal precision, integration of the gradients is potentially an order of magnitude more precise than measurement of the viscosities directly. It can also work at high and low temperatures and perhaps high pressures.The perturbation viscometer has been used to make measurements on ideal gas mixtures at ambient and elevated temperatures. The situation is more complicated when the gas mixtures are non-ideal. Extra effects due to density differences, molar volume change on mixing and differential thermal expansion may be measured in addition to the desired viscosity change producing systematic errors in the results. Thus, a more sophisticated apparatus is required. The standard perturbation viscometer has been modified to separate out the extra effects to permit measurement of the true change in viscosity. In addition, the theoretical operation of the modified apparatus has been revised to account for the design changes to permit calculation of the viscosity-composition profiles from the results.The apparatus has been tested using helium-HFC-125 mixtures and two new viscosity-composition profiles are presented for these mixtures at 23 and . Internal consistency tests have been used to confirm that the data produced are of high quality with an estimated uncertainty in the viscosity ratio data at of 0.9% and at of 1.5%.     

Calorimetric and Computational Study of Enthalpy of Formation of Diperoxide of Cyclohexanone

A thermochemical rather simple experimental technique is applied to determine the enthalpy of formation of Diperoxide of ciclohexanone. The study is complemented with suitable theoretical calculations at the semiempirical and ab initio levels. A particular satisfactory agreement between both ways is found for the ab initio calculation at the 6–311G basis This set level. Some possible extensions of the present procedure are pointed out.     

塔设备改造选型的分析

就当前扩产增容中塔设备设计和改造时板式塔和填料塔的选型问题加以分析。在评述目前国内常用的几种塔板和新型填料之后，着重介绍一种新型塔板（导向梯形浮阀塔板）和一种新型填料（波环填料——乾隆帕克）。     

Effect of degree of deacetylation of chitin on the properties of chitin crystallites

In the present article, chitin from crab shell was systematically deacetylated using a NaOH treatment with control of the reaction time. The degree of deacetylation, monitored using solid-state NMR, revealed that the reaction was pseudo-first order. Based on this, swollen and NaOH-saturated particles are proposed as the reaction system. The weight loss of the partially saponified and neutralized samples after HCl hydrolysis increased linearly with the degree of deacetylation. The crystallinity of the samples was found to increase after acid hydrolysis. According to conductimetric titration, the surface charge density of the crystallites, after acid hydrolysis, was found to increase with base treatment time. The effect of surface charge on the formation of a chiral nematic phase, due to the rodlike nature of the crystallites, was explored. These results show that because the contribution of charged particles to the ionic strength was significant the double layer compression was affected, especially since the surface charge density was close to the Manning limit. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65:373–380, 1997