Microflora of minimally processed frozen vegetables sold in Gaborone, Botswana

Two hundred samples of minimally processed, frozen, and prepacked potato chips, peas, corn, and a variety of combined vegetables from supermarkets in Gaborone, Botswana, were examined microbiologically. Determination of aerobic mesophilic plate count, aerobic psychrotrophic plate count, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and molds, coliforms, Listeria spp., and Staphylococcus aureus were done. Chips had the lowest mean log values for all of the microorganisms enumerated except yeasts and molds. The mean log values for single vegetables ranged from 3.6 to 9.1, 3.4 to 8.9, 2.9 to 5.6, and 2.1 to 6.5 log CFU/ g aerobic mesophilic plate count, aerobic psychrotrophic plate count, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts and molds, respectively. The microbial profiles of peas and corn were almost similar (P < 0.001). The mean values for combined vegetables were clustered within 4.6 and 5.4 and 4.2 and 5.2 log CFU/g aerobic mesophilic plate count and aerobic psychrotrophic plate count, respectively. All of the vegetables had a coliform population distribution ranging from 0 to < 10(4) most probable number per g. The predominant gram-negative bacteria isolated included members of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonaceae (86.2%). Escherichia coli was not detected in all of the samples. The organisms isolated included those responsible for spoilage in frozen vegetables, namely Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Corynebacterium, lactic acid bacteria, and Flavobacterium. The predominant lactic acid bacteria were Lactobacillus spp. (55.9%). Other spoilage organisms were yeasts, and Cryptococcus spp. (55.4%) was predominant. Pathogens, namely Listeria monocytogenes, were also isolated at a rate of 2 to 10%, of which 4% was from corn, 2% each from peas and country crop, and 10% from stir-fry. Bacillus cereus was also isolated and accounted for 7.7% of the microorganisms from corn. S. aureus was isolated from all of the vegetables. Enterotoxigenic strains were from corn, peas, mixed vegetables, and stir-fry, and all of them produced enterotoxin A. In addition, the isolates from stir-fry vegetables also produced enterotoxins B and C. The study reveals the presence of pathogens and emerging opportunistic pathogens in the ready-to-use or ready-to-eat vegetables. If E. coli is the only indicator for safety and acceptability, consumers may be exposed to foodborne diseases. Inclusion of other groups as indicator organisms is suggested. Retailers are urged to invest in standby generators to maintain the cold chain.     

保健食品中检出蜡样芽孢杆菌的情况分析

目的了解保健食品的卫生状况。方法依照国家标准GB/T 4789.14—2003和进出口商品检验行业标准SN 0176—92,对市场随机抽检的12个品种225批保健食品检出的芽孢杆菌采用全自动微生物分析系统仪进行鉴定研究。结果确认有12批保健食品被检出蜡样芽孢杆菌,其中检出率较高的有螺旋藻片和钙片,检出率分别为60.0%和21.1%。结论分析结果可为保健食品的生产、消毒灭菌、卫生学检验标准及监督管理等方面提供参考。     

Presence and significance of Bacillus cereus in dehydrated potato products

Dehydrated potato contains Bacillus cereus at a prevalences of 10 to 40% and at numbers usually less than 10(3) CFU g(-1). B. cereus in dehydrated potato is likely to be present as spores that are able to survive drying of the raw vegetable and may represent a significant inoculum in the reconstituted (rehydrated) product where conditions favor germination of, and outgrowth from, spores. Holding rehydrated mashed potato alone, or as part of another product (e.g., potato-topped pie), at temperatures above 10 degrees C and below 60 degrees C may allow growth of vegetative B. cereus. Levels exceeding 10(4) CFU g(-1) are considered hazardous to human health and may be reached within a few hours if stored inappropriately between these temperatures. Foods incorporating mashed potato prepared from dehydrated potato flakes have been implicated in B. cereus foodborne illness. This review is a summary of the information available concerning the prevalence and numbers of B. cereus in dehydrated potato flakes and the rate at which growth might occur in the rehydrated product.     

Heat treatment for the control of Bacillus cereus spores in foods

The effect of heat treatments on food products related to soybean curd contaminated with Bacillus cereus spores was investigated for the purpose of preventing food-poisoning outbreaks by B. cereus. In the case of B. cereus strains isolated from foods, heating foods inoculated with the spores for 20 min at 70 degrees C, 5 min at 75 degrees C, 2 min at 100 degrees C, or 10 sec with a microwave oven plus reheating after standing for 2 hr at 25 degrees C reduced the number of surviving cells within the foods to less than one-hundredth. In the case of a heat-resistant strain isolated from a food poisoning outbreak, heating for 20 min at 70 degrees C plus reheating after standing for 1.5-2 hr at 35 degrees C, heating for 10 min at 75 degrees C plus reheating after standing for 1.5-2 hr at 35 degrees C, or heating for 2 min at 100 degrees C plus reheating after standing for 4 hr at 25 degrees C was effective. There was not much difference between the flavor components in foods with and without heat treatment at 70 degrees C, as analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These results indicate that these heat treatments are available to control B. cereus spores, without affecting the sensory quality of the foods.     

广州市市售食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌监测结果分析

目的 了解广州市市售食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌污染及分布情况, 发现危险因素。方法 2014~2018年共采集6类共2011份食品样品, 开展蜡样芽胞杆菌监测分析。结果 蜡样芽胞杆菌检出阳性样品共146份, 总体检出率为7.26%。其中6份样品蜡样芽胞杆菌检出值超过105 CFU/g。不同食品类别中小摊贩食品检出率最高, 达到了10.62%, 其次为烘焙食品(8.69%)、寿司(7.50%)、冷藏膳食(6.67%)、盒饭(6.36%)和熟制米面制品(5.00%)。第3季度检出率最高, 为8.77%, 其次为第2季度(7.98%), 最低的是第1季度(5.09%)。不同采样场所中采自小摊贩的食品蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率最高(11.21%), 其次为餐饮单位(9.31%)和农贸肉菜市场(8.07%), 最低的是超市(6.56%)。散装食品蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率(7.61%)高于预包装食品(5.38%)。中心城区食品蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率(9.24%)高于周边区(3.65%)。结论 广州市市售食品存在不同程度的蜡样芽胞杆菌污染, 部分食品存在安全隐患, 相关部门应针对性加强监管, 预防食源性疾病的发生。     

Production of Bacillus cereus emetic toxin (cereulide) in various foods

To determine the role of Bacillus cereus as a potential pathogen in food poisoning, the production of an emetic toxin (cereulide) by B. cereus was quantified in various food sources. The amount of emetic toxin in 13 of 14 food samples implicated in vomiting-type food poisoning cases ranged from 0.01 to 1.28 microg/g. A vomiting-type strain, B. cereus NC7401, was inoculated into various foods and incubated for 24 h at 20, 30, and 35 degrees C. In boiled rice, B. cereus rapidly increased to 10(7)-10(8) cfu/g and produced emetic toxin at both 30 and 35 degrees C. In farinaceous foods, the production of emetic toxin was as high as that in the food samples implicated in food poisoning. Low levels of emetic toxin were detectable in egg and meat and their products and a small quantity of toxin was detectable in liquid foods such as milk and soymilk when not aerated. Bacterial growth and toxin production was inhibited in foods cooked with vinegar, mayonnaise, and catsup, supposedly by the decreased pH of acetic acid. This is the first report that has quantified emetic toxin of B. cereus in various foods.     

Inhibition of toxicogenic Bacillus cereus in rice-based foods by enterocin AS-48

The antimicrobial effect of the broad-spectrum bacteriocin enterocin AS-48 against the toxicogenic psychrotrophic strain Bacillus cereus LWL1 has been investigated in a model food system consisting of boiled rice and in a commercial infant rice-based gruel dissolved in whole milk stored at temperatures of 37 degrees C, 15 degrees C and 6 degrees C. In food samples supplemented with enterocin AS-48 (in a concentration range of 20-35 mug/ml), viable cell counts decreased rapidly over incubation time, depending on the bacteriocin concentration, the temperature of incubation and the food sample. Enterotoxin production at 37 degrees C was also inhibited. Heat sensitivity of endospores increased markedly in food samples supplemented with enterocin AS-48: inactivation of endospores was achieved by heating for 1 min at 90 degrees C in boiled rice or at 95 degrees C in rice-based gruel. Activity of enterocin AS-48 in rice gruel was potentiated by sodium lactate in a concentration-dependent way.     

免疫磁珠技术分离检测熟制食品中的蜡样芽孢杆菌

目的 建立一种免疫磁珠技术分离富集熟制食品中的蜡样芽孢杆菌。方法 在一定量的蜡样芽孢杆菌体系中优化免疫磁珠与抗体用量以及最佳反应时间。在最佳实验条件下, 对免疫磁珠分离蜡样芽孢杆菌的敏感性和特异性进行实验, 并对实际熟制食品的蜡样芽孢杆菌进行分离。结果 最终确定了蜡样芽孢杆菌抗体添加量50 μg/mL、免疫磁珠添加量100 μL, 免疫磁珠与菌液最佳作用时间为15 min, 当菌液稀释度达到10?7, 免疫磁珠法仍然可以检出, 相应的细菌数为4 CFU/mL。结论 本实验制备的免疫磁珠技术灵敏性高, 特异性好, 节省了检测时间和费用, 适用于食品中的蜡样芽孢杆菌的检测。     

海口市5类食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌药敏和毒力基因检测及分子分型研究

目的 了解海口市5类食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌污染状况、毒力基因携带类型、药物敏感特点和分子分型特征。方法 参照GB 4789.14—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 蜡样芽胞杆菌检验》对海南粉、海南粉配料、奶粉类、快餐类和糕点类5类食品进行分离鉴定蜡样芽胞杆菌,并应用普通聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法进行菌群特异性基因groEL和10种毒力基因检测;采用微量肉汤稀释(MIC)法检测菌株对抗生素的敏感性;应用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)技术对菌株进行分子分型。结果 626份不同食品样品中有197份检出蜡样芽胞杆菌,检出率为31.5%,其中海南粉检出率最高,为63.1%(140/222)。所有菌株均至少携带1种毒力基因,entFM基因携带率最高,为99.0%(195/197),ces基因携带率最低,为2.5%(5/197);同时携带nheA、nheB和nheC基因的菌株占88.8%(175/197),同时携带hblA、hblC和hblD基因的菌株占13.7%(27/197)。所有菌株对庆大霉素和氯霉素的敏感率均为100.0%(197/197),对万古霉素和环丙沙星敏感率分别为99.5%(196/197)和92.9%(183/197),对青霉素和复方新诺明的耐药率分别为100.0%(197/197)和90.9%(179/197)。PFGE分型结果显示,所有菌株可分为30个簇,117种带型。结论 海口市5类食品均存在蜡样芽胞杆菌污染,其中海南粉污染较重,对食品安全构成潜在的威胁;可依据菌株的毒力基因、分子分型和抗生素敏感性特点进行针对性防控和重点监管。     

Media for the detection and enumeration of Bacillus cereus in foods: a review.

Bacillus cereus is an established cause of food poisoning in addition to being a troublesome and persistent contaminant, responsible for a variety of spoilage defects in processed foods and dairy products. A range of diagnostic and selective media has been developed to facilitate the detection and enumeration of B. cereus in routine surveillance situations and food poisoning investigations. These media are reviewed with respect to the selective and diagnostic systems they employ, their ability to recover and differentiate the target organism, and their advantages and limitations in particular applications.     

基于全基因组测序的蜡样芽孢杆菌食品分离株分子特征及耐药性研究

目的 研究上海市食品中分离的蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)的基因组特征及其耐药性。方法 本研究对上海市食品中分离的蜡样芽孢杆菌进行鉴定、药物敏感性实验和全基因组测序,利用BioNumerics软件对测序数据进行拼接组装,利用拼接数据进行多位点序列分型(MLST)、毒力基因和耐药基因分析,并与PubMLST数据库中的ST型进行比较;对耐药基因和耐药表型进行比较分析。结果 本研究中37株蜡样芽孢杆菌均可分型,其中7株为ST新型。37株蜡样芽孢杆菌分为34个ST型,其中3株菌为ST26型,其余ST型各占1株,呈高度多样性。37株蜡样芽孢杆菌均携带nheA、nheB、nheC基因,hblACD基因簇的携带率为37.8%,而完整ces呕吐基因簇的携带率只有16.2%,其中2株为分离自即食食品的ST26型。药敏实验显示37株蜡样芽孢杆菌对氨苄西林、青霉素和苯唑西林耐药性较高,与其携带耐药基因种类并不完全一致。结论 上海市食品中分离的蜡样芽孢杆菌菌株分子分型呈现高度多样性,应加强食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌分子生物学监测,为预防控制由其引起的食源性疾病提供科学依据。     

2012～2016年云南省婴幼儿食品和即食食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌污染状况调查评估

目的 调查分析和评估云南省2012~2016年婴幼儿食品和即食食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌污染状况。方法 本研究的样品包括2012年到2016年采集自云南省16个地州的1014份婴幼儿食品和3361份即食食品。按照GB 4789.14-2014《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 蜡样芽胞杆菌检验》第一法平板计数法进行检验, 并用国际上现有的限量标准进行评估分析。结果 婴幼儿食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌的平均检出率分别为18.1%(2012)、5.5%(2013)、18.2%(2014)、2.5%(2016), 超标产品的比例分别为1.1%(2012)、1.9%(2013)、1.7%(2014)。即食食品的平均检出率分别为7.6%(2012)、1.3%(2013)、13.9%(2014)、6.5%(2015)、10.1%(2016)。结论 建议对婴幼儿食品中的蜡样芽胞杆菌以102 CFU/g为临界值进行污染评估、对普通即食食品针对儿童与成人分别以103~105 CFU/g和大于105 CFU/g 2个值作为临界值进行评估。     

Isolation and enumeration of Bacillus cereus from foods on a novel chromogenic plating medium

Bacillus cereus is an aerobic sporeformer commonly found in raw and processed foods. Foodborne illnesses associated with this pathogen are caused primarily by consumption of cooked foods with inadequate refrigeration. Mannitol-egg yolk-polymyxin (MYP) agar is widely used for isolation and enumeration of the pathogen. In the present study, a new selective medium, which contains a chromogenic substrate (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl- myo -inositol-1-phosphate) for the detection of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C in B. cereus/B. thuringiensis organisms, was evaluated and compared to MYP. Twenty B. cereus strains, four B. thuringiensis strains, 95 other Gram-positive and 14 Gram-negative organisms were examined on BCM^®B. cereus/B. thuringiensis (BioSynth) and MYP agar. Only B. cereus and B. thuringiensis formed large (2–7 mm), turquoise, flat colonies±turquoise halos on BCM^®after incubation for 24 h at 35°C, while other Bacillus spp. formed white, 1–2 mm colonies or were inhibited. Some Listeria strains formed <1-mm colonies, white or turquoise, on the medium. Of the Gram-positive non- B. cereus/B. thuringiensis organisms tested, growth of >50% was inhibited on BCM^®, compared to <1% on MYP. No significant difference (P>0·05) was observed on the two media in the recovery of B. cereus strains from foods inoculated or naturally contaminated with the organisms. However, colony enumeration and isolation were easier on BCM^®than on MYP because of higher selectivity and formation of discrete, non-coalescing colonies. Ribotyping (Riboprinter^®Microbial Identification System, Qualicon) of five randomly selected food isolates identified three B. cereus and two B. thuringiensis strains. Agar plates were stable for >3 months at 2–5°C.     

Enterotoxigenic and antibiotic resistance determination of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from food handlers in Gaborone, Botswana

The prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus aureus strains from different anatomical sites on food handlers in Gaborone, Botswana, were determined. Of a total of 200 food handlers tested, 115 (57.5%) were positive for S. aureus. Of the 204 S. aureus isolates, 63 (30.9%), 91 (44.6%), and 50 (24.5%) were isolated from the hand, nasal cavity, and face, respectively, and 43 (21%) of the isolates were enterotoxigenic. The most prevalent enterotoxin was type A, which accounted for 34.9% of all the enterotoxigenic strains, and enterotoxin D was produced by the fewest number of strains (9.3%). Resistance to methicillin was encountered in 33 (22.4%) of the penicillin G-resistant isolates, and 9 (27.3%) of these methicillin-resistant isolates also were resistant to vancomycin. Nineteen antibiotic resistance profiles were determined, and the nasal cavity had the highest diversity of resistance profiles. The nasal cavity also had the highest number of resistant strains, 77 (53%), whereas the hand and face had 49 (32%) and 24 (16.0%) resistant strains, respectively. To reduce the Staphylococcus carriage rate among food handlers, training coupled with a commitment to high standards of personal and environmental hygiene is recommended.     

Bacillus cereus in free-stall bedding

To increase the understanding of how different factors affect the bacterial growth in deep sawdust beds for dairy cattle, the microbiological status of Bacillus cereus and coliforms in deep sawdust-bedded free stalls was investigated over two 14-d periods on one farm. High counts of B. cereus and coliforms were found in the entire beds. On average, 4.1 log₁₀B. cereus spores, 5.5 log₁₀B. cereus, and 6.7 log₁₀ coliforms per gram of bedding could be found in the upper layers of the sawdust likely to be in contact with the cows’ udders. The highest counts of B. cereus spores, B. cereus, and coliforms were found in the bedding before fresh bedding was added, and the lowest immediately afterwards. Different factors of importance for the growth of B. cereus in the bedding material were explored in laboratory tests. These were found to be the type of bedding, pH, and the type and availability of nutrients. Alternative bedding material such as peat and mixtures of peat and sawdust inhibited the bacterial growth of B. cereus. The extent of growth of B. cereus in the sawdust was increased in a dose-dependent manner by the availability of feces. Urine added to different bedding material raised the pH and also led to bacterial growth of B. cereus in the peat. In sawdust, a dry matter content greater than 70% was needed to lower the water activity to 0.95, which is needed to inhibit the growth of B. cereus. In an attempt to reduce the bacterial growth of B. cereus and coliforms in deep sawdust beds on the farm, the effect of giving bedding daily or a full replacement of the beds was studied. The spore count of B. cereus in the back part of the free stalls before fresh bedding was added was 0.9 log units lower in stalls given daily bedding than in stalls given bedding twice weekly. No effect on coliform counts was found. Replacement of the entire sawdust bedding had an effect for a short period, but by 1 to 2 mo after replacement, the counts of B. cereus spores in the beds had increased about 2 log units and were as high as they were before bed replacement. Therefore, free-stall management could, to a limited extent, reduce the content of B. cereus spores in the beds by daily bedding and entire bed replacement.     

Presence and growth of Bacillus cereus in dehydrated potato flakes and hot-held, ready-to-eat potato products purchased in New Zealand

Potato products prepared from dehydrated potato flakes have been implicated in foodborne illness incidents involving Bacillus cereus intoxications. B. cereus can survive as spores in potato flakes and can germinate and multiply in the rehydrated product. This study assessed the frequency and concentration of B. cereus in dehydrated potato flakes and hot-held, ready-to-eat mashed potato products. Of 50 packets of potato flakes tested, eight contained greater than 100 CFU/g B. cereus (maximum 370 CFU/g). The temperature of the potato portion of 44 hot-held food products was measured immediately after purchase, and 86% were below the safe hot-holding temperature of 60 degrees C. The potato portions were subsequently tested for B. cereus. Only two of the potato portions contained B. cereus at greater than 100 CFU/g, a potato-topped pastry (1000 CFU/g) and a container of potato and gravy (120 CFU/g). To assess multiplication of B. cereus in this food, we held rehydrated potato flakes with naturally occurring B. cereus at 37, 42, and 50 degrees C and tested them over 6 h. By 6 h, the number of B. cereus in potato stored at 37 degrees C had exceeded 10(3) CFU/g, was greater than 10(4) CFU/g at 50 degrees C, and was close to 10(6) CFU/g at 42 degrees C. Growth data were compared to predictions from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Pathogen Modeling Program (PMP 7.0). The PMP predictions were found to simulate the measured growth better at 42 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. Hot-held potato products should be safe for consumption if held at 60 degrees C or above or discarded within 2 h.     

Bacillus cereus,Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus mycoides differentiation using a PCR-RE technique

A method was developed to differentiate between Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus thuringiensis using the polymerase chain reaction combined with a restriction endonuclease (PCR-RE) technique. This fast and simple protocol, applied to pure culture strains, was developed using the gyrB DNA sequence, as previously proposed by other authors. Strains from international collections were used to optimize the method which was then applied to the identification of strains isolated from food samples. Amplifications were specific for the B. cereus group. Only Staphylococcus aureus gave the same size PCR product, but it was easily differentiated from strains in the B. cereus group by using restriction analysis, based on digestion with the RsaI, Sau3AI and EcoRI endonucleases. Specific amplifications and good differentiations were obtained using pure strains, suggesting the possibility of using the method described to identify the B. cereus group directly in food samples.     

Application of gaseous ozone to control populations of Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus cereus spores in dried figs

The effect of ozonation as a method to reduce Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus cereus spores in dried figs was investigated. Dried figs were sprinkle inoculated with E. coli, B. cereus and B. cereus spores in sterile bags at a level of 10(7)microorganism g(-1), mixed and allowed to dry for 1h at 25 degrees C prior to ozonation. Inoculated samples were exposed to gaseous ozone in a chamber at 20 degrees C and 70% relative humidity. Ozone concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm up to 360 min were used to inactivate E. coli and B. cereus while 1.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 ppm ozone concentrations for 360 min were used to treat B. cereus spores. E. coli and B. cereus counts were decreased by 3.5 log numbers at 1.0 ppm ozone concentration for 360 min ozone treatment. Up to 2 log reductions in the number of B. cereus spores were observed above 1.0 ppm ozone concentration at the end of 360 min of ozonation. No significant changes in color, pH and moisture content values of dried figs were observed after the ozonation treatments. No significant changes were found between sweetness, rancidity, flavor, appearance and overall palatability of ozonated and non-ozonated dried figs. Ozonation was found to be effective especially in reduction of vegetative cells in dried figs and a promising method for the decontamination of dried figs.     

Emetic toxin-producing strains of Bacillus cereus show distinct characteristics within the Bacillus cereus group

One hundred representative strains of Bacillus cereus were selected from a total collection of 372 B. cereus strains using two typing methods (RAPD and FT-IR) to investigate if emetic toxin-producing hazardous B. cereus strains possess characteristic growth and heat resistance profiles. The strains were classified into three groups: emetic toxin (cereulide)-producing strains (n=17), strains connected to diarrheal foodborne outbreaks (n=40) and food-environment strains (n=43), these latter not producing the emetic toxin. Our study revealed a shift in growth limits towards higher temperatures for the emetic strains, regardless of their origin. None of the emetic toxin-producing strains were able to grow below 10 degrees Celsius. In contrast, 11% (9 food-environment strains) out of the 83 non-emetic toxin-producing strains were able to grow at 4 degrees Celsius and 49% at 7 degrees Celsius (28 diarrheal and 13 food-environment strains). non-emetic toxin-producing strains. All emetic toxin-producing strains were able to grow at 48 degrees Celsius, but only 39% (16 diarrheal and 16 food-environment strains) of the non-emetic toxin-producing strains grew at this temperature. Spores from the emetic toxin-producing strains showed, on average, a higher heat resistance at 90 degrees Celsius and a lower germination, particularly at 7 degrees Celsius, than spores from the other strains. No difference between the three groups in their growth kinetics at 24 degrees Celsius, 37 degrees Celsius, and pH 5.0, 7.0, and 8.0 was observed. Our survey shows that emetic toxin-producing strains of B. cereus have distinct characteristics, which could have important implication for the risk assessment of the emetic type of B. cereus caused food poisoning. For instance, emetic strains still represent a special risk in heat-processed foods or preheated foods that are kept warm (in restaurants and cafeterias), but should not pose a risk in refrigerated foods.