Analysis and improved synthesis of parasorbic acid

An improved synthesis of parasorbic acid, 5-hydroxy-2-hexenoic acid lactone (II), provided material to develop a procedure for its analysis as a possible contaminant in sorbic acid, 2,4-hexadienoic acid (I). Column chromatography was used to separate parasorbic acid from sorbic acid; thin-layer chromatography (t.l.c.) provided a means of identification and quantitative estimation. Gas chromatography-mass spectral analysis (g.c.-m.s.) was used for positive confirmation. No parasorbic acid up to 20 parts/million, the detectable limit, was found in several commercial food grade samples of sorbic acid.     

风波平息再话核酸

<正> 核酸分为脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)和核糖核酸(RNA)两大类,由碱基、核糖和磷酸组成。核酸是高分子化合物,是细胞的核心,存在于人体60亿万个细胞之中,细胞分裂时需要核酸来提高营养。一般细胞的生命周期为200天、因此每天都有大量的细胞产生。核酸在机体的生长、发育和遗传变异中起着根本性的作用,应该说核酸是生命之本,因为人体的所有功能最终要通过细胞来实现,而支配细胞活动的是核酸,它是细胞赋活不可缺少的营养素,没有核酸,人体根本无法生存。     

Photostabilization of ascorbic acid with citric acid, tartaric acid and boric acid in cream formulations

This study involves the evaluation of the effect of certain stabilizers, that is, citric acid (CT), tartaric acid (TA) and boric acid (BA) on the degradation of ascorbic acid (AH(2) ) in oil-in-water cream formulations exposed to the UV light and stored in the dark. The apparent first-order rate constants (0.34-0.95 × 10(-3) min(-1) in light, 0.38-1.24 × 10(-2) day(-1) in dark) for the degradation reactions in the presence of the stabilizers have been determined. These rate constants have been used to derive the second-order rate constants (0.26-1.45 × 10(-2) M(-1) min(-1) in light, 3.75-8.50 × 10(-3) M(-1) day(-1) in dark) for the interaction of AH(2) and the individual stabilizers. These stabilizers are effective in causing the inhibition of the rate of degradation of AH(2) both in the light and in the dark. The inhibitory effect of the stabilizers is in the order of CT > TA > BA. The rate of degradation of AH(2) in the presence of these stabilizers in the light is about 120 times higher than that in the dark. This could be explained on the basis of the deactivation of AH(2) -excited triplet state by CT and TA and by the inhibition of AH(2) degradation through complex formation with BA. AH(2) leads to the formation of dehydroascorbic acid (A) by chemical and photooxidation in cream formulations.     

酸水解去除谷氨酸母液中的焦谷氨酸

焦谷氨酸没有鲜味,是谷氨酸产品中的无效成分,其安全性尚无定论.控制谷氨酸浓度为16g/100mL、焦谷氨酸的浓度为3.2g/100mL,试验研究了水解温度、硫酸加入量、水解时间等因素对降低谷氨酸母液中焦谷氨酸含量的影响.在保证谷氨酸回收率的基础上,确定出使焦谷氨酸含量达到1.07％及以下的最优水解组合:水解温度(95±5)℃、浓硫酸加入量30％ (v/v)、水解时间2h.在上述试验中,焦谷氨酸的初始含量均为20％.通过改变初始焦谷氨酸氨酸含量20%～35％,最优水解组合下水解后焦谷氨酸含量为0.96％～1.04％,仍可达到1.07％以下.     

应用反相高效液相色谱法快速测定食品中的L-抗坏血酸和D-异抗坏血酸

本文报道了以反相高压液相色谱测定食品中L-抗坏血酸和D-异抗坏血酸的方法。样品经捣碎、超声波振荡、离心、过滤后,在ODSC-18 4.6×250mm反相柱中,用0.001mol/l正辛胺及0.02mol/l醋酸铵(pH5.4),水溶液作为流动相,经分离后在波长265nm下检测定量,食品中含5μg/g的L-广抗坏血酸及g-5ug/gD-异抗坏血酸可被完全分离并定量测定。L-抗坏血酸及D-异抗坏血酸回收率分别为99.9％和98.7％,变异系数分别为1.78和4.44％。     

盐酸水解方法对鸡肉中氨基酸含量的影响

摘 要: 目的 研究盐酸水解过程中, 水解时间和添加巯基乙醇和苯酚保护剂对鸡肉中18种氨基酸含量的影响, 确定获得鸡肉氨基酸最高含量的盐酸水解方法。方法 以30个鸡胸肌(3种鸡、每种10个)为实验对象, 设计6个水解时间, 研究盐酸水解时间对鸡肉样品中18种氨基酸含量的影响, 确定获得氨基酸最高含量的盐酸水解时间。在上述研究的基础上, 随机选择6个鸡胸肌(3种鸡、每种2个)为实验对象, 设置3个水解时间, 研究巯基乙醇和苯酚对鸡肉样品中18种氨基酸含量的影响, 最终确定获得鸡肉中18种氨基酸最高含量的盐酸水解方法。结果 缬氨酸(valine, Val)和异亮氨酸(isoleucine, Ile)的最佳水解时间为24或26 h, 两水解时间无显著性差异(P>0.05); 其余16种氨基酸的最高含量均在22 h; Ile的含量在盐酸水解法水解24 h显著高于20 和22 h(P<0.05), 但在苯酚+盐酸水解法水解22h含量最高; 天冬氨酸(aspartate, Asp) 的含量在巯基乙醇+盐酸水解法水解22 h显著高于20 和24 h(P<0.05), 但在盐酸水解法水解22h含量最高; 甘氨酸(glycine, Gly)、丙氨酸 (alanine Ala)、酪氨酸(tyrosine, Tyr) 和苯丙氨酸 (phenylalanine, Phe)的含量在苯酚+盐酸水解法水解22 h显著高于20 h(P<0.05), 但水解22与24 h之间无显著性差异(P>0.05), 其中, Gly在苯酚+盐酸水解法水解22 h含量最高, Ala在盐酸水解法水解22 h含量最高, Tyr和Phe在巯基乙醇+盐酸水解法水解22 h含量最高; Val在盐酸水解法水解24 h含量最高, 脯氨酸(proline, Pro)和赖氨酸 (lysine, Lys)在苯酚+盐酸水解法水解22 h含量最高, 亮氨酸 (leucine, Leu) 在巯基乙醇+盐酸水解法水解22 h含量最高; 其余氨基酸在不同水解方法及水解时间中均无显著性差异(P>0.05), 但都在盐酸水解法水解22 h时含量最高。结论 巯基乙醇和苯酚对鸡肉中的含硫氨基酸无保护作用, 获得鸡肉中18种氨基酸最高含量的盐酸水解方法是盐酸水解法水解22 h。     

Hydrogen production by fermentation using acetic acid and lactic acid

Microbial hydrogen production from sho-chu post-distillation slurry solution (slurry solution) containing large amounts of organic acids was investigated. The highest hydrogen producer, Clostridium diolis JPCC H-3, was isolated from natural environment and produced hydrogen at 6.03+/-0.15 ml from 5 ml slurry solution in 30 h. Interestingly, the concentration of acetic acid and lactic acid in the slurry solution decreased during hydrogen production. The substrates for hydrogen production by C. diolis JPCC H-3, in particular organic acids, were investigated in an artificial medium. No hydrogen was produced from acetic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, or citric acid on their own. Hydrogen and butyric acid were produced from a mixture of acetic acid and lactic acid, showing that C. diolis. JPCC H-3 could produce hydrogen from acetic acid and lactic acid. Furthermore, calculation of the Gibbs free energy strongly suggests that this reaction would proceed. In this paper, we describe for the first time microbial hydrogen production from acetic acid and lactic acid by fermentation.     

Short communication: docosahexaenoic acid promotes vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid

Previous studies found that feeding dairy cows a blend of fish and soybean oils enhanced milk vaccenic acid (VA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations more than when the oils were fed separately. In these studies, the authors concluded that a component in fish oil was stimulating ruminal VA production from other sources of unsaturated fatty acids; however, that component was not identified. The objective of this study was to determine whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid (FA) in fish oil, is the active component that promotes trans-C18:1 FA, VA in particular, accumulation using cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Treatments consisted of control, control plus 5 mg of DHA (DH), control plus 30 mg of soybean oil (SBO), and control plus 5 mg of DHA and 30 mg of SBO (DHSBO). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125-mL flasks, and 5 mL of culture contents was taken at 0 and 24 h for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. After 24 h of incubation, the level of trans-C18:1 FA (14.1 and 11.7 mg/culture) and VA (13.0 and 10.2 mg/culture) increased more with added DHA than with added SBO, respectively. Combining DHA and SBO yielded higher quantities of trans-C18:1 FA (21.3 mg/culture) and VA (19.8 mg/culture) in the cultures than either fat source alone. These data suggest that DHA is the component in fish oil that promotes VA accumulation when incubated with linoleic acid.     

坛子肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸营养品质评价

目的评价坛子肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸的营养品质。方法运用多种方法对坛子肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸的组成及含量进行测定,并用必需氨基酸指数法(essential amino acid index method,EAAI)、氨基酸评分法(amino acid score, AAS)、化学评分法(chemical score, CS)评价坛子肉中蛋白质的营养价值。结果坛子肉中氨基酸总量为20.76%±0.21%, 8种必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的42.60%, 4种鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的36.90%,AAS和CS均表明第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸。坛子肉中粗脂肪含量为28.15%±0.31%,不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的70.79%±0.31%。必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的38.15%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为61.68%。结论坛子肉是一种具有独特风味的优质蛋白源以及具有均衡脂肪酸的高营养价值的肉制品。     

Guaiacol production from ferulic acid, vanillin and vanillic acid by Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris

Alicyclobacilli are thermophilic, acidophilic bacteria (TAB) that spoil fruit juice products by producing guaiacol. It is currently believed that guaiacol is formed by Alicyclobacillus in fruit juices as a product of ferulic acid metabolism. The aim of this study was to identify the precursors that can be metabolised by Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris to produce guaiacol and to evaluate the pathway of guaiacol production. A. acidoterrestris FB2 was incubated at 45°C for 7days in Bacillus acidoterrestris (BAT) broth supplemented with ferulic acid, vanillin or vanillic acid, respectively. The samples were analysed every day to determine the cell concentration, the supplement concentration using high performance liquid chromatography with UV-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and the guaiacol concentration, using both the peroxidase enzyme colourimetric assay (PECA) and HPLC-DAD. The cell concentration of A. acidoterrestris FB2 during the 7days in all samples were above the critical cell concentration of 10(5)cfu/mL reportedly required for guaiacol production. The guaiacol produced by A. acidoterrestris FB2 increased with an increase in vanillin or vanillic acid concentration and a metabolic pathway of A. acidoterrestris FB2 directly from vanillin to guaiacol was established. The high concentration of vanillic acid (1000mg/L) resulted in an initial inhibitory effect on the cells, but the cell concentration increased after day 2. Guaiacol production did not occur in the absence of either a precursor or A. acidoterrestris FB2 and guaiacol was not produced by A. acidoterrestris FB2 in the samples supplemented with ferulic acid. The presence of Alicyclobacillus spp. that has the ability to produce guaiacol, as well as the substrates vanillin or vanillic acid is prerequisite for production of guaiacol.     

Wet oxidation of salicylic acid solutions

Salicylic acid is a frequent pollutant in several industrial wastewaters. Uncatalyzed wet air oxidation, which is a promising technique for the treatment of phenolic effluents, has not been analyzed yet for the removal of salicylic acid. The effect of different conditions of pH (1.3-12.3), pressure (1.0-4.1 MPa), temperature (413-443 K), and initial concentrations (1.45-14.50 mM) on the wet oxidation of salicylate/salicylic acid solutions have here been investigated. The pH value of the reaction media was found to be a key parameter for the rate of the oxidation process with an optimum at pH 3.1, when the concentrations of salicylic acid and salicylate were similar. The oxidation reaction followed pseudofirst-order kinetics with respect to salicylic acid and 0.82 order with respect to dissolved oxygen. Additionally, the evolution of the color during the wet oxidation was analyzed and discussed in relation with the formation of intermediate compounds. Then, a reaction pathway for the noncatalytic wet oxidation of the salicylic acid was proposed.     

毛细管区带电泳法测定食品中山梨酸、苯甲酸和糖精的含量

采用毛细管区带电泳(CZE),以10mmol/L硼砂和0.1%草酸(pH8.26)为缓冲液,分离电压20kV,检测波长230nm,压差进样时间10s,以焦性没食子酸为内标,在7min内分离和测定了食品中山梨酸、苯甲酸和糖精的含量。线性范围:山梨酸4～640mg/L、苯甲酸4～640mg/L、糖精4～1000mg/L;样品加标回收率在95.0%～98.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于4%。方法简便、快速、准确。     

Spanish cheese screening and selection of lactic acid bacteria with high gamma-aminobutyric acid production

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein four-carbon amino acid which is considered a bioactive component known for its physiological functions, including a regulator of blood pressure, neurotransmitter, diuretic and anti-stress effects. Its use in foods might confer health benefits. Microorganisms such as yeast, fungi or bacteria can produce GABA naturally. Among them, the lactic acid bacteria are being studied for the potential development of fermented foods because their physiological activities and their designation of generally recognized as safe (GRAS). The objective of this study was to evaluate the GABA-production capacity in a whole wheat flour medium of lactic acid bacteria strains that showed a high conversion of glutamic acid to GABA in a screening conducted in 58 Spanish artisanal cheeses. Synthesis of GABA by these strains in a non-optimized whole wheat flour in water solution (1:5) was quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The 4 strains showing the highest GABA production were genotypically and phenotypically characterized. Results indicated an interesting fermentative variability between strains. The addition of these isolated lactic acid strains in fermented food products could allow a potentially functional food for regulating hypertension.     

Nucleophilic reactions of sorbic acid

The conjugated dienoic acid structure of sorbic acid renders it susceptible to nucleophilic attack. Nucleophiles known to react with sorbic acid include sulphite ion and amines. These attack the molecule in position 5 and, in the cse of amines, cyclization to form substituted dihydropyridones may follow. Recent investigations show that thiols in general can also add to sorbic acid. Cysteine, for example, reacts slowly with sorbic acid at 80 degrees C and pH 5.5, leading to 5-substituted 3-hexenoic acid. In general, reaction products are difficult to isolate from aqueous reaction mixtures as they are susceptible to acid- and base-catalysed hydrolysis. A synthesis of model compounds may be carried out by reaction of sorbate esters with the appropriate thiol (or its ester if it is an acid) in the presence of the corresponding sodium alkoxide. It is interesting that alkyl thiols give di-adducts with sorbate ester whilst low molecular weight thiols containing an oxygen atom give a monoadduct. The mechanism of this reaction and its implications to the preparation of samples for toxicological evaluation are discussed. The reaction of sorbic acid with nitrite ion is unusual and its mechanism is considered.     

RP-HPLC法测定紫苏子、白苏子中乌索酸和齐墩果酸含量

采用反相高效液相色谱法测定紫苏子和白苏子中乌索酸和齐墩果酸含量,色谱柱为Kromasil C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇—水(87:13),光电二极管阵列检测器,检测波长210 nm,流速0.8 ml/min,柱温28℃。乌索酸进样量在0.10～4.00μg,齐墩果酸进样量在0.05～2.00μg时呈现良好线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为100.6%和98.7%,RSD分别为1.6%和1.2%。方法灵敏、准确,重现性好,可用于乌索酸与齐墩果酸含量测定。     

Analysis of proteins responsive to acetic acid in Acetobacter: molecular mechanisms conferring acetic acid resistance in acetic acid bacteria

Acetic acid bacteria are used for industrial vinegar production because of their remarkable ability to oxidize ethanol and high resistance to acetic acid. Although several molecular machineries responsible for acetic acid resistance in acetic acid bacteria have been reported, the entire mechanism that confers acetic acid resistance has not been completely understood. One of the promising methods to elucidate the entire mechanism is global analysis of proteins responsive to acetic acid by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Recently, two proteins whose production was greatly enhanced by acetic acid in Acetobacter aceti were identified to be aconitase and a putative ABC-transporter, respectively; furthermore, overexpression or disruption of the genes encoding these proteins affected acetic acid resistance in A. aceti, indicating that these proteins are involved in acetic acid resistance. Overexpression of each gene increased acetic acid resistance in Acetobacter, which resulted in an improvement in the productivity of acetic acid fermentation. Taken together, the results of the proteomic analysis and those of previous studies indicate that acetic acid resistance in acetic acid bacteria is conferred by several mechanisms. These findings also provide a clue to breed a strain having high resistance to acetic acid for vinegar fermentation.     

Relationship of acid phosphatase activity and Brix/acid ratio in cherries

This research was undertaken to determine the relationship of acid phosphatase and Brix/acid ratio in cherries. High-acid cultivars of cherries (Karneol, Northstar, Kroeker, Danube, Montmorency, Oblinska, and Topas) exhibited low Brix/acid ratios while low-acid cultivars of cherries (Balatron, Sweetheart, Hedelfingen, and Hudson) had high Brix/acid ratios. The values of correlation coefficient (r²) for acid phosphatase and Brix/acid ratio in different cultivars grown in 2003 and 2004 were 0.88 and 0.84, respectively. An inverse relationship appeared to exist between the acid phosphatase activity and the acidity in cherries, and the r² values for 2003 and 2004 crops were 0.97 and 0.81, respectively. The plot of acid phosphatase vs. Brix in cherries showed a positive slope, and the r² values for 2003 and 2004 crops were 0.89 and 0.88, respectively. The results of this study indicate that acid phosphatase could serve as a marker for breeding new fruit cultivars with a desirable Brix/acid ratio.     

Anti-obesity effects of conjugated linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid

Obesity has become a prevailing epidemic throughout the globe. Effective therapies for obesity become attracting. Food components with beneficial effects on "weight loss" have caught increasing attentions. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) belong to different families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, they have similar effects on alleviating obesity and/or preventing from obesity. They influence the balance between energy intake and expenditure; and reduce body weight and/or fat deposition in animal models, but show little effect in healthy human subjects. They inhibit key enzymes responsible for lipid synthesis, such as fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, enhance lipid oxidation and thermogenesis, and prevent free fatty acids from entering adipocytes for lipogenesis. PUFA also exert suppressive effects on several key factors involved in adipocyte differentiation and fat storage. Despite their similar effects and shared mechanisms, they display differences in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Moreover, DHA and EPA exhibit "anti-obesity" effect as well as improving insulin sensitivity, while CLA induces insulin resistance and fatty liver in most cases. A deeper and more detailed investigation into the complex network of anti-obesity regulatory pathways by different PUFA will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of body weight control and reduce the prevalence of obesity.     

Haloacetic acid and trihalomethane formation from the chlorination and bromination of aliphatic beta-dicarbonyl acid model compounds

While it is known that resorcinol- and phenol-type aromatic structures within natural organic matter (NOM) react during drinking water chlorination to form trihalomethanes (THMs), limited studies have examined aliphatic-type structures as THM and haloacetic acid (HAA) precursors. A suite of aliphatic acid model compounds were chlorinated and brominated separately in controlled laboratory-scale batch experiments. Four and two beta-dicarbonyl acid compounds were found to be important precursors for the formation of THMs (chloroform and bromoform (71-91% mol/mol)), and dihaloacetic acids (DXAAs) (dichloroacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid (5-68% mol/mol)), respectively, after 24 h at pH 8. Based upon adsorbable organic halide formation, THMs and DXAAs, and to a lesser extent mono and trihaloacetic acids, were the majority (> 80%) of the byproducts produced for most of the aliphatic beta-dicarbonyl acid compounds. Aliphatic beta-diketone-acid-type and beta-keto-acid-type structures could be possible fast- and slow-reacting THM precursors, respectively, and aliphatic beta-keto-acid-type structures are possible slow-reacting DXAA precursors. Aliphatic beta-dicarbonyl acid moieties in natural organic matter, particularly in the hydrophilic fraction, could contribute to the significant formation of THMs and DXAAs observed after chlorination of natural waters.     

花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸 在炎症中的作用概述

心脑血管疾病、肿瘤、糖尿病、神经系统疾病、自身免疫等疾病严重危害着人类的生命和健康,并消耗着大量医疗资源。事实上,很多疾病发生和发展的背后都伴随着炎症反应,炎症是众多疾病的病理基础,甚至是导致这些疾病的诱因。炎症本身是机体的防御性反应,但过度的炎症反应和长期慢性炎症会损害机体的稳态。炎症的调节和控制由炎症介质介导,花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸(10ng-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFAs)的衍生物是一类重要的调控炎症的介质。炎性细胞间的交流和细胞内信号传递与LC-PUFAs有关。AA经环氧酶和脂氧合酶合成的类二十烷酸主要起促炎作用,但有的也有抗炎作用。DHA和EPA在体内起抗炎作用,由它们合成的消退素(resolvins,Rvs)和保护素(protectin,PD)是重要的抗炎活性物质。DHA和EPA还可以干扰炎性细胞内信号传导途径来抑制炎症反应。本文从炎症与疾病的关系、LC-PUFAs的衍生物及其促炎和抗炎机制等方面综述了AA、DHA和EPA在炎症中的作用。