A chain-cluster based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are an emerging technology for monitoring physical world. Different from the traditional wireless networks and ad hoc networks, the energy constraint of WSNs makes energy saving become the most important goal of various routing algorithms. For this purpose, a cluster based routing algorithm LEACH (low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy) has been proposed to organize a sensor network into a set of clusters so that the energy consumption can be evenly distributed among all the sensor nodes. Periodical cluster head voting in LEACH, however, consumes non-negligible energy and other resources. While another chain-based algorithm PEGASIS (power- efficient gathering in sensor information systems) can reduce such energy consumption, it causes a longer delay for data transmission. In this paper, we propose a routing algorithm called CCM (Chain-Cluster based Mixed routing), which makes full use of the advantages of LEACH and PEGASIS, and provide improved performance. It divides a WSN into a few chains and runs in two stages. In the first stage, sensor nodes in each chain transmit data to their own chain head node in parallel, using an improved chain routing protocol. In the second stage, all chain head nodes group as a cluster in a self- organized manner, where they transmit fused data to a voted cluster head using the cluster based routing. Experimental results demonstrate that our CCM algorithm outperforms both LEACH and PEGASIS in terms of the product of consumed energy and delay, weighting the overall performance of both energy consumption and transmission delay.     

基于无线传感网的温室大棚智能监控系统的研究

为了实现对温室大棚环境数据的有效监控,设计了基于无线传感网络的智能监控系统.系统的无线传感网络采用层次结构的路由协议,针对LEACH分簇算法和PEGASIS链路算法进行了融合和改进,提出了一种适用于温室大棚的链簇式路由协议.无线传感节点的设计采用了无线收发芯片nRF24L01+和微控制器STM32,汇聚节点可通过GPRS模块将环境数据上传到远端上位机PC,从而实现数据的远程监控、存储和图表分析显示等功能.     

一种改进的簇头成链路由协议

针对LEACH路由协议和PEGASIS路由协议的局限性,提出一种改进的簇头成链路由协议。将网络内所有传感器节点以区域为单位集合成簇,由Sink节点向下遍历区域内全部节点形成多条簇头链,通过计算数据丢包率得到能串联整个网络的簇头链。仿真结果表 明,该路由协议具有较好的数据传输可靠性和实时性。     

低能耗无线传感器网络路由协议研究

针对LEACH协议生成非均匀的簇造成能量损耗的问题,以降低能量损耗为研究目的,结合PEGASIS协议的特点,从选择簇首节点、形成簇、簇间路由等方面对LEACH协议进行了改进.经过理论分析和仿真实验,对该协议的性能进行测试,并使用对比的方法,与LEACH协议进行比较.仿真实验结果表明,该路由协议的设计使各节点较均衡地消耗能量,节点生存时间更长,延长了整个无线传感器网络的生命周期.     

一种新的无线传感器网络高能效协作路由算法

为解决无线传感器网络在数据采集过程中的能量节省与能耗均衡问题,结合LEACH的分簇思想和PEGASIS的链路传输特点,利用协作MIMO技术,提出了一种新的高能效协作路由算法HECRA。该算法利用内网数据融合与协作MIMO技术减少了簇内链路短传输与簇间长输的能量消耗,通过构建代价函数选择最合适的路由路径以实现能耗均衡。理论分析了系统进行数据采集时各节点能耗以及系统总能耗,实验仿真结果表明,相对于LEACH与PAGASIS,提出的HECRA算法在网络生命周期上得到了很大的改进。     

WSN中一种能量均衡的分簇路由协议的设计

无线传感器网络中,LEACH协议是典型的分簇路由协议.文章针对LEACH协议的缺点,结合PEGASIS协议的优点,从簇首选择、簇的形成、簇间路由等方面对LEACH协议进行了改进,设计了一种能量均衡的分簇路由协议EBLP,并进行了仿真分析.仿真结果表明,EBLP协议节约了能量,平衡了能量消耗,延长了无线传感器网络的生存时间.     

WSN中一种基于最小能耗树的路由协议

为了延长无线传感器网络的使用寿命,提出一种基于最小能耗树的无线传感器网络路由协议MECT。该协议通过构造一颗生成树来进行数据收集,从而减少了每一轮由于数据传输而消耗的能量。由于在构造树的过程中考虑到节点的剩余能量,该协议在减少能耗的同时保证了负载均衡。实验结果表明,MECT与LEACH和PEGASIS协议相比在生存时间和时间延迟方面都具有更好的性能。     

CEER: Cooperative Energy-Efficient Routing Mechanism for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Using Clusters

Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs) aim to find varied offshore ocean monitoring and exploration applications. In most of these applications, the network is composed of several sensor nodes deployed at different depths in the water. Sensor nodes located at depth on the seafloor cannot invariably communicate with nodes close to the surface level; these nodes need multi-hop communication facilitated by a suitable routing scheme. In this research work, a Cluster-based Cooperative Energy Efficient Routing (CEER) mechanism for UWSNs is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of the Co-UWSN and LEACH mechanisms. The optimal role of clustering and cooperation provides load balancing and improves the network profoundly. The simulation results using MATLAB show better performance of CEER routing protocol in terms of various parameters as compared to Co-UWSN routing protocol, i.e., the average end-to-end delay of CEER was 17.39, Co-UWSN was 55.819 and LEACH was 70.08. In addition, the average total energy consumption of CEER was 9.273, Co-UWSN was 12.198, and LEACH was 45.33. The packet delivery ratio of CEER was 53.955, CO-UWSN was 42.047, and LEACH was 30.31. The stability period CEER was 130.9, CO-UWSN was 129.3, and LEACH was 119.1. The obtained results maximized the lifetime and improved the overall performance of the CEER routing protocol.     

一种新的传感器网络能量有效路由算法

基于对LEACH、PEGASIS经典分簇算法的研究,提出一种基于分簇的传感器网络能量有效的路由算法NCEER。NCEER每隔20轮进行一次簇重构,簇内利用贪心算法形成短链,选取剩余能量最大者为簇首。然后,以基站为树根,各簇首节点根据跳数和能量级别建立层次路由树。最后,各簇首通过最优路径将采集到的数据发送到基站。该算法减少了簇重构的开销,建立了一条负载均衡的簇内路由、能量有效的簇间路由,减少了数据的传输时延。仿真结果表明,该算法的性能优于LEACH和PEGASIS。     

一种结合LEACH和PEGASIS协议的WSN的路由协议研究

均衡节点能耗和提高能耗效率以延长整个网络的寿命是无线传感器网络研究的关键所在。结合典型LEACH和PE-GASIS的优点,针对真实环境下节点的分布存在空洞区域的特点,提出了一种改进的节能快速路由协议。协议在建簇过程中计算簇的分散系数,并通过阈值来确定的簇内通信方式。在簇首之间采用单跳和多跳传输结合的传输机制。理论分析及仿真结果表明,新提出的路由协议比LEACH更均衡且有效减少了能量消耗,延长了网络的生命周期。     

无线传感器网络节能路由研究

分簇结构作为一种提高能源利用率、减少网络能耗的有效途径,成为当前无线传感器网络节能路由协议的研究热点。介绍和分析了LEACH、PEGASIS和HEED三种典型节能分簇路由协议,通过对三者的综合比较总结出现有分簇路由协议存在的问题,并提出相应的解决思路。解释了要想将WiFi应用于无线传感器网络面临的困难。最后,展望了无线传感器网络路由协议未来的研究工作。     

低能耗无线传感器网络路由协议研究

针对LEACH协议生成非均匀的簇造成能量损耗的问题,提出一个基于节点剩余能量和地理位置,用于分层次均匀成簇和建立备用簇头以减少反复成簇频率的路由协议LEACH-EP。仿真实验证明,该协议在节点初始能量和网络规模相同的条件下,消耗的能量要远少于LEACH协议,节点生存时间更长,更适用于大规模无线传感器网络的低能耗路由协议。     

基于LEACH和PEGASIS的簇头成链可靠路由协议研究

减少能耗、延长网络寿命是无线传感网络的关键技术.基于LEACH和PEGASIS算法,提出一种改进的有效路由算法.改进的算法规定LEACH中簇头数目为5个,利用PEGASIS算法使簇头成链,并选择剩余能量最多的簇头传送信息给基站.在选择簇头时,考虑节点的剩余能量,给节点设置一个能量阈值,小于该值则不能当选为簇头,因此提高了网络的健壮性.理论分析和仿真结果表明,改进后的算法比LEACH算法生命周期提高117%～351%,且能耗更加均匀,同时与PEGASIS相比,时延提高290%.     

基于混合量子进化算法的高效节能无线传感器网络路由算法

在无线传感器网络中,层次型路由算法能减少节点能量消耗和延长网络生存周期.因此在LEACH算法和PEGASIS算法的基础上,提出了一种基于混合量子进化算法的高效节能的无线传感器网络路由算法HERA.该算法中把网络分为多个簇,每个簇中的节点连接成为一条多跳通讯链路,并使用混合量子进化算法来得到最优的分簇组链方式,以减少链路...     

用于多集装箱监测LEACH协议的改进与仿真研究

针对基于无线传感器网络的多集装箱监测应用中存在的能量有限问题,提出了一种基于LEACH分层路由协议的低功耗监测算法,并对传统LEACH协议进行了更符合该应用要求的改进,最后以监测网络生存周期和低能量监测器生存时间为指标进行了仿真对比.仿真结果表明,改进后的协议有效地提高了监测网络能量消耗均衡度,延长了网络生存周期.     

EADEEG:能量感知的无线传感器网络数据收集协议

提出了一种基于簇结构的无线传感器网络数据收集协议EADEEG(an energy-aware data gathering protocol for wireless sensor networks).EADEEG通过最小化网络通信开销以及良好的能量负载平衡方法,可以有效地延长网络寿命.与以前的相关研究相比,EADEEG采用了一种全新的簇头竞争参数,能够更好地解决节点能量异构问题.此外,EADEEG也采用了一种简单而有效的簇内节点调度算法,通过控制活动节点的密度,可以在不增加额外控制开销的条件下关闭冗余节点并保证覆盖要求,因此可以进一步延长网络寿命.模拟实验证明,在节点初始能量同构和异构两种情况下,EADEEG协议都能够满足用户对覆盖率的要求,并在网络寿命上大幅度优于LEACH(low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy),PEGASIS(power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems)和DEEG(distributed energy-efficient data gathering and aggregation protocol)协议.     

一种基于LEACH协议改进的簇间多跳路由协议

为了均衡无线传感器网络的能量消耗,延长网络的生存时间,在研究几种基于均匀分簇和非均匀分簇的路由协议基础上,提出一种基于LEACH协议改进的簇间多跳路由协议。该协议引入能量因子和距离因子修正了LEACH协议的阈值函数。在簇间通信过程,簇头节点与Sink节点之间采用多跳通信方式,簇头与簇头之间形成一条通向Sink节点的优化路径。实验结果表明,相比于LEACH协议和EEUC协议,本文提出的新协议能够有效的均衡网络的能量消耗,延长无线传感器网络的寿命。     

基于自组织路由表的节能WSN路由协议

提出一种基于自组织路由表的节能无线传感网路由协议SREP。通过节点的自组织路由表,以跳数和剩余能量作为参数实现分簇及簇头的选举,簇头采用多跳链式路由的方式将数据传送到汇聚点。仿真结果表明,该算法与LEACH算法相比可以均衡簇的分布,控制每一轮簇的数量,延长网络的生存时间,与PEGASIS算法相比可以有效降低网络传输时延。     

基于自适应数据融合的LEACH路由协议

如何有效地使用传感器节点的能量以延长WSN的生存时间,一直是WSN路由协议研究的重点.基于LEACH,提出了一种新的路由协议AF-LEACH,AF-LEACH根据数据融合的能量开销和所带来的节能增益,对传感器节点采集的数据进行自适应的数据融合.仿真实验表明,与LEACH协议以及在各节点都进行数据融合的MA-LEACH[...     

Predictive routing for mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks: a milestone-based approach

Mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks have been the target of extensive research recently due to their efficient energy consumption and various possible applications. To support mobile sinks, an energy efficient routing protocol is essential. In this light, the present study proposes a milestone-based predictive routing protocol that improves energy efficiency. This study introduces the concept of a milestone node, which plays a role of spreading the estimated sink’s future location information to the nodes located in the vicinity of the recent trail of the sink, and by using this information, nodes can route data packets to the mobile sink efficiently. Along with the proposed predictive routing protocol, this study also suggests a periodic broadcast scheme to provide the sink’s location information to the entire network in order to increase the data packet delivery ratio. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol reduces energy consumption while maintaining high data packet delivery ratios compared to previous routing protocols such as ALURP and Elastic.