Laboratory study of heat transfer through thin layers of casting slag: minimization of the slag/probe contact resistance

The heat flux densities through thin layers of casting slag have been measured with a soft cooling heat flux probe which made smooth probe/slag interfaces. Thus the contact resistance was avoided. The evaluated effective thermal conductivities were applied, together with the data on the contact resistance, to compute the “system conductivities” existing in the continuous casting “system” water cooled copper/slag/strand. The refractive index and absorption spectrum were measured and used to deduce functions for the radiative and conductive (phonon) conductivities. Although precise values could not be obtained, due to the many assumptions involved, the data indicate that the conductive conductivity does not change drastically at high temperatures and on melting.     

Study of heat transfer through layers of casting flux: experiments with a laboratory set-up simulating the conditions in continuous casting

The heat transfer through layers of casting flux has been studied with a laboratory set-up which consists of a water-cooled heat flux probe made of copper and an electrically heated steel plate with a trough to hold the flux sample. The measured heat flux density values were converted to system conductivities k_sys which contain the radiation/conduction conductivity in the flux layer and the contact resistance at the probe side. It was found that k_sys is almost independent from the layer thickness. Ten commercial casting fluxes were investigated and the data for k_sys are given as functions of composition and strand surface temperature.     

Mathematical modelling of heat transfer in horizontal continuous thin strip casting of steel on a multi-layered casting bed

Presentation of the stages of mathematical modelling technique of heat transfer process in a horizontal continuous thin strip casting of steel on a multi-layered bed. Analytical solution of the mechanistic model of the process. Also presentation of a balance between sensible and latent heat of the metal, and radiation losses from the upper surface and conduction through the “substrate”. Calculation of the time to achieve complete solidification. Results from the model and comparison with experimental data.     

连铸结晶器内渣膜形成及传热的研究现状

介绍了模拟结晶器内渣膜形成的实验方法, 综述了国内外学者在保护渣传热方面所做的研究工作, 包括固态渣膜的界面热阻、保护渣的导热系数、辐射传热以及渣膜的光学性质, 并提出了今后在渣膜形成及传热研究中有待进一步完善的内容和方向.现有的研究结果表明利用热丝法可以对渣膜的形成过程进行原位观察, 采用水冷铜探头法可以获取用于研究渣膜微观组织的固态渣膜样品.渣膜的界面热阻在0.0002~0.002 m2·K·W-1之间.在800℃以下, 保护渣的导热系数在1.0~2.0 W·m-1·K-1范围内, 且随温度的升高而逐渐增加.渣膜中的晶体一方面可以增加渣膜的界面热阻, 另一方面可以提高固态渣膜的反射率, 起到降低辐射热流的作用.此外, 过渡族金属氧化物的加入以及固态渣膜中弥散分布的微小颗粒也能改变渣膜的光学性质, 从而影响通过渣膜的辐射传热.      

薄板坯连铸结晶器热流分布研究

通过结晶器温度检测软件在线采集了武汉钢铁(集团)公司CSP结晶器铜板的温度,根据热电偶实测温度及连铸机冷却参数,计算了浇铸不同断面SPHC钢时不同拉速的热流值,并建立了结晶器热流的二维分布模型。结果表明,结晶器受水口射流影响,热流与温度在宽面横向分布很不均匀,表现出明显的双峰结构。相同工况条件下在铜板宽度方向上温度和热流密度分布具有相似性,距离弯月面越近,热流密度和温度的波动越大,弯月面处热流密度最大值达到4.6 MW/m2。     

Influence of running water on the heat transfer in continuous casting

The influence of running water on spray water cooling is experimentally looked at with the aid of a stationary working experimental plant. The running water was fed separately to the sample from above as a defined water film by using a slot nozzle. In addition to the spray nozzle pre-pressure, the velocity of the running water at the slot nozzle exit and the temperature of the running water, the angle of inclination of the sample plane was also varied. By employing three different full cone spray nozzles and setting different nozzle distances, a range of 450 to 2000 l/(m²·min) of the water impingement density was covered. To estimate the marginal influences, samples of 20 × 20 mm as well as 30 × 30 mm were used. Studies of initially pure spray water cooling without the additional running water film revealed a dependency of the heat transfer on the spray water impingement density, the spray water velocity and also the angle of inclination of the sample plane. For nozzles with a low water impingement density, a superimposing of a running water film on the spray water revealed a sharp increase in the heat transfer coefficients compared to pure spray water cooling. For nozzles with a high water impingement density and, therefore, with a high heat transfer already even for pure spray water cooling, the increase of the heat transfer coefficient is minor.     

Mechanisms of initial melt/substrate heat transfer pertinent to strip casting

An experimental study of initial solidification of 304 stainless steel melts in direct contact with copper substrates under conditions approximating the meniscus region of a strip caster has highlighted the importance of interfacial heat transfer during the first 30 ms of contact. The mechanisms governing initial heat transfer are strongly influenced by dynamic wetting phenomena. This has been illustrated experimentally by the effects of the buildup and melting of oxide films such as manganese silicates at the interface during successive immersions, by the role of surface active agents such as tellurium in the melt, and by the use of specially designed substrate textures to control contact areas. This article is based on a presentation made in the “Geoffrey Belton Memorial Symposium,” held in January 2000, in Sydney, Australia, under the joint sponsorship of ISS and TMS.     

Influence of oxide scales on heat transfer in secondary cooling zones in the continuous casting process,part 1: heat transfer through hot-oxidized steel surfaces cooled by spray-water

For the cooling of steels in the continuous casting process it is necessary to know the heat transfer from the solidifying strand to the cooling water to enable calculation of the secondary cooling zone. Previous investigations have only determined this variable for non-oxidizing metallic surfaces. For many steels cast in practice, however, the formation of oxide layers prevents a direct transfer of the previous results. In the present research the influence of the oxide layers on the heat transfer has been investigated for spay-water cooling. Results have shown that heat transfer in the range of stable film boiling is determined for a constant spray-water temperature in the same way as for non-oxidizing metals, i.e. using the water mass flux density ·_s only. The changed surface qualities resulting from the oxide formation cause the Leidenfrost temperature, however, to shift considerably to higher values.     

转杯粒化装置中高炉渣颗粒换热特性模拟

针对转杯粒化装置中高炉渣颗粒飞行和撞击壁面的换热过程,采用CFD-DEM方法中的欧拉模型对粒化仓中的气固两相流动和换热进行了三维瞬态模拟,考虑了流体相与固体相之间的动量交换和固体相对流体相的影响,主要研究了不同的颗粒直径、颗粒质量流量和空气进口速度对粒化装置内部温度分布及气固换热效果的影响.结果表明:粒化装置内部的高温...     

结晶器与铸坯间保护渣传热性能的研究现状

概述了铸坯与结晶器间的保护渣传热,总结了国内外近年来关于保护渣传热检测方法和传热计算的研究现状,并指出现有保护渣传热性能检测方法为一维传热原理,可以反映保护渣的基本传热性能并作为选择保护渣的依据.认为目前的研究只对保护渣的渣膜结构进行了简单的处理或忽略了结晶器弯月面区域的保护渣传热,需进一步加强铸坯与结晶器间保护渣的传...     

冷却工艺对高速连铸结晶器传热的影响

为了分析冷却水的供水工艺对结晶器铜壁和冷却水温度场的影响,基于结晶器铜壁热电偶实测温度,构建铸坯/铜壁传热反问题和铜壁/冷却水正问题数学模型,采用ANSYS建立铸坯/铜壁/冷却水数值分析模型,对薄板坯结晶器温度场进行耦合传热分析,解析不同冷却工艺对高速薄板坯连铸结晶器内传热行为的影响.结果表明,水缝内冷却水流动方向对铜...     

On heat transfer and liquid mixing in the continuous casting of steel

Calculations are presented for the interaction of heat and fluid flow in the continuous casting of steel. In Part 1 it is shown that for typical superheat conditions the solidification process and the profile of the solidus line are relatively insensitive to the flow pattern in the molten phase. In Part 2 expressions are developed for predicting the dispersion of a tracer added to the molten pool, in the solidified slab. This dispersion is markedly affected by the flow pattern, thus tracer techniques may be used for characterizing the conditions in the molten pool. The effect of mixing on the floatability of inclusions is examined in Part 3. It is found that mixing may appreciably modify the relationship between particle size and floatability.     

连铸碱性中间包覆盖剂的实验室研究

本文介绍了包钢连铸中间包覆盖剂配方的设计思路及设计原则,并对所设计的碱性中间包覆盖剂的各种物化性能,测试方法作了介绍,表明这种碱笥覆盖剂保温性能好,同时具有较强的防止钢液二次氧化及吸收Ａ１２Ｏ３等非金属夹杂的能力,对中间包内衬及长水口侵蚀也较小。     

板坯连铸过程凝固传热数值计算与工艺优化

连铸过程铸坯凝固传热规律与铸坯质量、连铸过程顺行密切相关.针对某厂连铸板坯凝固传热过程开展数值计算研究,结果表明,在二冷6～8区及空冷区开始阶段存在较明显的回温趋势,且坯壳温度较高,8区末铸坯宽面中心温度达到约1032℃.此外,轻压下系统热跟踪模型计算凝固终点位置较靠前,压下区间有待优化.针对上述问题,将二冷水量由0....     

不锈钢板坯连铸结晶器内钢/渣界面行为模拟及卷渣分析

基于湍流模型与多相流模型的耦合,应用液面追踪技术(VOF),实现了对不锈钢板坯连铸结晶器内流体流动及钢/渣界面行为的模拟计算,并用水模拟结果进行了对比验证,在此基础上计算出实际的钢/渣界面特征及界面上钢/渣行为.通过分析水口的侧孔形状、出口倾角、水口浸入深度、结晶器宽度以及拉速对钢/渣界面特征及界面上钢/渣行为影响规律,指出了钢/渣界面行为与卷渣是密切相关的,进而探讨了钢/渣界面及卷渣形成的机理.     

AH32钢板坯连铸凝固传热过程数值模拟

建立了板坯连铸过程中,垂直拉坯方向传热的二维切片跟踪铸坯凝固数学模型.利用有限元软件ANSYS对板坯连铸凝固过程进行了瞬态热分析,并进行了射钉实验验证.对不同的过热度,不同的拉速(1.0和1.1 m/min)条件下,切片各点随时间变化的温度分布,以及铸坯壳厚度进行计算,并确定凝固末端位置.结果表明:随着过热度、拉速的增加,凝固末端位置距离结晶器液面变远;在合理的范围之内,拉速增加,铸坯表面温度增加,有助于防止铸坯表面裂纹的产生及提高板坯的生产效率.     

基于正交法的高炉渣排碱试验研究

为了改善高炉渣的排碱能力,通过正交法设计试验研究了不同炉渣碱度、MgO含量、Al2O3含量和温度对炉渣排碱能力的影响,并使用Factsage软件对试验用渣的黏度进行了计算。结果表明：碱度是影响炉渣排碱能力最重要的因素,温度次之,MgO、Al2O3含量变化对试验结果的影响较小;温度、碱度、MgO含量的升高都不利于排碱;具有较强排碱能力并可满足高炉冶炼要求的炉渣条件是：碱度R为0．90,MgO质量分数为8．00％,Al2O3质量分数为15．。0％～17．00％,炉渣温度为1500℃。