泡沫橡胶类材料有限变形粘弹性本构模型

运用线性粘弹性力学理论,借助十四面体单元推导泡沫橡胶类材料的有限变形粘弹性本构模型,并利用本构方程对材料粘弹性力学行为进行粘滞响应分析。基于泡沫硅橡胶的单轴压缩试验结果,拟合确定了本构模型的参数。试验验证以及误差分析表明,该模型能够较合理地描述泡沫橡胶类材料在不同密度下的有限变形粘弹性力学行为。     

Long‐term mechanical and viscoelastic behavior of constitutive polymeric materials used for magnetic tapes

Creep‐compliance behavior of specially prepared magnetic tape materials was measured at elevated temperature levels to facilitate the use of a time–temperature superposition (TTS) process. This TTS process allowed for the construction of master curves at a reference temperature of 30°C, which were used to predict the long‐term viscoelastic behavior of the magnetic particle (MP) and metal‐evaporated (ME) tapes used in the study. The specially prepared samples allowed for the use of a rule of mixtures technique to determine the long‐term creep compliance of the front coat and back coat used for the magnetic tapes. To test the validity of this procedure, the front coat, substrate, and back coat data determined through separate experiments were used to calculate creep compliances of simulated tapes. These calculated creep‐compliance curves were then compared to measured data for the actual magnetic tapes. After determination and validation of the front coat, substrate, and back coat creep‐compliance data sets, they were used to determine strain distributions when the tapes are stored in a reel. Strain distributions were calculated for two cases, which reflect how tapes are stored in different drives: (1) the front coat (magnetic + nonmagnetic layer) is oriented away from the hub, and (2) the front coat is oriented toward the hub. Results showed that strain in the critical front coat of a tape is lower if it is stored with the front coat oriented toward the hub. In addition, the use of the creep‐compliance data showed that the MP tape front coat is more susceptible to creep than the ME tape front coat. The strain distributions in future magnetic tapes were also simulated by reducing the thickness and compliance of the layers. Results showed the importance of using lower compliance front coat, substrate, and back coat materials if thinner tapes are to be developed to increase the volume of information that can be stored in a magnetic tape reel. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1142–1160, 2001     

蜡沉积厚度随时间变化规律的模型研究

在分析蜡沉积过程的基础上, 基于一定的假设条件, 建立了蜡沉积厚度随时间变化的模型。通过提取蜡沉积厚度随时间变化曲线的数据, 拟合了模型中的待求常数, 并对模型计算值和实验值的吻合程度进行了分析。结果表明:对数模型、指数模型及动平衡模型均能反映蜡沉积厚度随时间的变化趋势, 对数模型与实验值的吻合程度最好;指数模型和动平衡模型所得的结果与实验结果的吻合程度相当, 在沉积初期, 指数模型的吻合程度高于动平衡模型, 但当沉积时间接近实验规定时间时, 动平衡模型的吻合程度高于指数模型;所建立的模型简单实用, 能够反映沉积厚度随时间变化的增长快慢趋势, 不同实验数据应用时仍需对各模型的计算精度进一步验证, 从而使得选用模型能更好地符合实际。     

Relationship between interfacial phenomena and viscoelastic behavior of laminated materials

A literature review shows that the main arguments used to describe viscoelastic behavior of polymer composites are the existence of an interphase and/or physico-chemical matrix-reinforcement interactions. The purpose of this investigation was to study the influence of both of these parameters on the viscoelastic behavior of a sandwich structure. Using a theoretical approach of the mechanical coupling between phases in laminate composites, the interphase influence is shown to be negligible. In order to understand the influence of an interphase on viscoelastic features of laminates, some metal/polymer/metal laminates were processed under various conditions to obtain different degrees of metal/polymer adhesion. Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy tests reveal that both the amplitude of the main loss factor peak and the low temperature apparent modulus increase with the adhesion. Finite elements calculations show that discontinuities of displacements at the metal/polymer interface explain the loss peak changes. The continuity of displacements is ensured only from a threshold value of the peel energy.     

橡胶材料黏弹本构关系研究综述

主要从橡胶材料黏弹性能的影响因素、黏弹本构模型及与黏弹本构关系相关的试验3个方面对国内外橡胶材料黏弹本构关系的研究现状进行了系统的总结和分析,并对橡胶材料黏弹本构关系未来的发展方向提出了建议。     

美式落锤冲击试验在PVC-U异型材冲击性能评价中的应用

介绍了采用美式落锤法对PVC-U异型材的冲击性能进行量化评价的试验方法。结果表明,美式落锤冲击试验受很多因素(如温度、试样尺寸和试样的成型工艺)影响。     

Energy harvesting performance of viscoelastic polyacrylic dielectric elastomers

Viscoelasticity dissipates the mechanical energy, leading to a reduction of energy conversion efficiency in both dielectric elastomer (DE) actuators and generators. By measuring the uniaxial tension-recovery experiments of very-high-bond-based DE, this article quantitatively presents the effect of viscoelasticity on energy harvesting performance of DE generators. By employing a DE strip energy harvester with constant surface charge, an analytical model is established to calculate the generated electrical energy and energy conversion efficiency. Numerical results demonstrate that viscoelasticity has a significant influence on DE energy harvesting performance.     

Nonlinear viscoelastic modeling of soft polymers

A one‐dimensional phenomenological constitutive model, representing the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of polymers is developed in this study. The proposed model is based on a modification of the well‐known three element standard solid model. The linear dashpot is replaced by an Eyring type one, while the nonlinearity is enhanced by a nonlinear, strain dependent spring constant. The new constitutive model was proved to be capable of capturing the main aspects of nonlinear viscoelastic response, namely, monotonic and cyclic loading, creep and stress relaxation, with the same parameter values. Model validation was tested on the experimental results at various modes of deformation for two elastomeric type materials, performed elsewhere. A very good agreement between model simulations and experimental data was obtained in all cases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42141.     

Highly thermal conductive graphene/carbon nanotubes films with controllable thickness as thermal management materials

As electronic devices continue to be integrated and miniaturized, the increased system power density leads to a continued increase in operating temperature, ultimately leading to degradation of stability and performance. Therefore, the development of thermal management materials with superior thermal conductivity is urgently needed. Herein, full-carbon graphitized graphene/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (gGC) films with controlled thickness were fabricated through compositing followed by compaction. The appropriate amount of CNTs doping enlarges the crystallinity and improves the stacking order of the composite film during the structural evolution process. Ultimately, the thermal synergy between CNTs and graphene sheets accelerates the propagation of phonons and endows the free-standing gGC film with good performance. The flexible gGC film shows an in-plane thermal conductivity of 1280.3 W/mK, an electrical conductivity of 6559 S/cm, and the foldability of 10,000 times at a thickness of 30 μm. Moreover, gGC films with controllable thicknesses were successfully prepared through a convenient “multilayer compaction” strategy, which allows thick gGC films to maintain a high level of thermal dissipation, while effectively mitigating the rapid decline in thermal conductivity of the films with increasing thickness. This work provides a general method for the realization of large-scale and convenient production of high-thermally conductive thick films.     

Formation of viscoelastic droplets in a step-emulsification microdevice

In this article, polyethylene oxide glycerin aqueous solution is used as the dispersed phase, and cyclohexane is used as the continuous phase to study the formation mechanism of viscoelastic fluid droplets in a step-emulsification microdevice. The formation process of viscoelastic droplets mainly includes three stages: two-dimensional expansion stage, necking stage, and pinch-off stage. The elasticity has basically no effect on the two-dimensional expansion stage, but it can delay the process of the necking stage and cause the beading phenomenon of droplets in the pinch-off stage. The results show that the effect of elasticity on the droplet size is weak, but it cannot be ignored. Moreover, the elasticity will be coupled with the viscous force to reduce the operating range of the dripping regime. Finally, the influence of the elasticity on the formation of satellite droplets is analyzed, and the method to prevent the influence of satellite droplets is proposed.     

Gas-liquid mass transfer in the bubble column with viscoelastic liquid

The effects of liquid-phase viscosity, pseudoplasticity, and viscoelasticity on gas-liquid mass transfer in a bubble column have been investigated using aqueous solutions of sucrose, xanthan, polyacrylamide, and mixtures of xanthan and polyacrylamide. The elastic properties, considered in the form of the Weissenberg number, decreased the volumetric mass transfer coefficient by a factor of up to 5. The effect was strong even at low Weissenberg numbers encountered in many liquids, the elasticity of which is usually neglected.     

Modeling the response of monofilament nylon cords with the nonlinear viscoelastic, simplified potential energy clock model

The Simplified Potential Energy Clock Model has been previously shown to predict accurately glassy polymer responses such as yield, creep, enthalpy relaxation, and physical aging. It was now used to predict the behavior of monofilament Nylon fiber. Even though the fibers showed process-induced anisotropy, the simpler isotropic model could be used to describe uniaxial tests. The model predictions again accurately predicted a wide range of Nylon experimental data.     

Impact of small particles onto rubber surfaces at glancing angles

A study was made of the impact of small particles onto a rubber surface at glancing angles of incidence. The aim of the study was to investigate the validity of assumptions made in a model of erosive wear of rubber [J. C. Arnold and I. M. Hutchings, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 25, A222 (1992)], though it also provided an interesting insight into the impact mechanics of small particles (between 320 and 110 μm) at high velocities (up to 160 m s⁻¹). The study centred around the direct measurement of the impulses (normal and tangential) imparted by a known quantity of erodent striking an unfilled natural-rubber surface. These impulses were measured using a strain-gauged system once the accelerating airstream had been diverted using the Coanda effect. This information, coupled with values of the impact length and width (from microscopic studies), enabled the following values to be determined: rebound resilience, coefficient of friction, average frictional force, time of contact, and predicted rebound angle. We found that viscoelastic effects were of considerable importance, with a certain degree of coupling between the normal and tangential components of the impact. Surprisingly little difference was seen when comparing spherical glass beads with angular silica particles. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 2199–2210, 1997     

Fluorescence technique to study thickness effect on dissolution of latex films

In situ steady‐state fluorescence (SSF) measurements were used for studying dissolution of Latex films in real time. Latex films with various thicknesses are formed from pyrene (P) labeled poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) latex particles, sterically stabilized by polyisobutylene (PIB). Annealing of latex films were performed above T_g at 220°C temperature for 60 min. UV‐Visible (UVV) spectrometer was used to measure the transparency of latex films. It was observed that thicker films formed more opaque films than thinner films. Heptane (20%), chloroform (80%) mixture was used as a dissolution agent. Diffusion of pyrene labeled PMMA chains was monitored in real time by the change of pyrene fluorescence intensity, I_P in the polymer‐solvent mixture. Diffusion coefficients, D, and relaxation constants, k₀, of PMMA chains were measured and found to be strongly dependent on the latex films thicknesses. It is observed that thicker and opaque films dissolved much faster than the thinner and transparent films. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 1087–1095, 2000     

The effect of amylose content from differing botanical sources on the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of semidilute solutions of maize starches*

The effect of the addition of potato or maize on the shear-thickening behavior of semidilute solutions of maize was examined. The experiments were conducted at 25°C using 90/10 weight–weight dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)–water as the solvent. The addition of amylose to maize amylopectin reduced and eventually eliminated the observed shear-thickening behavior of maize amylopectin. When potato amylose was combined with maize amylopectin, the shear-thickening phenomenon was observed up to a total amylose content of 10% by weight. For maize amylose, the shear-thickening behavior was eliminated at an amylose content of 5%. Maize amylose is thus more effective in inhibiting the formation of the structure formed after the shear-thickening region than potato amylose. This result indicates that the amylose obtained from potatoes interacts differently, or entangles differently, with maize amylopectin than does the amylose obtained from maize. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 2429–2436, 1999     

Electromechanical performance of a viscoelastic dielectric elastomer balloon

In this paper, we present a theoretical study about the effect of viscoelasticity on the electromechanical performance of a dielectric elastomer (DE) balloon. The thermodynamic dissipative model is given and the equation of motion is deduced by a free-energy method. It is found that when the balloon is only subject to the pressure or a static voltage, it may reach a state of equilibrium after the viscoelastic relaxation. When the static voltage exceeds a certain value, the balloon will never reach the equilibrium and be in failure eventually. When the voltage is sinusoidal, the balloon will resonate at multiple frequencies. The study result indicates that the natural frequency is independent on the viscoelasticity. However, the presence of viscoelasticity can reduce the amplitude and increase the mean stretch of the DE.     

Manufacturing and impact behavior of syntactic foam

Syntactic foam made of glass hollow microspheres and epoxy vinyl ester resin is manufactured by using a new manufacturing method and its impact behavior is studied in terms of protection parameters. Experimental results for impact force and stress as functions of specimen diameter were found to be in reasonable agreement with predictions based on a model. Also, some compression properties of the foam were investigated. It was found that there is similarity in compressive failure mode between pseudostatic and impact loadings. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 1324–1328, 2000     

胶层厚度对拉伸试样应力分布影响的数值分析

运用弹塑性有限元法研究了胶层厚度对承受拉伸载荷的对接接头胶层内应力分布的影响．三维有限元法数值分析的结果表明，随胶层厚度减小，胶层中正应力SZ与剪应力SYZ的分布趋于均匀；而对正应力SY而言，胶层厚度为0．15mm时，其边缘峰值应力最低。     

Linear viscoelastic behavior of compatibilized PMMA/PP blends

In this work, the morphology and linear viscoelastic behavior of PMMA/PP blends to which a graft copolymer PP‐g‐PMMA has been added was studied. The copolymer concentration varied from 1 to 10 wt % relative to the dispersed phase concentration. The rheological data were used to infer the interfacial tension between the blended components. It was observed that PP‐g‐PMMA was effective as a compatibilizer for PMMA/PP blends. For PP‐g‐PMMA concentration added below the critical concentration of interface saturation, two rheological behaviors were observed depending on the blend concentration: for 70/30 blend, the storage modulus, at low frequencies, increased as compared to the one of the unmodified blend; for 90/10 blend, it decreased. For 90/10 blend, the relaxation spectrum presented an interfacial relaxation time related to the presence of the compatibilizer (τ_β). For PP‐g‐PMMA concentrations added above the critical concentration of interface saturation, the storage modulus of all blends increased as compared with the one of the unmodified blend. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013