高强机械用钢表面条带状红铁皮产生原因及机制

 系统研究了高强机械用钢频发的条带状红铁皮缺陷,采用场发射SEM及EPMA研究了铁皮的表面及截面情况,通过热轧生产线生产情况分析了条带状铁皮的间距特性。结果表明,条带状红铁皮处铁皮明显增厚,铁皮与基体界面存在硅的富集区;而铁皮的条带状间距距离与精除鳞喷嘴间距存在明显的对应性,因此,该缺陷与精除鳞水喷射搭界面的除鳞效果不佳密切相关。应用差热分析仪对钢种的氧化特性分析发现,精除鳞前温度区间为铁皮增厚波峰区域,加上Fe2SiO4相的形成增加了铁皮的黏附力,因而极易造成精除鳞的困难。在机制研究的基础上,制定了热轧生产控制要求及钢种硅控制方案,成功消除了条带状红铁皮的产生。     

Oxidation and Characterization of As‐Cast TRIP Steel Surfaces

This paper presents recent results from a collaborative study between the Department of Ferrous Metallurgy at RWTH‐Aachen University and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University on high temperature oxide scale formation of Al and Si containing as cast TRIP steel surfaces under conditions similar to that of continuous casting and hot rolling. A combination of experimental studies consisting of (i) electron microprobe analysis and metallographic studies of the cast steel surface, (ii) direct visualization of the oxide formation through high temperature confocal scanning microscopy and (iii) Tammann furnace oxidation tests were carried out. It was found that internal oxidation of Al and Si takes place along the inter‐dendritic boundaries, where Al and Si were found to have been enriched after casting. The scale formed on the steel surface was a complex mixture of solid fayalite ((FeO_n)₂(SiO₂)), wüstite (FeO_n), magnetite (Fe₃O₄), hematite (Fe₂O₃), and Fe‐particulates and the rate of scale growth appears to have been controlled at high temperatures by the formation of a liquid slag layer that allows for rapid oxygen transport to the steel/scale interface.     

A Study of Friction in Non‐Lubricated High Temperature Steel Processing

The effect of friction on the cost of steel rolling and the overall quality of the strip has been overlooked in favour of more controllable aspects, such as temperature and microstructure. When friction is considered, predominantly empirical relationships are employed that have been developed in smaller scale experiments and are not necessarily applicable to the industrial scale. An advancement to the adhesion theory of friction has been developed by Straffelini that links friction with material properties, which compares well with pin‐on‐disk experiments at room temperature using metallic tribo‐pairs. For the purposes of creating conditions analogous to hot rolling of steel, a tool steel (100Cr6) dowel and an oxidised steel sample have been used in a reciprocating friction tester to create a relatively controlled environment in which to study friction at high temperature. The simplified adhesive theory was found to agree well with these experimental results, demonstrating that this theory can be applied to a broader range of conditions than previously tested against.     

Processing of Copper‐Containing Steel via Strip Casting ‐ a Laboratory Evaluation

Copper in recycled steel made from scrap is well known to create problems of hot shortness during rolling. The present study was carried out to ascertain how the situation could be improved when using strip casting in conjunction with direct hot rolling. This has included steels having copper contents up to 2.5 wt.% and in some cases also tin levels up to 0.1 wt.%. Laboratory simulations have been carried out to simulate the process conditions from the outlet of the strip caster through hot rolling, and the resulting materials have been examined with regard to their hot cracking behaviour and microstructural condition. Mechanical properties have also been measured on samples having different simulated coiling temperatures after hot deformation. Conditions can be established to avoid hot shortness even in steel containing high copper contents, due to the short time that is available for oxidation. Depending on the steel composition and coiling temperature, it is possible to achieve very significant strengthening due to precipitation of copper‐rich particles.     

高铝双相钢氧化特性规律

采用酸洗、冷轧以及高温氧化模拟试验等分析方法,对高铝双相钢的热卷表面铁皮特点以及生长规律进行分析。结果表明,高铝双相钢热轧板表面易于形成鱼鳞状红铁皮缺陷,冷轧后表面容易产生色差形貌,影响表面质量;由于钢中铝元素添加较多,铁皮的界面可捕捉到明显的铝元素富集形貌,在1300℃模拟试样的铁皮界面Al2O3形成黑色颗粒带,颗粒带内铝质量分数最高可达18%以上;铁皮内的铝元素富集情况随着温度的降低逐渐下降,作用层厚度减薄;基于对高铝钢铁皮形成的机理分析提出降低出炉温度、适当降低过程温度等手段来控制鱼鳞状铁皮形成。     

Metallurgical Development in Steel‐plant‐internal Multi‐injection Hot Metal Desulphurisation

The use of thermodynamic, statistical, and light and electron‐optical microscopic methods has made it possible to analyse the course of reactions during steel‐plant‐internal hot metal desulphurisation. The theoretical dependence between oxygen and sulphur activity has been used to develop an EMF‐measurement‐based technique for determining the sulphur content as the hot metal is desulphurised. The absence of magnesium sulphide from the collection of phases in the final slag because of the greater stability and secondary formation of calcium sulphide has been explained with the aid of thermo‐chemical calculations.     

Effect of Titanium Addition on As Cast Structure and Macrosegregation of High‐Carbon High‐Chromium Steel

In casting heavy ingots of high‐chromium high‐carbon cold work steels, macrosegregation develops in the center of the ingot, causing difficulties during subsequent hot working. Heat transfer and solidification of an industrial scale high‐carbon high‐chromium steel ingot was simulated and thereafter a laboratory scale representative ingot was designed to model the solidification of the industrial scale ingot. Titanium in the range of 0.3–1% was added to the high‐chromium high‐carbon (12%Cr–2%C) steel during melting process. Microstructures, macrosegregation and phase formations were studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, wave dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, optical emission spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Addition of 0.3% titanium was sufficient to diminish the macrosegregation; however it did not have a significant effect on the grain size. Addition of 0.7 and 1% titanium had a substantial effect on grain size in the longitudinal direction and refined the primary carbides structure. The formation of small TiC carbides that precipitated before solidification of liquid iron acted as nuclei for primary pro‐eutectic austenite grains.     

State‐of‐the‐Knowledge on Coating Systems for Hot Stamped Parts

In the present contribution, recent developments of coatings for hot stamped steels are reviewed. The use of bare steel in the initial hot stamping technology is discussed, including the application of lubricant oils which are used as oxidation inhibitors on bare steel surfaces. The aluminized coatings are introduced, focusing on the microstructure evolution of aluminized coatings during the hot stamping process. An analysis of the cracking of the coating, caused by the formation of brittle Fe–Al intermetallic phases and their high temperature deformation, is presented. The development of a ductile aluminide coating formed during the diffusion treatment of an aluminized coating is discussed. This aluminide coating can endure both high temperature oxidation and severe plastic deformation. The recently developed galvanized and galvannealed coatings are also reviewed and the influence of the gas atmosphere during the heating cycle on the coating stability is emphasized. The solutions which have been proposed to avoid liquid Zn‐induced embrittlement are analyzed. The use of Zn–Ni alloy coating, which is characterized by a higher melting temperature, is reviewed. The behavior of sol–gel hybrid coatings on hot stamped steels is discussed. The possible use of the recently developed Al–Zn alloy coatings, dual layer Zn–Al and Zn–Al–Mg coatings is also introduced. The application of Zn–Al–Mg post‐process galvanizing is also discussed. In each case, all available information related to the weldability, paintability, and corrosion resistance of the coating systems is also reported. Finally, the advantages and technical challenges associated with each type of coating are reviewed.     

New thermomechanical strategy for production of high strength low alloyed multiphase steel showing transformation induced plasticity effect

Abstract

In the past few years a lot of research was carried out on the development of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) assisted multiphase steels. Two principal ways were proposed: (i) controlled cooling during the hot rolling process to obtain hot rolled TRIP assisted multiphase steels and (ii) the combination of intercritical annealing and isothermal holding at bainite formation temperatures during continuous annealing resulting in cold rolled TRIP assisted steel products. Unfortunately, both thermomechanical methods proposed require a high silicon level to inhibit cementite precipitation to avoid a loss of stability for the metastable retained austenite. In addition, due to high silicon levels, red scale surface defects appear and only moderate hot dip galvanisability is possible. In this paper a new thermomechanical strategy for the production of high strength low alloyed TRIP assisted multiphase steels with good hot dip galvanisability and without red scale defects will be presented.     

Phase Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of 0.36 wt% C High Strength TRIP‐Assisted Steel

Phase evolution in a 0.36 wt% C steel has been studied by thermodynamic calculation and dilatometric analysis with an aim to achieve high strength TRIP‐assisted steel with bainitic microstructure. The equilibrium phase fraction calculated as the function of temperature indicated the formation of δ‐ferrite (≈98%) at 1417°C. In contrast, similar calculation under para‐equilibrium condition exhibited transformation of δ‐ferrite to austenite at the temperature below 1300°C. During further cooling two‐phase (α+γ) microstructure has been found to be stable at the intercritical temperature range. The experimentally determined CCT diagram has revealed that adequate hardenability is achievable in the steel under continuous cooling condition at cooling rate >5°C s^?1. In view of the aforesaid results, the steel has been hot rolled and subjected to different process schedule conducive to the evolution of bainitic microstructure. The hot rolled steel has exhibited reasonably good tensile properties. However, cold deformation of the hot rolled sample followed by intercritical annealing and subsequent isothermal bainitic transformation has resulted in high strength (>1000 MPa) with attractive elongation due to the favorable work hardening condition during plastic deformation offered by the multiphase microstructure.     

Effect of alloying elements on the microstructure‐property relationship in thermomechanically processed C‐Mn‐Si TRIP steels

The effect of additions of Nb, Al and Mo to Fe‐C‐Mn‐Si TRIP steel on the final microstructure and mechanical properties after simulated thermomechanical processing (TMP) has been studied. The laboratory simulations of discontinuous cooling during TMP were performed using a hot rolling mill. All samples were characterised using optical microscopy and image analysis. The volume fraction of retained austenite was ascertained using a heat tinting technique and X‐ray diffraction measurements. Room temperature mechanical properties were determined by a tensile test. From this a comprehensive understanding of the structural aspect of the bainite transformation in these types of TRIP steels has been developed. The results have shown that the final microstructures of thermomechanically processed TRIP steels comprise ~ 50 % of polygonal ferrite, 7 ‐12 % of retained austenite, non‐carbide bainitic structure and martensite. All steels exhibited a good combination of ultimate tensile strength and total elongation. The microstructure‐property examination revealed the relationship between the composition of TRIP steels and their mechanical properties. It has been shown that the addition of Mo to the C‐Si‐Mn‐Nb TRIP steel increases the ultimate tensile strength up to 1020 MPa. The stability of the retained austenite of the Nb‐Mo steel was degraded, which led to a decrease in the elongation (24 %). The results have demonstrated that the addition of Al to C‐Si‐Mn‐Nb steel leads to a good combination of strength (~ 940 MPa) and elongation (~ 30 %) due to the formation of refined acicular ferrite and granular bainite structure with ~7 ‐ 8 % of stable retained austenite. Furthermore, it has been found that the addition of Al increases the volume fraction of bainitic ferrite laths. The investigations have shown an interesting result that, in the Nb‐Mo‐Al steel, Al has a more pronounced effect on the microstructure in comparison with Mo. It has been found that the bainitic structure of the Nb‐Mo‐Al steel appears to be more granular than in the Nb‐Mo steel. Moreover, the volume fraction of the retained austenite increased (12 %) with decreasing bainitic ferrite content. The results have demonstrated that this steel has the best mechanical properties (1100 MPa and 28 % elongation). It has been concluded that the combined effect of Nb, Mo, and Al addition on the dispersion of the bainite, martensite and retained austenite in the ferrite matrix and the morphology of these phases is different than effect of Nb, Mo and Al, separately.     

Hot Mechanical Properties of 24Cr‐14Ni High Alloy Billets

24Cr‐14Ni alloys have gained importance in high temperature applications. Because of δ‐ferrite and α phase formation, 24Cr‐14Ni austenitic stainless steel billets are difficult to hot work. The mechanical properties at high temperature of such stainless steels are investigated on a hot tensile test machine according to hot‐rolling conditions, under different time and temperature regimes. These 24Cr‐14Ni stainless steels were also hot rolled under various reduction ratios. The influences of the reduction ratio on the hot mechanical properties and phase transformation from δ‐ferrite into σ phase in 24Cr‐14Ni stainless steels are discussed in detail. The results obtained can be a contribution to improve the hot rolling of this high alloy stainless steel.     

Study on Isothermal Precipitation Behavior of Nano‐Scale (Nb,Ti)C in Ferrite/Bainite in 780 MPa Grade Ultra‐High Strength Steel

In order to precisely control the nano‐scale (Nb,Ti)C precipitate in hot‐rolled 780 MPa Nb–Ti microalloying C–Mn steel, isothermal precipitation behavior of nano‐scale (Nb,Ti)C precipitate in the ultra‐high strength steel was investigated by the thermal simulation experiments. The results indicated that defects of deformed supercooled austenite became the preferential nucleation sites of nano‐scale (Nb,Ti)C precipitate and ferrite, so there was a competition mechanism for austenitic defects between ferritic transformation and precipitate nucleation. Bainitic transformation could effectively freeze austenitic defects, and additional defects are formed because of volume expansion in bainitic transformation process, so bainitic transformation could promote precipitate nucleation. However, precipitate was impacted by both nucleation driving force and atom diffusibility, so the peak temperature of nano‐scale (Nb,Ti)C precipitate was 550°C. On the basis of the above theoretical results, hot rolling experiments results showed that when the coiling temperature was 550°C, the yield strength and tensile strength were 710 and 790 MPa, respectively, and the microstructure of hot‐rolled steels was mainly bainitic ferrite, and a large number of <10 nm nano‐scale (Nb,Ti)C precipitates were obtained. Precipitation strengthening contribution to reached 325 MPa.     

热轧高强带钢氧化铁皮的去除方法

热轧板坯中添加硅元素,有利于热轧产品强度提升、制造成本降低,同时提高产品的塑性及韧性。但是,随着硅元素的添加,热轧高强带钢的生产过程中会出现典型的红锈表面缺陷。研究表明,硅与铁生成的2FeO·SiO2化合物是形成红锈的主要原因。采用常规热连轧除鳞系统(系统压力约为22 MPa)很难将红锈彻底清除,要除掉这种氧化铁皮采取超高压除鳞系统除鳞(系统压力约为40 MPa)是最为有效的办法之一。重点介绍了针对去除红锈缺陷,超高压除鳞系统在新建热连轧生产线及热连轧生产线改造中的应用。     

Microstructure and properties of hot‐rolled high strength multiphase steels for automotive application

Effects of alloying with combinations of the elements Mo, Cr and B on the bainite transformation behaviour and microstructure of hot‐rolled high strength sheet steels microalloyed with mass contents of Ti and Nb, 0.05 or 0.15 % C and 1.5 % Mn have been studied. The relationships between microstructures formed in the steels coiled at various temperatures and their mechanical properties have been investigated. The 0.15 % C microalloyed steel alloyed with Mo,Cr and B with a complex bainitic microstructure was found to have distinctive high performance behaviour combining continuous yielding, high tensile strength and plasticity after coiling in a wide temperature region. The strain hardening of the micro‐constituents typical for the investigated steels has been analysed to have a better understanding of the mechanical properties of complex phase microstructures in low alloy ferrous alloys. It was found that bainitic ferrite with austenitemartensite islands as a second phase leads to high strength and adequate elongation. The features of the bainite formation in the Mo, Cr and B alloyed CMn steel microalloyed with Ti and Nb during slow cooling from temperatures between 650 and 550 °C was studied by dilatometry.     

热轧卷板氧化铁皮形成机理及控制策略的研究

为了解决热轧卷板生产中出现的表面红色氧化铁皮问题,进行了实验室除鳞热轧实验以及调整轧制工艺的工业性试验.利用扫描电镜和EDX能谱仪对热轧板表面红色氧化铁皮在除鳞及热轧过程中的演变行为进行了研究,找出了红色氧化铁皮的形成原因,并提出新的热轧工艺制度修改方案,即采用高除鳞点温度、高温轧制、低温卷取的技术路线.在生产实践中采用此工艺路线后,产品表面红色氧化铁皮基本上被完全去除,大大提高了鞍钢产品的实物质量.     

Maximum Copper and Tin Contents in LC‐steel Thin Strip ‐ Hot Shortness Model Calculations

For conventional casting processes low copper and tin contents have to be ensured in LC‐steel to avoid hot shortness. It is expected that higher cooling rates, e.g. in thin strip casting, permit higher copper and tin limits. Hot shortness occurs because of selective oxidation of the iron whereby the more noble copper is enriched at the steel‐oxide interface. A liquid metallic copper phase which wets the grain boundaries supports cracking during hot deformation. The enrichment of the liquid copper phase depends on the oxidation temperature: At low temperatures copper is solid, cannot wet the steel surface and is incorporated into the growing oxide layer. At mid temperatures (1083‐1177 °C) the copper phase is liquid, wets the grain boundaries of the steel surface and causes hot shortness. At high temperatures a liquid fayalitic slag is formed in the oxide layer if the steel contains silicon. The fayalitic phase occludes parts of the steel surface and removes copper from the steel surface; then hot shortness is reduced or even avoided. Other mechanisms to remove copper from the steel surface need the presence of Fe₃O₄ and Fe₂O₃ in the oxide layer. These iron oxides are not formed for short oxidation times where linear oxidation takes place. Diffusion of copper into the steel is too slow to reduce hot shortness if copper has an elevated concentration in the steel, e.g. 0.5 wt.‐%. Therefore, only the occlusion mechanism is of importance during linear oxidation. A model is established on the basis of these observations in order to predict an upper copper limit in dependence of the steel strip thickness (cooling behaviour) and the oxygen content in the cooling atmosphere (nitrogen‐oxygen mixture). The model is compared to experimental results from KIMAB which are presented in this issue. It is demonstrated that a copper layer thickness of 0.098 μm at the steel‐oxide interface is sufficient to cause cracks of a depth of more than 0.2 mm. For strip thicknesses below 5 mm a simple approximation can be used to predict the maximum copper content in LC‐steel to avoid hot shortness. For example, thin strip of a thickness of 2 mm will have no cracks (above 0.2 mm) even if 0.7 wt.‐% of copper is contained in the LC‐steel. For atmospheres with a reduced oxygen partial pressure even higher copper contents are possible. Tin is with short oxidation times not a problem concerning hot shortness, as shown by the KIMAB results. This may be explained by the much higher diffusivity of tin in iron compared to copper.     

The New Salzgitter Mannesmann Forschung Technology Center Continuous R&D Process Chain ‐ Systematic Product Development

Since the commissioning of the new technology center in November 2007, the research facility at the Salzgitter site has been equipped to simulate the entire process chain, ranging from the manufacture to processing of steel on the lab scale. A cold‐rolled hot‐dip galvanized dual‐phase steel of grade HCT780XD is used to illustrate in detail the function (manufacture, optimization and processing) of the new technology center. This includes (i) a special laboratory rolling mill for cold rolling and skin passing samples under strip tension; (ii) an annealing simulator; (iii) a hot‐dip galvanizing simulator and (iv) a high‐speed‐tryout forming press.     

780 MPa级双相钢条状色差缺陷成因及改善措施

 针对780 MPa级双相钢表面存在严重的条状色差缺陷,从微观特征方面进行系统研究。采用SEM及EPMA分析手段研究缺陷表面情况,结果表明,缺陷处微观形貌呈粗糙破碎状,破碎的密集程度和缺陷的严重程度正相关;能谱和电子探针证明,破碎处只存在轻微氧化。应用辉光手段分析表层富集情况,色差严重程度与硅、锰等元素富集峰值距表层深度密切相关,结合热轧截面分析富集现象在热轧以橄榄石相的形式存在,宏观表现为条状红铁皮,该铁皮经过酸洗后难以除尽,在后续冷轧时不同区域表层元素富集深度及破碎密集程度存在差异,表现为连退板表面的条状色差缺陷。在此研究基础上优化热轧和冷轧生产控制方案,最终有效降低或消除了连退板表面条状色差缺陷。     

Ti-IF钢铁素体轧制工艺表面氧化铁皮分析与研究

结合某热轧厂半连轧热连轧生产线的Ti-IF钢铁素体轧制工艺,重点阐述了Ti-IF钢铁素体区轧制工艺表面氧化铁皮的控制情况,通过SEM扫描电镜和XRD试验分析了铁素体轧制工艺下氧化铁皮的构成、结构以及带钢宽度方向上氧化铁皮的差异性,明确了铁素体轧制工艺下表面质量控制的优越性,尤其是在控制氧化烧损、减少氧化铁皮生成方面效果更突出。此工艺对提高轧线成材率具有较大优势,同时为冷轧工序减少氧化铁皮缺陷发生提供保障,为后续酸洗试验研究奠定了基础。