大展弦比夹芯翼大攻角颤振分析

首先导出大展弦比复合材料梁弯扭耦合模态的半解析解，对具有NACA0012翼型的大展弦比的夹芯翼，在模态空间内建立了运动方程。然后采用半经验的ONERA非线性气动力模型描述空气动力，形成了对大展弦比夹芯翼大攻角气动弹性问题的描述。通过结构求解器和空气动力求解器联合求解来完成非线性颧振边界的计算。为了验证非线性颤振边界的求解方法，还利用ONERA气动力模型中的线性部分建立了夹芯翼的线性颤振方程。结果表明：零翼根攻角时，线性颤振速度与用非线性颧振边界求解方法得到的颧振速度完全一致；颤振速度随翼根攻角的增加而迅速减小；复合层铺设方式对颤振速度有较大影响。     

一种静、动气动弹性的一体化计算方法

用欧拉方程计算非定常气动力，在时域内求解结构运动方程。根据计算得到的广义坐标时间响应的特性来判断机翼在给定来流条件下是否发生了颤振或静发散。如广义坐标的时间响应是收敛的．则扰动消失后的机翼平衡位置即为最终的机翼静变形，同时也得到了考虑弹性影响的机翼气动特性。从而得出飞机的静、动弹性一体化计算结果,与传统计算方法结果的比较说明了本文方法的有效性。     

Calculation of flutter and dynamic behavior of advanced composite swept wings with tapered cross section in unsteady incompressible flow

In this study, the aeroelastic stability and response of a swept composite wing in subsonic incompressible flow are investigated. The wing is modeled as an anisotropic tapered thin-walled beam with the circumferentially asymmetric stiffness structural configuration to establish proper coupling between bending and torsion. The structural model considers a number of nonclassical effects, such as transverse shear, material anisotropy, warping inhibition, nonuniform torsion, rotary inertia and three-dimensional strain effects. The aerodynamic strip method based on two-dimensional Wagner function in unsteady incompressible flow is used. Following the analysis, the mass, stiffness and the damping matrices of the nonconservative aeroelastic system are formed such that the extended Galerkin method and the separation of variables method can be employed. As a result, the coupled and linear governing system of dynamic equations is obtained. Then, by transforming matrices into the state-space and state-vector forms, the problem under study is finally converted into an eigenvalue problem. The flutter and the divergence speeds for various layer configurations with different geometric and material properties and fiber orientations are obtained. By solving the aforementioned equations of motion in the time domain, the aeroelastic responses of the tapered swept composite wing are computed. The obtained results are compared with the available literature.     

Scaling law and enhancement of lift generation of an insect-size hovering flexible wing

We report a comprehensive scaling law and novel lift generation mechanisms relevant to the aerodynamic functions of structural flexibility in insect flight. Using a Navier–Stokes equation solver, fully coupled to a structural dynamics solver, we consider the hovering motion of a wing of insect size, in which the dynamics of fluid–structure interaction leads to passive wing rotation. Lift generated on the flexible wing scales with the relative shape deformation parameter, whereas the optimal lift is obtained when the wing deformation synchronizes with the imposed translation, consistent with previously reported observations for fruit flies and honeybees. Systematic comparisons with rigid wings illustrate that the nonlinear response in wing motion results in a greater peak angle compared with a simple harmonic motion, yielding higher lift. Moreover, the compliant wing streamlines its shape via camber deformation to mitigate the nonlinear lift-degrading wing–wake interaction to further enhance lift. These bioinspired aeroelastic mechanisms can be used in the development of flapping wing micro-robots.     

A CFD/CSD Model for Transonic Flutter

In this paper, a rapid deforming technique is developed to generate dynamic, three-dimensional, multi-block, mesh. The second-order Runge-Kutta time-marching method is used to solve the structural equations of motion. A dual-time method and finite volume discretization are applied for the unsteady Euler/Navier-Stokes equations to calculate the aerodynamic forces, in which the physical time step is synchronous with the structural equations of motion. The Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model is adopted for a turbulent flow. Due to mass dissimilarity, exiting in flutter calculations for a compressible flow, methods of variable mass and variable stiffness are developed to calculate the dynamic pressure of flutter at the point of mass similarity, and the flutter characteristics are then obtained in accordance with similarity rule. For completeness, the calculated transonic flutter characteristic results are presented and discussed for a double-wing and an aircraft model.     

基于动态近似边界条件的气动弹性数值模拟

发展了一种利用欧拉方程计算非定常气动力的数值方法,通过在固定物面边界上满足动态近似边界条件计算出非定常气动力,避免了在每个时间步重新生成网格或需用动网格技术进行网格变形处理过程,提高了计算效率。运用这种方法计算了一系列非定常气动力算例,并与非结构动网格准确边界条件下的欧拉方程解和实验数据进行了比较,进一步分析了翼型俯仰角和马赫数对非定常气动力相对误差的影响。将气动力解算器与结构方程耦合进行气动弹性数值模拟,计算了跨音速具有S型颤振边界的二元气动弹性标准算例-Isogaiwing。算例结果表明,利用动态近似边界条件的欧拉方程具有简便、高效的特点,并能在小振幅情况下得到与精确边界条件精度相当的非定常流场解,还可以用于气动弹性分析。     

大展弦比机翼气动弹性的几何非线性效应

随着飞行器性能和需求的提高,大展弦比机翼逐渐成为新型飞行器的主要结构形式。这类机翼具有高升阻比、大变形、重量轻等特性,几何非线性效应明显。该文采用本征梁结构模型和有限状态入流气动模型,对典型大展弦比机翼的几何非线性效应开展结构的静、动态特性和气动弹性研究。分析结果发现:考虑几何非线性效应后,机翼的变形减小;颤振临界速度降低,并且与攻角相关;机翼的时域响应则表现为衰减振动、单频极限环和多频极限环振荡,不出现振动发散状态;与传统的线性气动弹性现象显著不同。该文的方法能够有效预示大展弦比机翼的气动弹性现象。     

风力机叶片挥舞/摆振的动力失速非线性气弹稳定性研究

研究动力失速风力机叶片的非线性气弹系统的稳定性。叶片结构采用具有挥舞/摆振耦合的典型截面模型,动力失速非线性气动载荷的计算采用基于半经验的ONERA非定常、非线性气动模型。为了减少由于线性化气弹稳定性分析模型带来的误差,直接采用时间域数值积分法,对叶片挥舞/摆振耦合非线性气弹方程组进行数值积分,研究叶片动力失速诱发颤振的稳定性,分析了缩减速度、预尖锥角的影响,并且针对目前文献很少报道的结构阻尼参数的影响问题进行了研究。     

Divergence and flutter of shear deformable aircraft swept wings subjected to roll angular velocity

The aeroelastic modeling and instability of shear deformable swept wings under roll angular velocity is investigated. The structural wing model was originally developed by Librescu and consists of non-classical effects such as warping inhibition and transverse shear flexibility. This model is used to study divergence and flutter instabilities when the aircraft wing is subjected to a roll moment created during a maneuver. The aeroelastic governing equations and boundary conditions are determined via Hamilton’s variational principle. The resulting partial differential equations are transformed into a set of eigenvalue/boundary value equations through the Extended Galerkin approach and solved by numerical integration. The effects of roll angular velocity, sweep angle, and wing aspect ratio on divergence and flutter speed are presented for classic and shear deformable wings. Validations of selected results against the previous publications are also supplied. Results indicate that roll angular velocities have a significant influence on the static and dynamic aeroelastic instability region.     

基于三维气动力的静气动弹性响应分析

提出了一种适用于飞行器初步设计和详细设计阶段的静气动弹性响应分析方法。基于该方法进行静气动弹性响应分析时三维气动力单独求解,再与结构进行耦合计算。在初步设计阶段气动力可选取由Euler方程、N-S方程或高阶面元法计算,详细设计阶段气动力可选取风洞试验气动力。该文对一大展弦比机翼进行了静气动弹性响应分析,算例中使用CFD...     

AEROELASTIC COMPUTATIONS IN THE TIME DOMAIN USING UNSTRUCTURED MESHES

A strategy for computing aeroelastic solutions is proposed. An implicit LU factorization scheme for solving the time-dependent Euler equations on unstructured triangular meshes is presented and coupled with a typical section aeroelastic wing model. Efficiency is improved by coupling the LU factorization scheme with a GMRES algorithm. In this case the LU scheme plays the role of a preconditioner. The fluid and structural models are simultaneously integrated in time in a fully coupled manner. The response of a structural section in different flow regimes is determined and flutter boundaries are computed. In the transonic regime and beyond the region of linear stability, the section is found to exhibit limit cycle behaviour. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非线性伺服气动弹性的时域数值模拟

运用非定常流场求解器 ,直接求解翼面作任意运动的时域非定常气动力。将拉氏域内的伺服传递函数转化成时域内的伺服状态方程。通过时域气动力、结构状态方程和伺服状态方程的耦合求解 ,实现伺服气动弹性的时域数值模拟。可以方便地模拟如跨音速、大迎角及高超音速等带有不同非线性的伺服气动弹性响应。通过数值模拟发现 ,伺服系统会降低原有气动弹性系统的稳定性 ,结构陷波器的引入可以减弱伺服系统和结构模态的耦合。应用算例给出了大迎角下翼面的极限环响应和 M=7时伺服颤振速度随迎角变化的非线性特性。     

Active aeroelastic flutter suppression of a supersonic plate with piezoelectric material

The active aeroelastic flutter properties of supersonic plates are investigated by using the piezoelectric material. The piezoelectric material has been extensively used for the active vibration control of engineering structures. In this paper, the piezoelectric material is further used to improve the flutter characteristics of the supersonic plates. The equation of motion of the plate and piezoelectric material system is obtained by Hamilton’s principle with the assumed mode method. The supersonic piston theory is used to evaluate the aerodynamic load. By applying an appropriate external control voltage to activate the piezoelectric material, a displacement and acceleration feedback control strategy is used to obtain the active stiffness and active mass. Solving the eigenvalue problem of the equation of motion, the natural frequencies and damping ratios of the structural system are obtained. Furthermore, the aeroelastic flutter bounds are calculated, and the effects of feedback control gains on the active aeroelastic flutter characteristics of the structure are analyzed in detail. From the numerical results it is seen that the active stiffness and active mass have prominent effects on the flutter characteristics of the supersonic plates. The aeroelastic flutter properties can be greatly improved by introducing the active stiffness and active mass into the supersonic plate with the piezoelectric patch. With the increase of the feedback control gains, the active aeroelastic flutter properties for the lower order modes of the supersonic plate are gradually improved.     

Structural optimization of an aeroelastically tailored composite flat plate made of woven fiberglass/epoxy

Summary Effects of aspect ratio, sweep angle, and stacking sequence of laminated composites were studied to find the optimized configuration of an aeroelastically tailored composite wing idealized as a flat plate in terms of flutter speed. The aeroelastic analysis has been carried out in the frequency domain. The modal approach in conjunction with doublet-lattice method (DLM) has been chosen for structural and unsteady aerodynamic analysis, respectively. The interpolation between aerodynamic boxes and structural nodes has been done using surface splines. To study the effect of stacking sequence the classical lamination theory (CLT) has been chosen. The parametric studies showed the effective ply orientation angle to be somewhere between 15 and 30 degrees, while the plates with lower aspect ratio seem to have higher flutter speeds. Forward-swept configurations show higher flutter speed, yet imposed by divergence constraints.     

考虑多模态气动耦合效应桥梁颤振TMD控制参数分析

基于多模态耦合颤振理论,导出带有被动调质阻尼器(TMD)桥梁多模态耦合颤振系统运动方程。通过PK-F法求解系统颤振运动方程,并编制了多模态耦合颤振TMD控制和参数分析程序。以崖门斜拉桥为例,分析了TMD对桥梁颤振控制的有效性和气动导数、结构参数、TMD参数等对颤振控制效果的影响,并讨论了TMD对桥梁颤振控制的机理。     

一种半隐式的气动弹性时域求解方法

针对结构小幅运动、流动强非线性的气动弹性问题,基于Adams 隐式方法发展了一种半隐式的线性多步法(SILMS)。将隐式的广义气动力项采用显式插值求解,结构项仍采用隐式格式计算,该方法融合了显式方法耦合简单和隐式方法稳定性好的特点。结构运动采用模态坐标描述,流动方程应用计算流体力学(CFD)技术求解,二者采用松耦合方法进行时域推进。算例计算了一个标准气动弹性模型(Isogai wing)的颤振结果,并与几种经典的时域模拟方法进行了比较,证明该方法具有效率高、稳定性好、精度高的优点。     

基于非线性气动力的失速颤振计算与试验研究

飞行器大攻角飞行过程中的动态失速会导致结构自激扭转或俯仰运动,造成非线性失速颤振现象,直接影响飞行器飞行安全与结构安全。该文对标准Leishman-Beddoes (L-B)非线性非定常气动力模型进行马赫数修正,使其适用于低速不可压情形的动态失速气动力计算,然后基于二元翼段气动弹性模型,采用Newmark时域推进方法进行工程失速颤振计算。依据计算结果设计并完成了二元翼段失速颤振风洞试验。试验结果表明,多数试验状态,基于L-B模型的失速颤振计算结果与试验结果均吻合较好。结果验证了修正的L-B模型可以用来进行低速大展弦比平直翼段翼型的失速颤振工程分析与极限环振荡评估,同时,失速颤振速度与极限环幅值受初始攻角的影响很大。     

结构参数对机翼非线性颤振系统混沌运动特性的影响

机翼非线性颤振系统中的混沌运动是一种复杂的非线性动力学现象,研究结构参数对机翼非线性颤振系统混沌运动特性的影响,对非线性动力学系统的混沌运动控制具有重要意义。建立具有立方型非线性操纵刚度的带操纵面二元机翼的颤振方程,采用数值积分方法分别获得该非线性颤振系统在不同阻尼水平和不同操纵刚度下的分岔特性图。对分岔特性图进行对比分析结果表明：操纵面的操纵刚度并不影响系统的混沌运动特性,而操纵面偏转自由度或机翼俯仰自由度上的阻尼将会影响系统混沌颤振区域内的周期窗口,进而影响系统的混沌运动特性,特别是两自由度中任意一个的阻尼水平减小到一定程度时,系统混沌颤振区域内的周期窗口都将会消失;但是,单一的减小某个自由度上的阻尼水平,会使机翼非线性颤振系统的颤振临界速度降低。为了使得该系统在混沌颤振区域内不产生周期窗口又不降低其颤振临界速度,可采用在减小俯仰自由度阻尼的同时增大操纵面偏转自由度阻尼的方法。     

超音速流中结构非线性二元机翼的复杂响应研究

基于活塞理论计算作用在二元机翼上的气动力，采用拉格朗日方程建立系统的运动微分方程。通过平衡点的Jacobi矩阵的特征方程求出了系统的Hopf分叉点，研究了带有立方非线性俯仰刚度二自由度机翼系统在典型参数下的稳定极限环颤振和混沌响应。结果表明，在超过一定的流体速度后，系统平衡点的个数及稳定性均发生了变化；随着流速的增大，在积分初始值较小时，系统出现混沌等极为复杂的响应。     

Supersonic flutter prediction of functionally graded conical shells

Aero-thermoelastic analysis of a simply supported functionally graded truncated conical shell subjected to supersonic air flow is performed to predict the flutter boundaries. The temperature-dependent properties of the FG shell are assumed to be graded through the thickness according to a simple rule of mixture and power-law function of volume fractions of material constituents. Through the thickness steady-state heat conduction is considered for thermal analysis. To perform the stability analysis, the general nonlinear equations of motion are first derived using the classical Love’s shell theory and the von Karman–Donnell-type of kinematic nonlinearity together with the linearized first-order piston theory for aerodynamic loading. Then the nonlinear equations of motion are linearized to obtain the linear equilibrium and aeroelastic equations. The equilibrium equations are solved using power series method to obtain the initial stresses induced by aerodynamic and thermal loadings. The results are then used as an input to the aeroelastic stability equations which are finally solved with the generalized Galerkin method. The flutter boundaries are obtained for the FG conical shells with different semi-vertex cone angles, different temperature distributions, and different volume fraction indices.