利用酒石制取天然右旋酒石酸铵工艺的研究

将葡萄酒厂下脚废料粗酒石用盐酸溶解 ,活性炭脱色 ,用氨水调节pH =3 5以析出精制酒石 ,然后将精制酒石依次与氨水和氯化钙作用生成酒石酸钙。将酒石酸钙过滤并洗去钾离子后 ,用盐酸溶解得到右旋酒石酸水溶液 ,其中的钙离子与硫酸铵反应以硫酸钙形式去除。过滤 ,滤液以氨水调节pH =3 3～ 3 5 ,将析出的酒石酸氢铵过滤 ,并洗涤去除其中的氯离子。酒石酸氢铵和氨水反应并经脱色、脱水可制得最终产品右旋酒石酸铵。由于整个制取过程采用 5 0℃以下较低温度处理 ,可避免右旋的中间体酒石酸和产品酒石酸铵由于受高温处理而发生的消旋化现象 ,所得到的酒石酸铵右旋比旋光度 [α]2 0D =+38 5 ,高于用工业酒石酸直接铵化所得到的酒石酸铵比旋光度 [α]2 0D =+34 4。由于采用副产品廉价的酒石为原料 ,酒石酸铵生产成本大大降低     

Prestretching effect and recovery process of polyvinyl alcohol film crosslinked with tartaric acid

The tartaric acid (TA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite films were prepared with various TA concentrations from 5 to 20 wt%. The crosslinking due to TA improved the tensile characteristics such as tensile strength and the Young's modulus, and thermal stability of the films. The addition of TA in PVA led to a decrease in the crystallinity. Application of prestretching or preliminary deformation resulted in significant changes in both stress–strain behavior and tensile characteristics of both pure PVA and TA/PVA composite films. Although low preextension levels such as 5% strain did not change much the tensile characteristics, higher preextension levels improved the tensile strength but decreased the extensibility of the films. The recovery processes of the stretched films consisted of a fast recovery process for which most of the recoverable elastic deformation is seen took place within almost 30 min and a time-dependent long-lasting recovery process continued in time very slowly, which resulted in undesirable residual deformation. It was also observed that increasing TA concentration accelerated the recovery process, hence, improved the recovery properties of PVA. The use of TA in the membrane applications can be considered to improve the mechanical properties and reusability of the membrane technology.     

用还原性混合液回收废定影液中的银

研究了以酒石酸和葡萄糖混合液从实验室废定影液中回收银的方法。考察了酒石酸与葡萄糖的配比关系、还原混合液的总浓度、pH值、反应温度、反应时间对银还原率的影响,得出了酒石酸与葡萄糖、无水乙醇的质量比为1:2.6:1,pH值为12,在室温下放置时间为3-5d,银的还原率大于92.7%的最佳条件,总回收的金属银纯度为98.2%。该方法具有操作简单,绿色环保,成本低,有效利用率高等特点,得到令人满意的结果,已在本校实验室投入使用。     

Calcium Tartrate Crystals in the Midgut of the Grape Leafhopper

Calcium tartrate crystals were observed in the midgut of grape leafhoppers. This unique compound was found for the first time in insects. The size of the crystals varied strongly between and within individuals with a mean length of 153 ± 87 μm and a mean width of 71 ± 46 μm. In addition, the number of crystals per individual showed a broad variation and ranged from 1 to 150 crystals/individual. The occurrence of calcium tartrate crystals as well as the number of crystals per individual followed the same seasonal pattern as seasonal vine leaf concentrations of tartaric acid found in a previous study, indicating that calcium tartrate is formed to neutralize the tartaric acid in the gut system. It further implies that the grape leafhopper, rather than being a pure phloem sucker, employs a mixed feeding strategy to satisfy its demands for calcium uptake.     

Enhancement of the retention performance of the poly(ethylene oxide) — tannic acid system by poly (diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride)

The retention performance of the poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and tannic acid (TA) dual system was studied in the presence of poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC). The zeta potential, and size of the association complex between PEO and TA in the presence of PDADMAC as well as the infrared spectra of TA and the PEO-TA system were also studied. It was shown that hydrogen bonds are formed between the phenolic and acidic groups of TA and the oxygen atoms of the PEO macromolecules. Moreover, it was found that the presence of small quantities of PDADMAC enhances the fibre fines and clay first pass retention. The maximum effect was observed with an amount of added PDADMAC equal to 20% of the amount of added PEO. Further addition of PDADMAC was found to decrease the retention probably because it re-charges the surface to positive. When clay was replaced by ground calcium carbonate no retention improvement was detected. This is most likely due to the presence of calcium ions.     

新两步法净化湿法磷酸

以湿法磷酸为原料制取精细磷酸盐的关键在于解决湿法磷酸的净化问题。提出采用两步法对未经浓缩的湿法磷酸进行净化的特点是:第一步在湿法磷酸中加入Na2CO3预脱氟和加入磷矿粉脱除部分硫酸根,得到预净化磷酸;第二步对滤液用氨代替常用的氢氧化钙进行中和,同时补加一定量的钙,以进一步脱除其中的氟,避免中和过程生成磷酸氢钙,从而可大大提高磷收率。中和过程补钙,使脱氟率得到进一步提高,同时也能提高过滤强度。深度净化后的溶液其氟含量降至0.018%,脱氟率接近99%,SO42-含量降至0.79%,P2O5收率达到72.93%。经过净化得到的磷铵溶液经浓缩,冷却结晶,可得工业磷铵产品;与石灰乳或硝酸钙反应,可得饲料级磷酸氢钙或牙膏级磷酸氢钙产品。     

Physical properties and reaction kinetics of cotton cellulose crosslinked with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea–maleic acid

Two dicarboxylic acids were used to join with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) as crosslinking agents to treated cotton fabrics. These results reveal that the dry crease recovery angle values of the treated fabrics for DMDHEU–maleic acid are higher than those for DMDHEU–tartaric acid at a given wet crease recovery angle and tensile strength retention. The IR spectra show that the reaction between the –OH of DMDHEU and cellulose and the vinyl groups of maleic acids occurred. The cross section of the DMDHEU–maleic acid and DMDHEU–tartaric acid treated fibers and the energies of activation and other data of reaction kinetics for DMDHEU–maleic acid and DMDHEU–tartaric acid strongly suggest that the reaction of vinyl groups of maleic acid with cellulose molecules can take place during the pad/dry‐cure process. Additionally, the surface distribution of crosslinking agent on the finished fabrics for DMDHEU–maleic acid is slightly lower than that for DMDHEU–tartaric acid. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3886–3893, 2004     

Effect of varying tartaric acid to metal nitrate ratio on the structure,morphology and magnetic properties of BaZn0.2Zr0.2Fe11.6O19 samples

Here in, we report synthesis of BaZn_0.2Zr_0.2Fe_11.6O₁₉ hexaferrite nanoparticles through the sol-gel auto-combustion route using tartaric acid as fuel. The nature of the fuel and fuel to metal nitrate ratio plays an important role in deciding the phase purity, grain size, shape, and magnetic properties of M-type hexaferrites. The optimization of the tartaric acid to metal nitrate (TA/MN) ratio was carried out by varying TA/MN ratios (0.00, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, and 1.50). XRD data revealed a single-phase M-type in samples synthesized using TA/MN ratio 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 and the presence of α-Fe₂O₃ as an impurity phase beyond 1.00 TA/MN ratio and in a standard sample (TA/MN ratio is 0.00) both α-Fe?O? and BaFe₂O₄ were found. FESEM micrographs revealed grain size continuously increases from 0.50 to 1.25 TA/MN ratio and decreases afterward for 1.50 TA/MN ratio. Magnetic measurements confirm that all the samples exhibit ferromagentic ordering. However, a kink along with wasp waist shape was observed in the samples synthesized using TA/MN ratio 0.00, 0.50, and 0.75 which may be due to presence of secondary phases/impurites and chemical inhomogeneity. The H_c was found to be minimum at 1.25 TA/MN ratio whereas M_r and M_s were found to be maximum at 1.00 TA/MN ratio. The optimum TA/MN ratio was found to be 1.00. These materials could be suitable for microwave absorber and magnetic recording applications due to their high M_s and low H_c values.     

Recovery of Terephthalic Acid from Alkali Reduction Wastewater by Cooling Crystallization

A process for the recovery and purification of terephthalic acid (TA) from alkali reduction wastewater is reported. TA was first precipitated from alkali reduction wastewater by acidification with sulfuric acid, and then the produced crude TA was dissolved in dimethylacetamide (DMA) so that crude TA could be purified from the solution by cooling crystallization. The results indicated that acidification could reduce the chemical oxygen demand of the wastewater by 83 %, and the purity of TA by crystallization could reach 99.91 %. A correlation was proposed in describing the solubility of crude TA in DMA from 303.4 to 358.65 K, which gives a mean relative discrepancy of less than 1.14 %. The cooling rate of the mother liquor had a large influence on the crystal size distribution. At an average cooling rate of 1.18 K min^–1, the particle size distribution of TA was narrow and the average size was about 100 μm. In a bench‐scale study, it was demonstrated that the crystallized product can be recycled as the raw material for polyethylene terephthalate production.     

改性TPS对PPC基复合材料流变、微观形貌和力学性能的影响

分别以无水醋酸锌(ZA)和酒石酸(TA)作为热塑性淀粉(TPS)的改性剂,通过熔融共混法制备了改性TPS及聚甲基乙撑碳酸酯(PPC)/改性TPS复合材料,并采用旋转流变仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、热重分析仪、差示扫描量热仪等分析表征了改性TPS对复合材料流变行为、微观形貌和力学性能的影响.结果表明,与ZA...     

Cover Chem. Eng. Technol. 10/2011

Terephthalic acid recovered from alkali reduction wastewater A process for the recovery and purification of terephthalic acid (TA) from alkali reduction wastewater was developed. The process consisted of two steps: TA was first precipitated from alkali reduction wastewater by acidification. After that, the crude TA produced was dissolved into dimethylacetylamide and purified by cooling crystallization. The results indicated that acidification could reduce the chemical oxygen demand of the wastewater by 83 %, and the purity of TA by crystallization could reach 99.9 %. Furthermore, at an average cooling rate of 1.18 K min^–1, the particle size of TA was uniform and the average size was about 100 µm. The isolated terephthalic acid can be recycled as raw material for polyethylene terephthalate production. S.‐C. Wu, Z.‐M. Cheng*, S.‐D. Wang, X.‐L. Shan Chem. Eng. Technol. 2011 , 34 (10), 1614–1618. DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201100096     

高岭石/酒石酸插层复合物的制备与表征

介绍了二甲亚砜(DMSO)取代法制备高岭石/酒石酸(标记为K/T)插层复合物.产物经XRD-6000粉晶衍射和傅立叶变换红外光谱表征.XRD表明:高岭石层间距由0.72 nm扩张到1.09 nm,插层率达50%.红外光谱表明:酒石酸分子的羰基与高岭石的内表面羟基形成了氢键,而羟基与高岭石的硅氧面的氧形成了氢键.酒石酸分子以单分子层平铺于高岭石层间.     

Study on the role of tannic acid–calcium oxide adduct as a green heat stabilizer as well as reinforcing filler in the bio-based hybrid polyvinyl chloride–thermoplastic starch polymer composite

In this study, we prepared a green heat stabilizer tannic acid–calcium oxide (TA–CaO) adduct in a green method and its efficacy was studied in a bio-based polyvinyl chloride-thermoplastic starch polymer matrix. The composite was prepared in a green pathway by melt mixing. CaO in the prepared complex also acted as a reinforcing filler in the composite. The addition of TA–CaO adduct in place of lead carbonate improved all the physical and chemical properties of the composite. The tensile strength and flexural strength improved to 102% and 127%, respectively, in comparison with similar percentage of lead carbonate and TA–CaO adduct. The composite with 15 phr loading of TA–CaO showed improved properties compared with other TA–CaO loaded composites.     

Synthesis,characterization, and enzymatic degradation of chitosan/PEG hydrogel films

Poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG)/tartaric acid (TA)‐crosslinked chitosan hydrogel (CPT) films were prepared, and the formation of the PEG/TA‐crosslinked structure was confirmed by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements. The thermal properties of the crosslinked films were also determined with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis. The swelling properties of the films were investigated at different temperature and pH values. It was found that the swelling ratio increased with the decrease of pH value of the surrounding buffer solutions, amount of PEG, and with the increase of temperature. Swelling behavior of the PEG/TA‐crosslinked chitosan hydrogel films depended on pH and reversible with the temperature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Novel adsorbents based upon carboxylic acid-modified Phyllostachys pubescens powder: preparation,characterization and application for adsorbing lead(II) from aqueous solution

ABSTRACT

Three high cost-effective bio-sorbents (OA-PPP, CA-PPP and TA-PPP) were prepared using Phyllostachys pubescens powder (PPP), which was modified using oxalic acid (OA), citric acid (CA) and tartaric acid (TA). Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of pH, contact time and initial Pb(II) concentration. The results showed the maximum adsorption for Pb(II) at pH 5.0. Furthermore, the proposed adsorbents could be used repeatedly for more than five cycles. Comprehensive comparison of adsorption efficiency and cost of the modified adsorbents showed that CA-PPP was the best adsorbent among the three prepared bio-sorbents, followed by OA-PPP and TA-PPP.     

络合剂对AA/AM共聚物阻垢的增效作用

为提高聚丙烯酸盐类高分子水处理剂的功能,特别是加强阻垢效果,在对丙烯酸(AA)/丙烯酰胺(AM)共聚物中加入络合剂,采用模拟蒸发试验对其阻垢效果进行研究,结果表明:加入添加有EDTA-2Na、酒石酸(TA)或柠檬酸(CA)络合剂的AA/AM共聚物0.02 mL/L,阻垢率可达97%～98%,与不加络合剂的AA/AM共聚物比较,阻垢率提高了约10%。     

高效液相色谱法测定荔枝中有机酸的含量

文章应用LC-10AT液相色谱仪测定荔枝中的有机酸(酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸和丁二酸)的含量,该方法具有操作简便,线性、重复性好的优点,酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸和丁二酸样品加标回收率分别为88.5%～98.8%、95.2%～106.8%、96.8%～103.1%、90.6%～105.7%,RSD分别为1.6%～3.5%、1.2%～5.1%、3.1%～4.2%、3.2%～5.5%。     

Pilot-Plant Proof-of-Concept for Integrated, Countercurrent, Two-Stage, Enzyme-Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Soybeans

Proof-of-concept for integrated, countercurrent, two-stage, enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing of soybeans was demonstrated on a pilot-plant scale (75 kg extruded flaked soybeans) where the protease used to demulsify the cream was recycled into upstream extraction stages. Oil, protein, and solids extraction yields of 98.0 ± 0.5%, 96.5 ± 0.4%, and 86.8 ± 0.5% were achieved by using the integrated countercurrent process. A three-phase horizontal decanter centrifuge efficiently separated the solids from the two liquid fractions (skim and cream). Fine separation between the two liquid fractions was important to reducing the volume of skim contaminating the cream fraction, thereby reducing the amount of enzyme used for cream demulsification and subsequent extraction. We were able to reduce enzyme use when moving from the laboratory to the pilot-plant scale, which reduced the degree of protein hydrolysis and improved cream demulsification. Enzyme-catalyzed cream demulsification was 91.6% efficient and 93.0% free oil recovery from cream was achieved by using the integrated approach.     

Hybrid Extraction of Oily Sludge by Tertiary Amines and Protonated Tertiary Amines

A green and effective extraction of oily sludge was completed by a hybrid process with tertiary amines (TA) and protonated tertiary amines (PTA), where PTA is the protonated state of TA. Compared with only TA, the crude oil recovery was improved by 3–5 % by the addition of PTA and less solid remained in the recovered crude oil. Additionally, the wettability improved with the absorption of positively charged ions of PTA on the sludge, and the interaction between heavy alkanes of crude oil and PTA promotes the detachment of crude oil from the sludge surface, enhancing the hydrophilicity of sludge. More importantly, the incomplete recovery of TA exactly takes the role of the PTA in the regenerated mixture, which can reduce the loss of solvent.     

Supported Liquid Membranes Extraction of W(VI) Ions from HCL Solutions Containing Tartaric Acid

Abstract

A transport study of W(VI) ions across tri-n-octylamine (TOA) xylene-based supported liquid membranes from aqueous solutions containing tartaric acid (TA) has been carried out. TA complexes with W(VI) ions to keep them in solution and enhance flux. The optimum conditions of transport found are 0.132 M TA and 0.001 M HCl in the feed, 3.7 M NaOH in the strip, and 0.66 M TOA in the membrane. Beyond these TA and TOA concentrations, there is a decrease in flux and permeability values which are 4.76 × 10^?5 mol/m²/s and 9.15 × 10^?10 m²/s, respectively. NaOH is a better stripping agent than NH₄OH for these metal ions. Increases in membrane phase viscosity and temperature reduce the values of these transport parameters.