不同部位冷却猪肉中脂肪酸组成与脂肪氧化的变化

研究英系大白阉公猪后腿肉、里脊肉和五花肉3个部位中肌间脂肪和皮下脂肪含量,并对其脂肪酸组成进行了分析,同时研究了腿肉在(4±0.5)℃避光贮存条件下脂肪氧化程度的变化,及其与脂肪酸组成的关系。结果表明,不同部位猪肉肌间和皮下脂肪酸组成均没有显著性差异(p>0.05);在(4±0.5)℃避光贮存期间(0～5d),肌间脂肪氧化程度显著高于皮下脂肪氧化程度(p<0.05),随着贮存时间的延长,到第5天时,后腿肉肌间脂肪TBA值已达到0.5mg/kg,其它部位肌间脂肪TBA值亦接近0.5mg/kg,而各部位皮下脂肪TBA值均在0.2mg/kg以下。一般来讲,当生肉的TBA值超过0.5mg/kg时,人就能感觉到有氧化异味。因此,控制肌间脂肪氧化是保证冷却肉良好品质的关键。     

不同性别猪肉脂肪酸组成与脂肪氧化稳定性

本文研究了不同性别猪腿肉中肌内脂肪和皮下脂肪含量,并对其脂肪酸组成进行了分析,同时分析了腿肉在冷藏避光贮存条件下脂肪氧化程度的变化。结果发现母猪肌内脂肪含量显著高于阉公猪肌内脂肪含量,而皮下脂肪含量母猪则远远低于公猪;母猪腿肉皮下脂肪中多不饱和脂肪酸的含量远远高于其在肌内脂肪中的含量,而阉公猪腿肉中肌内与皮下脂肪中多不饱和脂肪酸的含量没有显著性差异;另外阉公猪肌内脂肪氧化速率大于母猪。     

宣恩火腿加工过程中脂肪变化分析

通过测定脂肪酸价、过氧化值、羰基价和TBA值等反映宣恩火腿加工过程中脂肪的水解和氧化情况。结果表明:宣恩火腿肌内磷脂含量由2.06%下降到1.37%,皮下磷脂含量由1.61%下降到0.86%;酸价在加工各阶段持续升高,肌内脂肪酸价由1.37mg/g上升到3.85mg/g,皮下脂肪酸价由0.72mg/g上升到2.54mg/g;肌内脂肪过氧化值在整个加工阶段呈先升高后下降趋势,皮下脂肪过氧化值则是先升高后趋于平缓,肌内脂肪过氧化值在发酵初期上升到峰值4.64mmol/kg,随后逐渐下降到3.73mmol/kg,皮下脂肪过氧化值峰值为2.40mmol/kg;肌内脂肪羰基价由0.24mmol/kg上升到0.46mmol/kg,皮下脂肪羰基价由0.13mmol/kg上升到0.23mmol/kg,皮下脂肪羰基价在进入发酵期后趋于稳定,而肌内脂肪羰基价持续升高;TBA值呈不断上升趋势,肌内脂肪TBA由0.185mg/kg上升到0.417mg/kg,皮下脂肪TBA由0.056mg/kg上升到0.298mg/kg。宣恩火腿脂肪的水解与氧化反应伴随整个加工过程,尤其在发酵中后期反应更加活跃。     

光照对猪肉脂肪氧化影响的研究

研究了4±0.5℃贮存温度下,避光和光照条件对通脊肉肌内和皮下脂肪氧化程度的影响,同时比较9±1℃贮存温度下,不同光源(日光灯和白炽灯)照射对猪肉肌内脂肪氧化程度的影响。结果表明,无论是避光条件还是光照条件下,肌内脂肪氧化程度均远远大于皮下脂肪的氧化程度(p<0.05)。因此,控制肌内脂肪氧化是保证冷却肉良好品质的关键。光照可以明显加快脂肪氧化速度,并加深氧化程度,且对肌内脂肪氧化程度的加深远大于对皮下脂肪氧化程度的加深,同时研究发现,日光灯照射对脂肪氧化程度的加深远大于白炽灯照射对脂肪氧化程度的影响。     

金华火腿传统加工过程中的脂肪氧化研究

取0、30、62、160和240d的金华火腿,提取肌内脂肪和皮下脂肪,分别测定脂肪中各组分的含量和氧化指标。结果表明,肌内脂肪中磷脂含量较多,皮下脂肪中甘油酯含量较多;在金华火腿加工过程中,肌内脂肪和皮下脂肪的酸价一直上升,过氧化值、羰基价和TBA值有升有降,但总体呈上升趋势,脂肪氧化程度不断增强。同时发现,肌内脂肪比皮下脂肪的氧化程度更高。     

即食风鹅加工过程中皮下脂肪及肌内脂肪的氧化规律

通过对即食风鹅加工过程中各工艺点肌肉及皮下脂肪的盐分含量、水分含量、POV值、羰基值和双烯值、TBARS值、酸价以及游离脂肪酸总量的测定,探究了即食风鹅加工过程中脂肪氧化的规律。结果表明:风干过程中皮下组织水分较肌肉散失速率快,盐分含量增加。肌肉水分含量与肌内脂肪的TBARS值呈显著负相关(p0.05),说明水分减少有利于脂肪氧化;风干阶段肌内脂肪的羰基值和双烯值较皮下脂肪波动大,肌内脂肪氧化程度比较大;蒸煮和灭菌工艺结束后TBARS值从风干结束后的0.27 mg/kg迅速增加到0.53 mg/kg,说明较高的温度促进了以丙二醛为代表的醛类物质的产生和游离脂肪酸的积累,从而加强了脂肪的水解和氧化程度。     

冷冻对香猪组织和器官中脂类成份的影响研究

为了探明冷冻贮藏对香猪组织和器官中脂类成分的影响,本研究选择3 头相同日龄的香猪,选取皮下脂肪、背最长肌及肝脏组织为实验样品,分析冷冻贮藏前后样品的脂肪含量、脂肪与脂肪酸组成、丙二醛含量(TBARS 值)。结果显示：冷冻贮藏对各组织的脂肪含量无明显影响;贮藏后皮下脂肪、肌肉和肝脏的磷脂含量均显著下降(P ＜ 0.01),其中以肝脏的磷脂含量下降幅度最大(从45.61% 下降至34.96%);皮下脂肪、肌肉和肝脏中游离脂肪酸的含量贮藏以后分别增加到原来的6.6 倍、7.7 倍和9.1 倍。－ 18℃冷藏150 d 后,各样品的脂肪酸组成差异明显,但中性脂肪的饱和脂肪酸含量都显著升高(P ＜ 0.01),而磷脂的多不饱和脂肪酸含量则显著下降(P ＜0.01),游离脂肪酸的饱和脂肪酸含量大幅度降低(P ＜ 0.01)。皮下脂肪、肌肉和肝脏的TBARS 值分别为0.7、16.7、120.5mg/kg,且3 种组织间差异显著(P ＜ 0.01)。研究结果表明,冷冻贮藏中饱和脂肪酸的水解速度相对较慢,而不饱和脂肪酸有大量水解。冷冻贮藏过程中肝脏的脂肪组分最容易发生氧化,其次是肌肉中的脂肪,而皮下脂肪的氧化稳定性最高。     

添加金属Fe~(3+)对阿勒泰羊尾脂氧化初期脂肪酸的变化影响

以阿勒泰羊尾脂为研究对象,研究了在(4±1)℃下对其添加不同浓度的金属Fe~(3+)储藏27d对脂肪氧化及脂肪酸的影响,结果表明:经过0.05 mol/L Fe~(3+)处理后羊脂的p H维持在6.4左右(p0.05)、TBARS值未达到0.5mg MDA/kg,氧化速率明显得到减缓(p0.05)。0.05 mol/L Fe~(3+)处理组的饱和脂肪酸含量增加了43.46%;单不饱和脂肪酸含量减少了10.87%;多不饱和脂肪酸含量下降了0.78%,0.05 mol/L Fe~(3+)可作为降低和抑制脂肪的酸败以及其氧化速率的参考浓度。     

宣威火腿与金华火腿中游离脂肪酸组成比较分析

以两年宣威火腿和金华火腿为对象,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分别对宣威火腿和金华火腿的皮下和肌内脂肪中游离脂肪酸的组成进行分析。结果表明:宣威火腿和金华火腿的肌内脂肪和皮下脂肪中均检测出22种游离脂肪酸,含量较高的脂肪酸为棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、油酸(C18:1n9c)与亚油酸(C18:2n6c),且不同火腿及不同部位间的脂肪酸组成含量存在明显差异;金华火腿肌内及皮下脂肪中总游离脂肪酸含量分别为29.24、102.68 μg/mg,分别比宣威火腿高34.58%(p<0.05)、29.09%(p>0.05);宣威火腿和金华火腿肌内脂肪中饱和脂肪酸含量高于不饱和脂肪酸含量,皮下脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸含量高于饱和脂肪酸含量。金华火腿肌内、皮下游离脂肪酸含量均高于宣威火腿相应部位游离脂肪酸含量。     

基于代谢组学探究乳酸菌对苏尼特羊脂肪分布和脂肪酸组成的影响

选取对照组(基础日粮)和乳酸菌组(基础日粮添加乳酸菌)苏尼特羊各12 只为实验材料(n=24),测定其脂肪分布与脂肪酸组成,并通过代谢组学探究乳酸菌对苏尼特羊脂肪分布和脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明:乳酸菌组苏尼特羊背最长肌和股二头肌脂肪含量,背最长肌和股二头肌中豆蔻油酸和二十二碳六烯酸的含量,背最长肌中棕榈酸、γ-亚麻酸和花生四烯酸的含量,股二头肌中单不饱和脂肪酸、棕榈油酸和油酸的含量,皮下脂肪中豆蔻油酸的含量,尾部脂肪中反式油酸、反式亚油酸和α-亚麻酸的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),腹部皮下脂肪含量和尾部脂肪占比,背最长肌和股二头肌反式亚油酸的含量,股二头肌月桂酸的含量,皮下脂肪中月桂酸和棕榈酸的含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),通过代谢组学研究发现了背最长肌和尾部胆碱和脂肪酸代谢通路的显著变化,具体来说,乳酸菌组苏尼特羊背最长肌中磷酸胆碱和胞苷二磷酸胆碱水平显著高于对照组,尾部脂肪反之(P<0.05),背最长肌中油酸、α-亚麻酸和尾部脂肪中棕榈油酸、γ-亚麻酸水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。综上,乳酸菌在一定程度上影响苏尼特羊胆碱和脂肪酸代谢通路,进而改善其脂肪分布和脂肪酸组成。     

Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid in combination with monounsaturated fatty acids on the meat composition and quality traits of dry-cured loin

Three levels (0%, 1% and 2%) of an enriched conjugated linoleic acid oil (CLA) were combined with two levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (low −19% average and high −39% average) for pig feeding. Composition, weight losses, lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid test, TBARs), change in the fatty acid content of the lipid fractions and sensory analysis of dry-cured loin as affected by dietary CLA, MUFA and CLA × MUFA interaction were studied. CLA and CLA × MUFA did not affect moisture and intramuscular fat content of dry-cured loin, weight losses during the processing, changes in the content of most fatty acids from lipid fractions and sensory traits. CLA and MUFA supplementation led to lower TBARs values (1.3 mg MDA/kg sample for 0% CLA and 0.9 mg MDA/kg sample for 2% CLA; 1.2 mg MDA/kg sample for low MUFA diets and 0.9 mg MDA/kg sample for high MUFA diets), the highest TBARs values being detected for 0% CLA-low MUFA diets [1.5 mg MDA/kg sample]. The combination of dietary CLA with different MUFA levels in pig diets did not affect most composition and quality traits of dry-cured loin. Dietary CLA and MUFA seemed to lead to lower lipid oxidation in this product.     

Influence of growth promoting implants on fatty acid composition including conjugated linoleic acid isomers in beef fat

The influence of the growth promoting implants Synovex (SYN), Ralgro (RAL), and Revalor (REV) on the fatty acid profiles of subcutaneous fat, intramuscular fat, and phospholipids of 32 beef steers (eight steers per treatment, and eight controls) was studied. Fatty acid compositions and profiles of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers were determined by a combination of GC and triple-column Ag⁺-HPLC. Only small differences could be observed between the different treatment groups. The amount of saturated fatty acids relative to monounsaturated fatty acids was increased by all growth promoting implants in subcutaneous fat (P<0.1) and also by SYN in intramuscular fat. RAL led to slightly higher amounts of trans fatty acids in subcutaneous and intramuscular fat (P<0.1). REV-implanted steers showed some significant differences in their profiles of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to control steers. CLA content and isomeric distribution in subcutaneous fat were affected bySYN, which reduced amounts of total CLA (0.42 mg/g fat vs. 0.53 mg/g in control steers, P<0.001) and decreased the proportions of the primary 18:2 c9t11 isomer (73% of total CLA for SYN vs. 77-78% for all other treatment groups). Slight increases of c9t11 CLA in intramuscular fat were observed in RAL- and REV-implanted steers (P<0.1). Most differences in fatty acid composition observed in this study were probably due to shifts in the storage lipid/membrane lipid ratio.     

Lipid and protein oxidation of α-linolenic acid-enriched pork during refrigerated storage as influenced by diet supplementation with olive leaves (Olea europea L.) or α-tocopheryl acetate

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet supplementation with olive leaves or α-tocopheryl acetate on lipid and protein oxidation of raw and cooked n-3 enriched-pork during refrigerated storage. Enrichment of pork with α-linolenic acid through diet supplementation with linseed oil enhanced (p≤0.05) lipid oxidation in both raw and cooked chops but had no effect (p>0.05) on protein oxidation during refrigerated storage while decreasing (p≤0.05) the sensory attributes of cooked pork. Diet supplementation with olive leaves or α-tocopheryl acetate had no effect (p>0.05) on the fatty acid composition of pork but decreased (p≤0.05) lipid oxidation while exerting no effect (p>0.05) on protein oxidation in both raw and cooked α-linolenic acid-enriched chops stored and chilled for 9days. Moreover, olive leaves and α-tocopheryl acetate supplemented at 10g/kg and 200mg/kg diet, respectively, exerted (p≤0.05) a beneficial effect on the sensory attributes of cooked α-linolenic acid-enriched pork chops.     

The influences of carcass weight and depot on the fatty acid composition of fats of suckling Manchego lambs

The effects of carcass weight (<5.5 kg, 5.5–6.5 kg, ⩾6.5 kg) of Manchego suckling lambs, type of fat depot of the leg (subcutaneous, intermuscular and intramuscular) and muscle (m. longissimus dorsi (LD) or m. quadriceps femoris (QF)) on the fatty acid composition were studied. Carcass fatness increased with increasing carcass weight. However, few differences in fatty acid proportion were observed between the three carcass weight groups. The lightest carcasses had lower proportions of myristic (C14:0) and palmitoleic (C16:1) acid and higher proportions of stearic (C18:0) acid, desirable fatty acids (DFA) (C18:0 + total unsaturated fatty acid (TUFA)) and a greater nutritive value ((C18:0 + C18:1)/C16:0). The fatty acid composition of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat depots of the leg were similar, whereas the intramuscular fat depot was different from both of these, since it had a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA), a greater proportion of TUFA, higher PUFA/SFA and n − 6/n − 3 ratios, and greater DFA and nutritive values. The intramuscular fat of the LD was more saturated than QF, higher SFA, and had lower value of PUFA/SFA ratio and DFA. These results indicated that the intramuscular fat quality of the leg was better than subcutaneous and intermuscular fat depots and also that intramuscular fat displayed better attributes of quality (lower SFA, higher TUFA, and greater PUFA/SFA ratio and DFA as well) than intramuscular fat of the LD from the consumer health standpoint. Despite carcass weight affected carcass fatness, it did not seem to influence the proportions of saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. For this reason, carcass weight probably had little effect on the organoleptic characteristics of the meat.     

Effects of dietary high-oleic acid sunflower oil, copper and vitamin E levels on the fatty acid composition and the quality of dry cured Parma ham

The effects of seven isoenergetic dietary treatments: (1) no sunflower oil, 35 mg/kg Cu, without α-tocopheryl-acetate added; (2) to (7) 6% high oleic acid sunflower oil (HOSO), 35 or 175 mg/kg Cu crossed with a 0, 100 or 200 mg/kg α-tocopherol addition, were tested on quality characteristics of dry cured Parma hams from a total 84 Large White gilts. No statistically significant effect was detected on parameters of early evaluation of seasoning loss of hams. The seasoning loss and intramuscular fat content of seasoned hams averaged 28.1 and 3.3%, respectively, with no effect of the diet composition. The CIE L*a*b* colour values taken on the surface of the lean from Parma ham were not affected by dietary oil inclusion, nor by copper levels and by α-tocopherol addition in the feed mixture, except for the 'a' value that increased in HOSO groups (P<0.01) and in groups with α-tocopherol addition (P<0.01). The TBARS values in lean were reduced by the inclusion of HOSO (P<0.05) and α-tocopherol supplementation (P<0.10). Compared to the no oil group, the Parma hams in the HOSO groups showed a higher oleic acid content in the covering fat, but not different in neutral and polar fractions from semimenbranosus muscle. The oil inclusion reduced the saturated fatty acid content in subcutaneous fat and neutral lipids fraction from muscle to 30-34% No effect of α-tocopherol and copper levels were observed on fatty acids profiles. From the subjects fed the HOSO diet softer Parma hams were produced than those fed the control diet (χ(2)<0.05), while α-tocopherol and Cu levels did not influence the sensorial evaluation of hams. The inclusion of an oleic acid rich source in heavy pig diet brought about an improved nutritional value, but also the possible need of a prolonged ageing time to achieve an ideal firmness of Parma ham. Dietary α-tocopherol supplementation improved the red colour slightly and the lipid stability in Parma ham, while the supplementation of Cu in the diet had no influence on the tested parameters.     

Composition and estimation of intramuscular and subcutaneous fatty acid composition in Spanish young bulls

Sixty Pirenaica yearling intact bulls were raised and slaughtered at 519±50kg live weight and 371±18 days of age. Fatty acid composition of intramuscular lipids in longissimus dorsi muscle and subcutaneous fat were determined by capillary gas chromatography. Carcass conformation and fatness, carcass weight, ether extractable intramuscular fat percentage, marbling, dorsal fat thickness, and ultrasonic parameters were recorded to study the relationship between these traits and fatty acid profile. Lipids of subcutaneous adipose tissue had higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) percentage (49% vs. 33%) but lower saturated fatty acids (SFA) (51% vs. 46%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (16% vs. 5%) percentages than intramuscular fat depots (p<0.001). Fatter carcasses had higher MUFA percentage and lower PUFA percentage (p<0.01) in intramuscular fat. Carcass weight and conformation would contribute to explain the fatty acid profile of subcutaneous fat (p<0.05). Ultrasound readings reflected the effect of fatness on fat composition.     

狭鳕鱼片盐渍过程中品质及风味物质的变化

为了探究狭鳕鱼片在盐渍过程中品质变化,选取狭鳕鱼片为原料,采用加盐量100%（w/w）,盐渍时间15 d,盐渍温度10 ℃干腌狭鳕鱼片,以Thiobarbituric acid（TBA）、亚硝酸盐、脂肪酸、游离氨基酸、组织结构和挥发性有机物为指标,研究不同盐渍时间对狭鳕鱼片品质的影响。结果表明,盐渍过程中,随着盐渍时间的延长,狭鳕鱼片值TBA由0.14 mg/kg缓慢上升至0.26 mg/kg,亚硝酸盐含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,最终为2.91 mg/kg;总饱和脂肪酸含量略为升高,单不饱和脂肪酸中十五碳烯酸和油酸含量显著升高（P<0.05）,多不饱和脂肪酸中DHA和EPA含量显著减少（P<0.05）;游离氨基酸总量呈现先减少后增加趋势,100~245 kDa大分子蛋白逐渐降解,48 kDa的肌动蛋白逐渐增加,20 kDa以下的蛋白发生部分降解,鱼片的肌纤维横截面变得不规则,肌纤维明显收缩,细胞间隙先变大后变小;鱼片的腥味成分减少,酯类、醇类物质含量增加。狭鳕鱼片在盐渍过程中,鱼肉的TBA值和亚硝酸盐含量均在安全范围内,脂质氧化以多不饱和脂肪酸氧化为主,某些大分子蛋白质逐渐降解,游离氨基酸盐渍中后期总量增加,肌纤维收缩,鱼腥味降低,鱼肉的整体风味得到改善。     

发酵广式腊肠加工过程中脂质氧化特性及其指标间的相关性分析

通过测定发酵广式腊肠加工过程中的酸价、过氧化值、游离脂肪酸、硫代巴比妥酸（triobarbituric acid,TBA）值、羰基价、总酸、水分以及脂肪含量并进行相关性分析,确定发酵广式腊肠加工过程中脂类物质氧化特性及各指标变化的影响关系。结果表明：发酵广式腊肠在加工过程中,随着加工时间的延长酸价不断增加,过氧化值呈逐渐上升趋势,TBA值及羰基价总体呈上升趋势,游离脂肪酸总含量在烘烤过程中呈增加的趋势,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量在烘烤8 h后呈下降的趋势,饱和脂肪酸含量略有上升。发酵广式腊肠在加工过程中脂肪不断氧化水解,氧化程度逐渐加深,酸价、过氧化值、TBA值、羰基价、总酸含量和脂肪含量呈正相关性,过氧化值和总酸含量呈正相关性,说明发酵广式腊肠中酸败程度和脂肪氧化程度的变化趋势一致。