活性炭对CO_2的吸附与解吸研究进展

本文介绍了工业上CO2的主要来源及应用,以及工业上分离、回收CO2的常用方法。同时介绍了活性炭在变压吸附分离气体领域的应用,以及变压吸附过程中吸附剂再生的常用方法。详细综述了活性炭的孔结构、表面化学结构等因素对CO2的吸附及解吸性能影响的研究进展。     

Diuron Multilayer Adsorption on Activated Carbon from CO2 Activation of Grape Seeds

Granular activated carbons were obtained from grape seeds by pyrolysis at 600°C and subsequent physical activation with CO₂ (750–900°C, 1–3 h, 25–74% burn-off). The carbon and ash content increased during the activation, reaching values of 79.0% and 11.4%, respectively. Essentially microporous materials with BET surface areas between 380 and 714 m²/g were obtained. The performance of the activated carbon in the adsorption of diuron in aqueous phase was studied within the 15–45°C temperature range. Equilibrium data showed that the maximum uptake increased with temperature from 120 to 470 µmol/g, also evidencing some dependence of the adsorption mechanism on temperature. Data were fitted to five isotherm models [Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich, BET, and GAB (Guggenheim, Anderson, and de Boer)]. Kinetic data were analyzed using first- and second-order rate equations and intraparticle diffusion model. The second-order rate constant values obtained (2.8–13.5 × 10^?3 g/µmol min) showed that the hollow core morphology of the material favors the adsorption kinetics.     

Alcohol Synthesis from Syngas over K2CO3/CoS/MoS2 on Activated Carbon

Supported K₂CO₃/Co–MoS₂ on activated carbon was prepared by a co-impregnation technique and has been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET. Active ingredients ranged from 39 to 66% and included molysulfide and cobalt sulfide. XRD analysis indicates that cobalt and molybdenum sulfides are found in the Co₃S₄ and Co₉S₈ phases. These catalysts were performance tested in a fixed-bed reactor under higher alcohol synthesis conditions, 2000–2400 psig and 270–330°C. Active chemicals on the carbon extrudates decreased the surface area dramatically, as measured by BET. Surprisingly, at the high level of active chemicals, alcohol productivity and selectivity were decreased. An increase in the reaction temperature led to a decrease in the selectivity of methanol and an increase in selectivity of hydrocarbons. Total alcohol productivity was also increased as gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) was increased. Co₉S₈ may play a role in the catalyst aging process. In prolonged reaction periods (140 h), sulfur is lost from the surface, possibly as H₂S. The quantity of Co₉S₈ on the surface appears to increase as the catalyst ages.     

Adsorption of CO2 on Zeolite 13X and Activated Carbon with Higher Surface Area

In this work, adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics of CO₂ on zeolite 13X and activated carbon with high surface area (AC-h) were studied. The adsorption isotherms and kinetic curves of CO₂ on the adsorbents were separately measured at 328 K, 318 K, 308 K, and 298 K and with a pressure range of 0–30 bar by means of the gravimetric adsorption method. The mass transfer constants and adsorption activation energy E_a of CO₂ on the adsorbents were estimated separately. Results showed that at very low pressure the amounts adsorbed of CO₂ on the zeolite 13X was higher than that on the AC-h, while at higher pressure, the amounts adsorbed of CO₂ on the AC-h was higher than that on the zeolite 13X since the AC-h has a larger surface area and a larger total pore volume compared to the zeolite 13X. The adsorption kinetics of CO₂ can be well described by the linear driving force (LDF) model. With the increase of temperature, the mass transfer constants of CO₂ adsorption on both samples increased. The adsorption activation energy E_a for CO₂ on the two adsorbents decreased with the increase of pressure. Furthermore, at low pressure the E_a for CO₂ adsorption on the zeolite 13X was slightly lower than that on the AC-h, while at higher pressure the E_a for CO₂ adsorption on the zeolite 13X was higher than that on the AC-h.     

CO2 Adsorption by Modified Palm Shell Activated Carbon (PSAC) Via Chemical and Physical Activation and Metal Impregnation

The aim of this study was to verify the ability of nickel-impregnated palm shell activated carbon (PSAC) for CO₂ adsorption and compare its performance with the chemically and physically activated PSAC. Sodium hydroxide and CO₂ were used as activating agents for chemical and physical activation, respectively. Nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O) was used as a precursor for metal impregnation. The effect of different chemical loadings (NaOH: 20–50 wt%), metal impregnation (Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O: 16–28 wt%), and heat treatment time (1–4 h) was studied as parameters. Adsorption capacity was calculated using breakthrough graphs. The effect of humidity on CO₂ adsorption and desorption of CO₂ was also investigated in this study. The results revealed that chemically modified PSAC yields the highest adsorption capacity (48.2 mg/g) compared to other methods of activation. Interestingly, it was found that the adsorption capacity of nickel-impregnated PSAC was similar to other types of metal-impregnated activated carbon. Humidity gave a negative effect on CO₂ adsorption. In summary, results showed that chemical activation is an efficient technique to modify PSAC for CO₂ adsorption.     

N-containing activated carbons for CO2 capture

A series of SK-activated carbons were prepared by carbonising soya beans in the presence of KOH as activation agent. Different activation temperatures were applied to study the influence of preparation conditions on the surface properties of the carbons and their CO₂ adsorption capacity. It was found that the CO₂ adsorption capacity is directly related to the nature of surface basic N-containing groups and that the highest CO₂ adsorption capacity value was 4.24 mmol/g under 25°C and 1 atm.     

表面改性对活性炭吸附性能的影响

采用浓硝酸对活性炭进行表面氧化处理,将得到的样品分别浸渍在银氨、硫酸铜及咪唑溶液中进一步改性,然后采用Boehm滴定法对改性活性炭表面酸性基团的含量进行测定,研究改性对活性炭吸附性能的影响。结果表明：通过上述改性,活性炭表面酸性基团发生了显著变化,特别是羧基含量增加较多,从而活性诙的吸附性能发生了相应的变化。     

Removal of Nitrate from Water by Adsorption onto Zinc Chloride Treated Activated Carbon

Abstract

Adsorption study with untreated and zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) treated coconut granular activated carbon (GAC) for nitrate removal from water has been carried out. Untreated coconut GAC was treated with ZnCl₂ and carbonized. The optimal conditions were selected by studying the influence of process variables such as chemical ratio and activation temperature. Experimental results reveal that chemical weight ratio of 200% and temperature of 500°C was found to be optimum for the maximum removal of nitrate from water. Both untreated and ZnCl₂ treated coconut GACs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) N₂‐gas adsorption, surface area and Energy Dispersive X‐Ray (EDX) analysis. The comparison between untreated and ZnCl₂ treated GAC indicates that treatment with ZnCl₂ has significantly improved the adsorption efficacy of untreated GAC. The adsorption capacity of untreated and ZnCl₂ treated coconut GACs were found 1.7 and 10.2 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption of nitrate on ZnCl₂ treated coconut GAC was studied as a function of contact time, initial concentration of nitrate anion, temperature, and pH by batch mode adsorption experiments. The kinetic study reveals that equilibrium was achieved within one hour. The adsorption data conform best fit to the Langmuir isotherm. Kinetic study results reveal that present adsorption system followed a pseudo‐second‐order kinetics with pore‐diffusion‐controlled. Results of the present study recommend that the adsorption process using ZnCl₂ treated coconut GAC might be a promising innovative technology in future for nitrates removal from drinking water.     

The Characterization of the Micropore Structures of Some Activated Carbons of Plant Origin by N2 and CO2 Adsorptions

Abstract

In this study, active carbons prepared from almond and hazelnut shells under various experimental conditions were investigated. Merck-2514 and Merck-2184 active carbons were used for comparison. N₂ (77 K) gas and CO₂ (273 and 195 K) gas adsorptions were determined as comparison criteria. Regarding the specific surface area and micropore volume results obtained from these adsorption data, it is concluded that N₂ (77 K) adsorption by itself is inadequate in the characterization of active carbons which are low-sized microporous dominated. In addition, it is concluded that it would be useful to investigate CO₂ (195 and 273 K) adsorption. The iodine and methylene blue tests at 298 K were also applied for the characterization of the carbon adsorbents mentioned. From these data it was seen that the iodine test can be applied as a total porosity indicator and that the methylene blue test can be used as a developed microporosity indicator. These results indicate that the best adsorbents were those prepared from hazelnut shells. Depending on the preparation conditions, the physically activated carbon has an activation time up to 4 hours and has adsorption properties on the level of Merck commercial carbons.     

活性炭对单宁酸的吸附去除性能

三卤甲烷(THMs)是水中天然有机物在氯化消毒过程中产生的对人体有致癌作用的挥发性物质,腐殖酸是生成消毒副产物的主要前驱物。活性炭能够去除水中的多种有机污染物,其中对腐殖酸的去除性能可以通过单宁酸值来表征。通过间歇试验,研究了两种活性炭对单宁酸的吸附行为,探索其对单宁酸的吸附规律。结果表明308 K时,1#炭对单宁酸的饱和吸附量较大,为616.0 mg/g。升高温度有利于两种活性炭对单宁酸的吸附,表明吸附过程为吸热过程。此外,两种活性炭对单宁酸的吸附动力学可以用Largergren伪二级速率方程很好地拟合,吸附过程是双速过程。1#炭对单宁酸的吸附速率更快,比3#炭具有更高的单宁酸吸附性能。1#和3#炭对单宁酸的吸附活化能依次分别为17.5和3.9 kJ/mol,说明1#炭的反应速率随温度的升高增加得较快,符合Arrhenius的经验方程,吸附反应速率随温度升高而加快的规律,活性炭对单宁酸的吸附可认为是化学吸附。     

苯酚在活性炭上吸附平衡模型的研究

本文研究了苯酚在活性炭上的吸附特性,并发现在低pH,低温度下有利于活性炭吸附苯,研究表明Freundlich模型能较好描述吸附过程,并得到了在考虑温度,pH值影响情况下苯酚的Freundlich模型表达式。     

活性炭对甲苯的吸附及其等温线预测

以微波椰壳活性炭和微波再生后的活性炭吸附甲苯.测定了在20,30和40℃条件下甲苯在活性炭上的吸附等温线,采用Langmuir方程对实验数据进行拟合.结果表明,在30℃下椰壳活性炭和再生活性炭吸附甲苯的理论饱和吸附量分别为0.323 和0.273 g/g;采用Polanyi吸附势理论预测了苯在活性炭上的吸附等温线,其中...     

活性炭吸附回收VOCs技术的研究进展

详细介绍了活性炭吸附回收VOCs的技术研究过程以及研究进展,分析了吸附剂的制备与改性、吸附过程的影响因素及数学模型、脱附方法等内容,并指出了存在的问题。在总结现有研究进展的基础上,对活性炭吸附回收VOCs技术的研究重点进行了预测和展望。     

对二甲苯在活性炭固定床上的吸附动力学

研究了对二甲苯在活性炭固定床上的吸附动力学。考察了初始浓度、气体流量、床层长度等因素对吸附透过曲线的影响。同时,采用Yoon—Nelson模型对吸附透过曲线进行线性回归分析。实验结果表明,随着初始浓度的增大,透过时间缩短,吸附量增大：气体流最对透过曲线的形状影响不大：床层长度基本不影响透过曲线;Yoon-Nelson模型可以较好的模拟固定床吸附过程。     

水在活性炭上的吸附机理研究进展

活性炭被广泛应用在气体净化及空气湿度控制领域。而掌握水在活性炭内部的吸附机理是开发活性炭基功能材料的关键所在。本文综述了两种水在活性炭内部的吸附机理,分别是:毛细冷凝机理及簇增长机理。并从实验验证及计算机模拟验证两个方面详细地阐述了水在不同孔径及表面性质的活性炭上的吸附机理的研究进展,同时,还进一步讨论了其发展的方向和面临的困难。     

氯苯酚在活性炭纤维上吸附平衡的研究

研究了水溶液中氯苯酚在活性炭纤维上的吸附平衡,实验探讨了反应温度、溶液pH值对活性炭纤维吸附平衡的影响。实验结果表明,平衡吸附量随着温度降低而升高;当pH值<7时,平衡吸附量几乎不随溶液的pH值而变化,而当pH值>7时,氯苯酚在活性炭纤维上的平衡吸附量随着pH值的增加而减小,pH值愈大,平衡吸附量减小的愈快。分别采用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型描述吸附平衡等温线,在实验范围内Langmuir模型与实验数据吻合较好。     

水蒸气法制备椰壳活性炭及其对肌酐吸附效果研究

采用水蒸气活化法制备得到椰壳活性炭,以850℃活化得到微孔率最高的活性炭为吸附剂,考察其对肌酐的体外吸附性能,探讨了吸附时间、肌酐初始质量浓度、吸附温度及pH值对肌酐吸附量的影响。结果表明,微孔率高的（71．0％）椰壳活性炭对肌酐吸附性能良好;30min内吸附量迅速升至57．8mg/g,7h时达到平衡,平衡吸附量为76．4mg/g;在30～70℃温度范围内,肌酐吸附量随温度升高而增加;酸性环境有利于肌酐的吸附,pH值为2时吸附量达到最大,为123．55mg/g。     

活性炭吸附挥发性有机气体的影响因素

活性炭吸附法是目前使用最为广泛的处理VOCs的方法之一。本文综述了活性炭吸附挥发性有机气体的影响因素:活性炭的孔隙结构、活化方法、进口VOCs的浓度、有机气体的物化性质、混合VOCs以及温度、吸附剂填充密度、流量等,都是活性炭吸附挥发性有机气体的影响因素。     

给水处理用活性炭的吸附性能指标

由于工业给水处理及饮用水处理大量使用天然水作水源,水中有机物的危害显得十分严重,目前多采用活性炭吸附处理去除水中有机物,这就要选择对水中有机物吸附容量高的活性炭。该文介绍给水处理用活性炭吸附性能指标的研究过程、当前的各种技术观点以及最新研究进展,包括国标提出的水处理用活性炭吸附性能指标（碘值和亚甲兰吸附值）,以及用天然水中四种天然有机物（腐殖酸、富里酸、木质素、丹宁）作吸附质来评价活性炭吸附性能,也研究了焦糖脱色率指标。焦糖脱色率指标可以用来很好地表征给水处理用滑『生炭吸附性能,而且具有指标直观、试验方法简单、便于推广应用等特点。     

油茶果壳活性炭对苯酚的吸附动力学研究

以油茶果壳制备的活性炭为吸附剂,探讨了温度、苯酚初始浓度对油茶果壳活性炭吸附苯酚性能的影响,并用两种动力学模型进行了拟合。结果表明:油茶壳活性炭对苯酚的吸附是一个较为快速的过程,60 min就可接近吸附平衡。油茶壳活性炭对苯酚的吸附动力学过程可以用准一级与准二级模型进行很好的描述,相关系数达到0.96以上。