Lead(II) Adsorption onto Sulphuric Acid Treated Cashew Nut Shell

In this study, sulphuric acid treated cashew nut shell (STCNS) was used as adsorbent for the removal of lead(II) ions from the aqueous solutions. Adsorption studies were performed by varying the solution pH, contact time, and temperature. Experimental data were analyzed by the model equations such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms and it was found that the Freundlich isotherm model fits best with the experimental data at different temperatures studied. The maximum adsorption capacity of lead(II) on STCNS was determined as 408.6, 432, 446.3, and 480.5 mg/g, respectively, at different temperatures (30, 40, 50, and 60°C). The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG^o, ΔH^o, and ΔS^o) were calculated and the thermodynamic properties of lead(II) ions-STCNS system indicate the exothermic process. Adsorption kinetic constants were determined using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and the Elovich kinetic models at various temperatures. The adsorption results clearly showed that the adsorption of lead(II) ions onto STCNS followed pseudo-second-order model and the adsorption was both by film diffusion and by intraparticle diffusion. A single-stage batch adsorber was designed using the Freundlich equation.     

Removal of Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions from aqueous solutions by starch-graft-acrylic acid/montmorillonite superabsorbent nanocomposite hydrogels

In this study, the removal of copper(II) and lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions by Starch-graft-acrylic acid/montmorillonite (S-g-AA/MMT) nanocomposite hydrogels was investigated. For this purpose, various factors affecting the removal of heavy metal ions, such as treatment time with the solution, initial pH of the solution, initial metal ion concentration, and MMT content were investigated. The metal ion removal capacities of copolymers increased with increasing pH, and pH 4 was found to be the optimal pH value for maximum metal removal capacity. Adsorption data of the nanocomposite hydrogels were modeled by the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation in order to investigate heavy metal ions adsorption mechanism. The observed affinity order in competitive removal of heavy metals was found Cu²⁺ > Pb²⁺. The Freundlich equations were used to fit the equilibrium isotherms. The Freundlich adsorption law was applicable to be adsorption of metal ions onto nanocomposite hydrogel.     

Utilization of Sawdust-Based Materials as Adsorbent for Wastewater Treatment

Sawdust, a very low-cost material, has been utilized as adsorbent material for the removal of Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions after treatment with citric acid. Three levels of esterified sawdust were prepared via reaction of sawdust with citric acid at elevated temperature. The esterified samples were characterized by estimating the carboxyl content expressed as m.eq.–COOH/100 g sample. Adsorption studies have been carried out to determine the effect of agitation time, pH, adsorbent concentration, extent of modification, and adsorbate concentration on the adsorption capacity of Zn(II) ions onto esterified sawdust. Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied in the adsorption studies. The adsorption capacity, q_e (mg/g), of Zn(II) on esterified sawdust increases by increasing the extent of esterification, expressed as m.eq. –COOH/100 g sample. Maximum values of adsorption capacity, Q_max, are 0 and 270.27 mg/g on native and esterified sawdust, respectively. The equilibrium data were better fitted by the Freundlich adsorption model than the Langmuir model.     

Adsorption Characteristics of Congo Red from Aqueous Solution onto Tea Waste

The feasibility of using tea waste (TW) as a low-cost adsorbent for the adsorption of an anionic dye (Congo red) from aqueous solution has been investigated. Adsorption in a batch process was conducted to study the effect of adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, contact time, pH, and temperature. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. The adsorption system was best described by the Langmuir isotherm (R ² > 0.99). Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model (R ² > 0.99). The effect of mechanical treatment (vibratory mill) was also studied. The experimental results showed that using this physical treatment leads to an increase in the adsorption capacity of TW from 32.26 to 43.48 mg/g. Thermodynamic analyses revealed that the adsorption of Congo red on TW was endothermic and spontaneous in nature. The results indicated that TW can be employed as a potential low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Congo red from aqueous solution.     

Ultrasonically accelerated synthesis of silver nanocomposite hydrogel based on salep biopolymer: application in Rhodamine dye adsorption

Silver nanocomposite hydrogel (SNH) based on poly(acrylic acid) grafted onto salep was prepared without initiator and under just 2 min ultrasonic irradiation for the first time. The SNH was then applied as an adsorbent for Rhodamine removal from aqueous solution. The SNH adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy images and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A 2⁴ full factorial central composite design, a linear mathematical model representing the influence of different variables and their interactions, was successfully employed for experimental design and analysis of the results. Analysis of variance demonstrated that Rhodamine adsorption significantly increased with increases in the amount of adsorbent, extraction time, stirring rate of the solution and Rhodamine volume as donor phase volume, but slightly decreased with an increase in temperature and pH of Rhodamine solution. The adsorption behaviors showed that the adsorption kinetics were in good agreement with a pseudo-second-order model for Rhodamine removal from aqueous solution. Thermodynamic studies revealed the feasibility and exothermic nature of the system. Adsorption mechanism was studied through two important adsorption isotherm models (Langmuir and Freundlich models). Under the optimal experimental conditions, the detection limit was found to be 0.94 µg mL^?1 for Rhodamine adsorption. The limit of quantification and the linear range of calibration curve were 3.14 µg mL^?1 and 1.00–10.98 µg mL^?1, respectively.     

Uptake of Pb2+ Using N-Vinyl Imidazole Based Uniform Porous Hydrogels

The uniform porous and continuous phase lead (II) adsorbent hydrogel, was prepared by copolymerizing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), acrylic acid (AAc), and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAAm), with n-vinyl imidazole (VIM). A series of hydrogels, including different ratios of VIM, were prepared by photopolymerization and characterized. The influence of the uptake conditions such as pH, functional monomer percent, contact time, initial feed concentration, and foreign metal ions on the metal ion binding capacity of hydrogel, were also tested. The selective chelation of heavy metal ions from synthetic wastewater was also studied. The affinity order on molar basis was observed as follows: Pb (II) > Zn (II) > Cd (II). Chelation behavior of heavy metal ions could be modelled using both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and it was seen that the Langmuir isotherm model was the best fit for the adsorption of Pb (II) ions in P(VIM/AAc/HEMA) hydrogel. Moreover, the limits of detection and the quantification values were determined. Regeneration of the hydrogels was easily performed with 1 M HCl and the same hydrogel can be reused five times almost without any loss of adsorption capacity. All these features make P(VIM/AAc/HEMA) hydrogels potential candidate adsorbent for heavy metal removal.     

Removal of Orange II from Aqueous Solutions Using N-Vinyl Imidazole-based Hydrogels as Adsorbents

Poly(N-vinyl imidazole) hydrogel (p-VIm) and its partially quaternized analogue (p-VIm-Ar) were prepared and used for the removal of Orange II (OII). A fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer attached, thermogravimetric analyzer, zeta potential analyzer, and a drop shape analyzer were used for the characterization of the hydrogels. The influence of some experimental parameters, such as pH of the OII solution, contact time, and initial OII concentration on the adsorption process, was examined, and the obtained data were used to calculate the isotherm and kinetic parameters. Adsorption processes of OII onto adsorbents were coherent with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The quaternized analogue exhibited remarkable adsorption performance in the pH range of 2–12, while the effective adsorption with p-VIm occurred only at pH 2.0. The maximum adsorption capacity values of adsorbents were determined as 2331 (for p-VIm) and 1327 mg g^?1 (for p-VIm-Ar) at pH 2.0 and 132 (for p-VIm) and 1357 mg g^?1 (for p-VIm-Ar) at pH 6.0.     

Adsorption of Cu2+ and Ni2+ from Aqueous Solution by Arabinoxylan Hydrogel: Equilibrium,Kinetic, Competitive Adsorption

In this work, arabinoxylan-graft-acrylic acid (AX-g-AA) hydrogel was prepared and used as an adsorbent to remove and recover Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ from aqueous solutions. The influences of pH, ligand content on the adsorption capacity of the hydrogel, adsorption equilibrium, and kinetic were studied in detail. The competitive adsorption and recovery of heavy metal ions, regeneration and reusability of the hydrogel were present. Furthermore, the relationship between the physiochemical properties of the adsorbent and its adsorption performance was also studied. The results showed that a more expanded network favored the diffusion and adsorption of metal ions. Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ uptake by this hydrogel was pH and concentration dependent with the maximum loading of 330.1 mg/g for Cu²⁺ and 248.7 mg/g for Ni²⁺. The pseudo-second-order kinetics suggested that the ion exchange process was chemisorption-controlled. The Langmuir equation could well describe the isotherm data. Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ adsorbed on the hydrogel could be effectively recovered in a diluted HNO₃ solution (0.01 M) in 30 min. AX-g-AA hydrogel also exhibited highly efficient reusability, and thus could be used repeatedly.     

Fe2+-modified Vermiculite for the Removal of Chromium (VI) from Aqueous Solution

A novel adsorbent: Fe²⁺-modified vermiculite was prepared in a two-step reaction. Adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of pH, contact time, and concentration of Cr(VI). It was found that Fe²⁺-modified vermiculite was particularly effective for the removal of Cr(VI) at pH 1.0. The adsorption of Cr(VI) reached equilibrium within 60 min, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the adsorption kinetics. The adsorption data follow the Langmuir model more than the Freundlich model. At pH 1.0, the maximum Cr(VI) sorption capacity (Q _max ) was 87.72 mg · g^?1. Desorption of Cr(VI) from Fe²⁺-modified vermiculite using NaOH treatment exhibited a higher desorption efficiency by more than 80%. The sorption mechanisms including electrostatic interaction and reduction were involved in the Cr (VI) removal. The results showed that Fe²⁺-modified vermiculite can be used as a new adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal which has a higher adsorption capacity and a faster adsorption rate.     

Adsorption Behavior of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by the Hydrogel Composites Based on Attapulgite

A series of carboxymethyl cellulose-g-poly (acrylic acid)/attapulgite hydrogel composites were synthesized for the removal of cationic dye methylene blue. Various factors affecting the uptake behavior were investigated. Adsorption rate of the hydrogel was quite fast, and adsorption equilibrium could be reached within 30 min. Adsorption kinetics well followed the pseudo-second-order equation for all systems. The Langmuir isotherm was found to best represent the data for the dye uptake. Even when 20 wt% attapulgite was introduced into the hydrogel, the corresponding maximum adsorption capacity reached 1979.48 mg/g at 30°C. The as-prepared adsorbents exhibited excellent affinity for the dye, and can be applied to treat wastewater containing basic dyes.     

Uptake of Ni(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution by Kaolinite and Montmorillonite: Influence of Acid Activation of the Clays

Abstract

Kaolinite and montmorillonite were treated with 0.25 M H₂SO₄ and the acid activated clays along with the parent clays were tested for their uptake capacity for Ni(II) ions from aqueous solution. The batch adsorption experiments were conducted under a set of variables (concentration of Ni(II) ion, amount of clay, pH, time and temperature of interaction). Increasing pH favored Ni(II) uptake till the ions were precipitated as the insoluble hydroxides at pH > 8.0. The uptake was rapid up to 40 min and equilibrium was obtained within 180 min. The kinetics of the process was evaluated by subjecting the results to a number of models like the pseudo-first order, second order, Elovich equation, liquid film diffusion, and intra-particle diffusion and it was found that the data more closely resembled a second order process. The experimental data conformed to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms showing that the interactions were mostly chemical in nature. The clays had reasonable monolayer adsorption capacity of 10.4, 11.9, 28.4, and 29.5 mg g^?1 for kaolinite, acid activated kaolinite, montmorillonite, and acid-activated montmorillonite respectively. Montmorillonite had much better adsorption capacity than kaolinite and the acid activation boosted the adsorption capacity of both kaolinite and montmorillonite. The interactions were exothermic in nature, accompanied by decrease in both entropy and Gibbs energy. The results have established good potentiality for kaolinite, montmorillonite and their acid-activated forms to take up and separate Ni(II) from aqueous medium through adsorption-mediated immobilization.     

Effect of bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate as a crosslinker on poly(AAm-co-AMPS)/Na-MMT hydrogel nanocomposite as potential adsorbent for dyes: kinetic,isotherm and thermodynamic study

In the present study, synthesis of poly(AAm-co-AMPS)/Na-MMT hydrogel nanocomposite with different amount of bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate as a crosslinker was successfully carried out for the removal of crystal violet (CV), methylene blue (MB) and methyl red (MR) from aqueous solution. Hydrogel nanocomposite was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, EDS, XRD and TGA analysis. Several important parameters were investigated to obtain maximum adsorption capacity. Adsorption behavior of hydrogel nanocomposite was investigated for the adsorption of dyes and it was found to remove about 80% for CV, 89% for MB and 51% for MR in 50 mg/L of dyes solutions at pH 7 and about 86% for CV, 93% for MB and 23% for MR at pH 12. Kinetic studies revealed that the applicability of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order model for the adsorption of CV, MB and MR. The adsorption isotherm was studied in 25, 35, 45 and 55 °C using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Jovanovic models and the adsorption data were well described by Freundlich isotherm model. Hydrogel nanocomposite showed 155, 176 and 113 mg/g maximum adsorption capacity for CV, MB and MR respectively. Negative values of ΔG⁰ for all three dyes suggested the feasibility of dyes removal and support for spontaneous adsorption of CV, MB and MR on hydrogel nanocomposite. Desorption of dyes from the dye loaded hydrogel nanocomposite was simply done in ethanol. The results indicate that the prepared poly(AAm-co-AMPS)/Na-MMT hydrogel nanocomposite is an efficient adsorbent with high adsorption capacity for the aforementioned dyes.

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Graphical abstract Graphical abstract illustrating the preparation and dye adsorption processes of the poly(AAm-co-AMPS)/Na-MMT hydrogel nanocomposite

     

Application of ethylenediamine hydroxypropyl tamarind fruit shell as adsorbent to remove Eriochrome black T from aqueous solutions – Kinetic and equilibrium studies

Ethylenediamine Hydroxypropyl Tamarind Fruit Shell (EDAHP-TFS) was synthesized to remove Eriochrome Black T (EBT) from aqueous solutions. Maximum adsorption occurred at pH 2.0 and equilibrium time 2 h. Adsorption increased with increase in initial concentration and temperature. Adsorption kinetics obeyed the pseudo-second-order model and indicates a partial ion exchange, followed by the complexation mechanism. Lower E^# (4.48 kJ/mol) represents film diffusion as the rate-limiting step. EBT removal followed the Sips isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 0.237 mmol/g at 30ºC. Isosteric heat of adsorption (ΔH_i) decreased with increase in surface loading, indicating heterogeneous adsorption sites. Desorption studies were carried out and 96.4% recovery was achieved at pH 11.0.     

Comparison of Biosorption of Nickel (II) and Copper (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution by Sphaeroplea Algae and Acid Treated Sphaeroplea Algae

Abstract

Biosorption of nickel (II) and copper (II) ions from aqueous solution by dead sphaeroplea algae in natural and acid treated forms were studied as a function of concentration, pH, and adsorbent dose. The optimum pH for nickel (II) and copper (II) biosorption was found to be 6.0 and 4.0 respectively. The metal ion uptake increased with initial metal ion concentration studied up to 500 mg/L. Both the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models could fit the equilibrium data. The adsorption reasonably fitted the Lagergren kinetic model. Further the biomass was characterized by FTIR spectra. Surface area values are measured to be 0.9 and 2.1 m²/g for natural and acid treated forms respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 3.40, 4.15 mmol/g for nickel (II) and 2.21, 3.41 mmol/g for copper (II) in natural and acid treated forms respectively.     

Poly (acrylic acid-co-acryloyl tetrasodium thiacalix[4]arene tetrasulfonate) grafted dextrin: new supper metal ion adsorbing hydrogels

Dextrin as a biodegradable natural polymer has hydrophilic nature that capable to increase the swelling properties and biodegradability of the synthetic hydrogels. This study describes the synthesis of a poly (acrylic acid-co-acryloyl tetrasodium thiacalix[4]arene tetrasulfonate) grafted dextrin superabsorbent hydrogels (ADA) via solution polymerization. The effects of acryloyl tetrasodium thiacalix[4]arene tetrasulfonate (ACSTCA) dose (20–60) on swelling properties of the hydrogels were studied. The synthesized hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, TGA, DMTA and rheometry. The metal ion removal capacity of the gels was investigated by atomic absorption for Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Hg²⁺. The tendency of metal ions adsorption decreased in the order of Pb²⁺>Cd²⁺>Hg²⁺. The effect of key operating parameters including ACSTCA content, contact time, adsorbent dosage, solution pH, and crosslinker density was experimentally studied on Pb²⁺ adsorption from aqueous solution. The equilibrium data was analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Our experimental data are in best agreement with Freundlich isotherms, and adsorption of metal cation onto hydrogel followed a pseudo second-order kinetic model. According to the thermodynamic parameters, the adsorption of Pb²⁺ occurred spontaneously. The hydrogels could be regenerated after releasing heavy metal ions, and reused 5 times with less than 7 % loss of adsorption capacity.     

Reuse of a waste adsorbent poly(AAc/AM/SH)‐Cu superabsorbent hydrogel,for the potential phosphate ion removal from waste water: Matrix effects,adsorption kinetics,and thermodynamic studies

The most commonly applied methods for the treatment of used adsorbents is to recover them in acid/alkaline medium or direct enflame them. This work dealt with a new potential and economic method to utilize a waste adsorbent. Poly(AAc/AM/SH) superabsorbent hydrogels have proved to be a good adsorbent for Cu²⁺ ions and after adsorption the hydrogels were recovered in acid medium. In this report, the Cu²⁺ ion adsorbed hydrogel has not undergone any regeneration process and applied directly to phosphate ion adsorption. The Cu²⁺ ions‐loaded poly(AAc/AM/SH) hydrogels, were stable within a wide pH range and suitable for phosphate ion adsorption. The factors affecting the phosphate adsorption, such as pH, ionic strength, contact time, temperature, initial concentration of the phosphate ion, and coexisting ions were systematically investigated. The phosphate adsorption was highly pH dependent; and the maximum adsorption of 87.62 mg/g was achieved at pH 6.1. The adsorption data fitted the Langmuir adsorption isotherm better than the Freundlich isotherm. The concomitant anions show profounder adverse influence on phosphate ion adsorption of poly(AAc/AM/SH)‐Cu hydrogel and the effect follows the order citrate > sulfate > bicarbonate > chloride > nitrate. The thermodynamic parameters including ΔH°, ΔG°, and ΔS° for the adsorption processes of phosphate ions on the gel were also evaluated, and the negative ΔG° and ΔH° confirmed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. The adsorption kinetic results suggest that the adsorption process was well described by the pseudo second‐order kinetic model. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Removal of divalent nickel from aqueous solution using blue-green marine algae: adsorption modeling and applicability of various isotherm models

Adsorption of Ni(II) onto blue-green marine algae (BGMA) is investigated under batch condition. Under optimum experimental conditions, the initial Ni(II) metal ion concentration is varied from 25 to 250 ppm and the maximum adsorption capacity of BGMA is found to be 42.056 mg/g. The optimum pH, biomass loading, and an agitation rate on maximum removal of Cu(II) ion are found to be 6, 2 g, and 120 rpm, respectively. 24 h of contact time is allowed to achieve equilibrium condition. All the experiments are carried out at room temperature. The equilibrium experimental data infer that the isotherm is L-shaped. It is the indication of no strong competition between solvent and Ni(II) to occupy the active sites of BGMA. Also, it indicates that the BGMA has a limited sorption capacity for adsorption of Ni(II). The experimental data are tested with various isotherm models; subsequently, the mechanism of adsorption is identified and the characteristic parameters for process design are established. Fritz–Schlunder-V isotherm model is highly significant in establishing the mechanism of adsorption of Ni(II) under the conditions employed in this investigation followed by Freundlich. The q_max of 41.89 mg/g obtained by this model indicates its relevance more precisely with experimental data.     

Competitive Separation of Lead,Cadmium, and Nickel from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon: Response Surface Modeling,Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Studies

In this study, the competitive separation of lead, cadmium, and nickel ions from aqueous solutions using a commercial activated carbon (AC) has been investigated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions to reach the highest adsorption capacity for these metals were found as follows: initial pH = 6.3, temperature = 56.8°C, and shaking speed = 308 rpm. Under these conditions, the sequence of adsorption capacity toward the metal ions was as follows: Pb (II): 9.44 mg g^?1 > Cd (II): 9.37 mg g^?1 > Ni (II): 4.52 mg g^?1. The effect of shaking speed on the adsorption capacity of AC was higher than the effects of the initial pH and temperature, indicating the more important role of physisorption than chemisorption in the adsorption of these metal ions. This was confirmed by the results of thermodynamic studies. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to the Freundlich, Langmuir adsorption isotherm models and the Dubinin–Radushkevich model parameters were evaluated. All the models were tested and all were shown to represent the experimental data satisfactorily. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG were computed from the experimental data. These values show that the adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous. The positive value of ΔS° indicates increasing of randomness at the solid/liquid interface during the adsorption of metal ions on AC.     

Adsorption of lead(II) from aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared from Eichhornia

Activated carbon prepared from Eichhornia was used for the adsorptive removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution. As the raw material for the preparation of the activated carbon is an aquatic weed, the production of this carbon is expected to be economically feasible. Parameters such as agitation time, metal ion concentration, adsorbent dose and pH were studied. Adsorption equilibrium was reached in 100 min for a solution containing 15 mgdm^?3 and 125 min for solutions containing 20 and 25 mgdm^?3 Pb(II), respectively. Adsorption parameters were determined using both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption capacity was 16.61 mgg^?1 at pH 3.0 for particle sizes of 125–180 µm. Pb(II) removal increased as the pH increased from 2 to 4 and remained constant up to pH 10.0. Desorption studies were also carried out with dilute hydrochloric acid to recover both carbon and Pb(II). Quantitative desorption of Pb(II) from carbon indicates that adsorption of metal ion is by ion exchange. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Ion Exchange Reversibility of Some Radionuclides on Zirconium Tungstosuccinate and Zirconium Tungstosalicylate at their Solid-Liquid Interfaces

Zirconium tungstosuccinate (ZWSu) and zirconium tungstosalicylate (ZWSa) composites were synthesized by anchoring moieties of succinic acid (SuA) and salicylic acid (SaA) onto zirconium tungstate (ZW), respectively. The produced exchange composites were unambiguously characterized by TGA, DTA, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy. Thermally stable, amorphous, highly active, and multifunctional inorganic-organic exchangers were produced. The sorption behavior of the hybrid materials for removal of some hazardous radionuclides, ¹³⁴Cs, ⁶⁰Co, and ^152+154 Eu has been studied for covering different pHs, contact time, and concentrations; capacity; 2.6, 3.14, and 4.05 meq/g were accommodated. FORM, PFORM, and PSORM equations were kinetically tested to predict the reaction mechanism. Adsorption isotherms have been constructed at different reaction temperatures (30, 40, 50, 60 ± 1°C). Adsorption of ¹³⁴Cs, ⁶⁰Co, and ^152+154 Eu on the exchangers fit to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The effect of temperature on the equilibrium distribution coefficient values was also investigated, and the thermodynamic parameters were determined; the reverse order kinetics and ion exchange reversibility were moreover indicated.