An Improved Ultrasound-Assisted Alkali Extraction Process of Perilla Seed Meal Polysaccharide

The quantitative effects of extraction time, extraction temperature, concentration of alkali solution, and ratio of solid to liquid on yield of perilla seed meal polysaccharides were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental data obtained were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis and also analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. By solving the regression equation and also by analyzing the response surface contour plots, the optimal ultrasound-assisted (ultrasonic power was 70 W) extraction conditions of polysaccharides were determined: Extraction time of 29.4 min, extraction temperature of 42.8°C, concentration of NaOH of 4.5 mol/L, and ratio of liquid to solid of 22 g/mL. These predicted values were also verified by validation experiments.     

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Puerarin from Radix Puerariae using Response Surface Methodology

Statistical experimentical designs were applied to optimize microwave-assisted extraction of puerarin from Radix Puerariae. The most important factors affecting the extraction procedure were determined using a Plackett-Burman design. Results indicated that the concentration of ethanol, solvent-material ratio, extraction time, and microwave power were the main factors affecting the extraction yield. These factors were further optimized using a central composite design and response surface methodology. The optimal extraction parameters were ethanol concentration of 52.36%, microwave irradiation time of 60 s, microwave power of 184.8 W and solvent-material ratio of 25:1(mL/g). The average experimental puerarin yield under the optimum conditions was found to be 11.97 mg/g, which agreed with the predicted value of 11.8 mg/g. The proposed method shows high degree of reproducibility.     

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) hull

ABSTRACT

Phenolic compounds were extracted from pistachio hull using microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MASE). The effects of four parameters, microwave power, extraction time, solvent to sample ratio, and ethanol concentration were evaluated. The extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology to enhance the total phenolic content (TPC). Optimal conditions were found as 140 W microwave power, 4.5 min extraction time, 19:1 (v/w) solvent to sample ratio, and 56% ethanol concentration to get maximum TPC (62.24 mg GAE/g dry hull). Also, MASE was compared with conventional solvent extraction (CSE) and MASE gave higher TPC, yield, and antioxidant activity.     

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of wedelolactone from Eclipta alba using response surface methodology

An efficient microwave-assisted extraction technique was used to extract wedelolactone from Eclipta alba. To optimize the effects of the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) processing parameters on the yield of wedelolactone, a response surface methodology with a central composite rotatable design was employed. Four independent variables were investigated: microwave power, ethanol concentration, extraction time and the solvent-to-solid ratio. The optimum conditions were: microwave power, 208W; ethanol concentration, 90%; extraction time, 26.5min; and solvent-tosolid ratio, 33mL·g^?1. Under the optimal conditions, the extraction yield of wedelolactone was (82.67±0.16)%, which is in close agreement with the value predicted by the statistical model. MAE was also compared to other conventional methods, including ultrasonic assisted extraction, extraction at room temperature and heat reflux extraction. MAE has distinct advantages for the extraction of wedelolactone in terms of both time and efficiency. Therefore, MAE is a reliable method for the extraction of wedelolactone from Eclipta alba.     

Study on Ultrasonic Extraction of Gastrodin from Gastrodia elata Bl.

Gastrodin, a pharmacologically active constituent, was ultrasonically extracted from gastrodia elata Bl. in the aqueous solution. The effects of six parameters including ethanol–water compositions, extraction time, extraction temperature, particle size, solvent volume, and ultrasonic power on the extraction yield of gastrodin were investigated. According to the orthogonal design, the optimal extraction conditions was explored as extraction temperature 60°C, extraction time 50 minutes, ultrasonic power 126 W, solvent volume 8 mL · g^?1, ethanol–water compositions 70%, and particle size 10–20 mesh. Though the yield of gastrodin via ultrasonic extraction was about 0.01% lower than that from the reflux extraction, the extraction time of the ultrasonic extraction was greatly shortened. Therefore, ultrasonic extraction has high efficiency and is proved to be very valuable in the extraction of gastrodin from gastrodia elata Bl.     

响应面法优化荷叶生物碱盐提取工艺及其纯化

在单因素实验的基础上,通过响应面法分析和优化提取条件,考察超声酸提法中酸的种类、酸的质量分数、超声时间、液固比〔液体体积(m L)与固体质量(g)的比值〕、超声功率和温度对荷叶碱提取效果的影响以及D101型大孔树脂对提取物的纯化效果。得到的荷叶生物碱盐的最佳提取工艺条件为:加热温度60℃、超声功率500 W、盐酸质量分数0.3%、超声时间41 min、液固比27,在该工艺条件下荷叶碱的得率为(4.12±0.05)mg/g。以体积分数为70%的乙醇作为洗脱液,纯化后的生物碱盐经分光光度法测得纯度为40.81%。     

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Artemisinin from Artemisia annua L. by Response Surface Methodology

Artemisinin is a compound extracted from Artemisia annua L. with a remarkable curative effect against malaria. It can be extracted using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and then detected via HPLC. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize UAE conditions for obtaining the maximum yield of artemisinin. Three independent variables (ratio of solvent to material, extraction temperature, and ultrasonic power) were evaluated using the Box-Behnken experimental design, with the yield of artemisinin as a response variable. Experimental data were highly fitted to a mathematical-regression model using multiple linear regression (MLR). Based on response surface plots, the three independent variables exhibited interactive effects on the yield of artemisinin. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: 42.71 mL/g ratio of solvent to material, 41.86°C extraction temperature and 120 W ultrasonic power. The predicted yield of artemisinin by model was 0.7848%, whereas the actual yield in the extracts was 0.7826% ± 0.0790% in adjusted optimal conditions, with a relative error of 0.28%. The results undoubtedly demonstrated that RSM could be used to explore the optimum conditions of artemisinin extraction.     

Optimum conditions of microwave-assisted extraction for phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of the brown alga Sargassum vestitum

This study aimed to optimise microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) conditions for total phenolic compounds (TPCs) and antioxidant activities of the alga Sargassum vestitum by using response surface methodology with Box–Behnken design. The results showed that solvent concentration had the greatest impact on TPC and antioxidant activities of the extracts, followed by radiation time and power. The optimal MAE conditions were ethanol concentration of 70%, radiation time of 75 s and power of 80%. The optimal MAE method showed much better extraction efficacy of phenolics and antioxidant capacities of the extract than conventional and ultrasonic methods.     

响应面法优化大豆荚壳异黄酮超声-回流萃取工艺

利用超声萃取和回流萃取方法进行单因素实验,选取提取温度、超声时间和乙醇体积分数为影响因子,应用响应面法(RSM)优化大豆荚壳异黄酮的提取条件。结果表明,大豆荚壳异黄酮优化浸提条件为:提取温度83℃、乙醇体积分数为84%、超声时间30min、大豆荚壳颗粒150μm、液料比25:1、回流萃取时间90min、超声功率108W,大豆荚壳总异黄酮的得率为3.5mg/g。响应面法大豆荚壳总异黄酮的提取条件优化合理可行,为提高大豆荚壳总异黄酮的提取率提供了依据。     

Optimization of Ethanol-Ultrasound-Assisted Destabilization of a Cream Recovered from Enzymatic Extraction of Soybean Oil

A novel method using ethanol and ultrasound to extract oil from cream obtained from enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of soybean oil was developed. To evaluate the relationships between operating variables and free oil yield and to maximize the free oil yield, response surface methodology was introduced in this work. The developed regression model was fitted with R ² = 0.9591. Optimized variables were: ethanol concentration of 73 %, ethanol addition volume of 0.55 L/kg, ultrasound power of 427 W, ultrasound time of 47 s, and ultrasound temperature of 53 °C. The free oil yield from the cream under the above conditions was 92.6 ± 3.4 %. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic treatment on ethanol-treated cream, and the SEM images clearly showed that the ultrasound treatment affected dispersing and fracturing of the microstructure of ethanol-treated cream.     

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus Pluvialis by Response Surface Methodology and Antioxidant Activities of the Extracts

Abstract

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was applied for the extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis and response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize extraction parameters to the content of astaxanthin. Four independent variables such as microwave power (W), extraction time (sec), solvent volume (mL), and the number of extraction were optimized in this paper. The optimal conditions were determined and tri-dimensional response surfaces were plotted from the mathematical models. The F-test and p-value indicated that microwave power, extraction time, the number of extraction, and their quadratic had a highly significant effect on the response value (p <0.01), then the solvent volume and the interaction effects of microwave power and the number of extraction also displayed significant effect (p <0.05). Considering the extraction efficiency, the optimized conditions of MAE were as follows: microwave power was 141 W, extraction time 83 sec, solvent volume 9.8 mL, the number of extraction four times. About 594 ± 3.02 µg astaxanthin was extracted from Haematococcus pluvialis the dried powders (100 mg) under the optimal conditions, and it close to the predicted contents (592 µg). The antioxidant activities of the extracts obtained under optimal conditions were analyzed, and the results showed that the extracts presented strong ability of inhibiting the peroxidantion of linoleic acid, exhibited strong radical-scavenging properties against the DPPH, as well as strong reducing power.     

响应面法优化金银花中绿原酸的超声提取工艺

为优化金银花中绿原酸的超声提取工艺,在单因素实验基础上,选择超声提取时间、提取溶剂量、乙醇体积分数为自变量,绿原酸得率作为响应值,采用中心组合设计的方法,研究各自变量及其交互作用对绿原酸提取的影响。采用响应面分析软件,模拟得到二次多项式回归方程的预测模型,并确定超声提取最佳工艺条件为提取时间25.55 min/次,提取溶液量为10.87倍,乙醇体积分数为71.46%,绿原酸的平均得率为2.03%。     

Response surface analysis of microwave‐assisted extraction of polysaccharides from cultured Cordyceps militaris

BACKGROUND: Microwave‐assisted extraction was employed to extract polysaccharides from cultured Cordyceps militaris. The optimal conditions for polysaccharide extraction were determined by response surface methodology. Box–Behnken design was applied to evaluate the effects of three independent variables (microwave power, extraction time and ratio of solution to solid) on the polysaccharide yield of C. militaris. RESULTS: Correlation analysis of the mathematical‐regression model indicated that a quadratic polynomial model could be employed to optimize the microwave‐assisted extraction of polysaccharide. Response surface plots showed that microwave power, extraction time and ratio of solution to solid exhibited independent and interactive effects on the extraction of polysaccharide. The optimal conditions to obtain the highest polysaccharide yield of C. militaris were a microwave power of 744.8 W, an extraction time of 4.2 min and a ratio of solution to solid of 31.1 mL g^?1. CONCLUSION: Under these optimal conditions, the experimental values agreed with the predicted values, using analysis of variance, indicating the goodness of fit of the model used and the success of response surface methodology for optimizing microwave‐assisted extraction of polysaccharide from C. militaris. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Response Surface Optimized Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Quercetin and Isolation of Phenolic Compounds From Hypericum perforatum L. by Column Chromatography

The effects of ultrasonic-assisted extraction factors for the main phenolic compound (quercetin) from Hypericum perforatum L. were optimized using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) combined with response surface methodology. The BBD was employed to evaluate the effects of extraction temperature (30–70°C), extraction time (20–80 min), methanol concentration (20–80%, v/v), and HCl concentration (0.8–2.0 M) on the content of one of the major phenolic compounds of quercetin. The extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The major phenolic compounds of H. perforatum were isolated and the antioxidant capacity and total phenol content were determined in crude extract and fractions. The optimum conditions were determined as extraction temperature 67°C, extraction time 67 min, methanol concentration 77% (v/v), and HCl concentration 1.2 M. The predicted content of quercetin was 10.81 mg/g dried plant under the optimal conditions and the subsequent verification experiment with 11.09 mg/g dried plant confirmed the validity of the predicted model. The isolated compounds were identified as quercetin, cyanidin, protocatechuic acid, and kaempferol.     

A simple method for extraction and purification of pedunculoside from the dried barks of Ilex rotunda and its inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase in vitro

A simple and efficient method was developed for the preparation of pedunculoside from the dried barks of Ilex rotunda. Pedunculoside was extracted by heat reflux. The optimal conditions were determined by the response surface methodology (40% ethanol concentration, 14 mL/g solvent/material loading level and 90 min extraction time with the dried barks being extracted twice). After extraction and condensing the crude extract, pedunculoside was directly purified through crystallization in water with the addition of ethyl acetate. Pedunculoside (96.9% purity) was obtained with 48.2% recovery after the extraction and purification. Compared with the reported chromatographic methods, this strategy is simple, eco-friendly, and economical. The purified pedunculoside showed an inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase in vitro (IC₅₀ = 80.8 μg/mL), suggesting its anti-obesity potential.     

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Single Cell Oil from Mortierella isabellina

In this paper, ultrasound-assisted extraction of single cell oil (SCO) from Mortierella isabellina (MI) was investigated using mathematical statistics, such as Plackett–Burman (PB) design, steepest ascent (SA) design, and Box–Behnken (BB) design. The results from response surface methodology (RSM) indicated the hydrochloric acid concentration, ultrasound time, ultrasound temperature, and extraction time are the most significant parameters. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: ultrasound power 300 W, ultrasound time 12.20 min, ultrasound temperature 53.42°c, hydrochloric acid 30 mmol in each gram of wet fungal mycelia, extraction time 19.45 min, extraction solvent (CH₃Cl-CH₃OH) ratio 2:1. Under the conditions, the extraction rate of SCO from MI was up to 90.63 ± 1.35%, and the yield of SCO was 109.88 ± 0.02 mg/g (P < 0.05) that was 1.23-fold and 1.35-fold the yield of acid-heating method and ultrasound method, respectively.     

Optimization: Microwave irradiation effect on polyphenolic compounds extraction from winter savory (Satureja montana L.)

Microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenols with elevated antioxidant activity from winter savory was optimized by simultaneous maximization of total phenolics, total flavonoids yields, and antioxidant activity (measured by two assays—DPPH and reducing power assay). For optimization of microwave assisted extraction, Box–Behnken experimental design coupled with response surface methodology was applied. Independent variables were extraction time, ethanol concentration, and irradiation power. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate model fitness and determine optimal conditions.     

响应面法优化螺旋藻中叶绿素的超声提取工艺

Chlorophylls were extracted by using ultrasonic from Spirulina platensis. Single factor examination and response surface analysis experiments were adopted to investigate the effects of extraction time, extraction solvent, solvent concentration, ratio of liquid to solid and extraction grade. The results showed that the optimal process parameters for this method were: extraction time of 56.5 min, ethanol concentration of 48.3% (vol) of ethanol/acetone solvent, and ratio of liquid to solid of 7. 9 ml·g^-1. The optimized chlorophylls extraction yield was 1.28%. The comparison experimental results indicated that the yield of chlorophylls by ultrasonic extraction was higher than that obtained from conventional solvent extraction.     

Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Setaria viridis

Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction (UEAE) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to isolate polysaccharides from Setaria viridis (SVP). Optimal extraction conditions in the enzymatic hydrolysis process were: extraction duration, 68 min; extraction temperature, 51°C; ratio of enzyme to raw material, 1.6%; and ratio of liquid to raw material, 20 mL/g. Then, following ultrasonic treatment (180 W, 60°C, 60 min), the experimental yield was 8.94 ± 0.38%. Crude SVP was purified by DEAE cellulose-52 chromatography and Sephadex G-100 chromatography, resulting in the isolation of three fractions (designated SVP-1, SVP-2 and SVP-3). These SVPs were mainly composed of glucose residue, and SVP-3 had a significantly higher uronic acid content than the other two fractions. Additionally, all fractions showed strong antioxidant activities in vitro.     

栾树叶总多酚的超声波辅助提取工艺及其抗氧化活性

以10g栾树叶粉末为原料,在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面法优化栾树叶总多酚超声波辅助提取工艺,以乙醇体积分数、液料比、提取时间、提取温度、超声波功率为因子,总多酚质量分数、总多酚得率为响应值,得到优化提取条件为乙醇体积分数72%、液料比25:1(mL:g)、提取时间15 min、提取温度60℃、超声波功率200 W以及提取3次。在此条件下,栾树叶粗提物总多酚质量分数为61.26%、总多酚得率为3.41%。抗氧化实验结果表明:栾树叶粗提物清除1,1-二苯代苦味酰基(DPPH)自由基能力显著高于BHT和Vc,IC₅₀值为103.78 mg/L;栾树叶粗提物的铁离子还原能力与BHT相当,明显高于Vc。