Multi response optimisation of polyphenol extraction conditions from grape seeds by using ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE)

Multi response optimisation conditions were investigated in grape seeds’ phenolic compounds extraction by using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) methodology. The effect of independent process variables such as EtOH concentration (0–100%), extraction time (0–40 min), solvent:solid ratio (4.5–38.5 mL/g) and extraction temperature (20–60°C) on total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) of the extracts were studied. The optimum conditions of UAE were determined as follows: EtOH concentration, 61.76%; extraction time 20 min., solvent:solid ratio, 30 mL/g; extraction temperature 50°C. The estimation results of the model and the experimental results for TPC and TAA showed a great similarity.     

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus Pluvialis by Response Surface Methodology and Antioxidant Activities of the Extracts

Abstract

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was applied for the extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis and response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize extraction parameters to the content of astaxanthin. Four independent variables such as microwave power (W), extraction time (sec), solvent volume (mL), and the number of extraction were optimized in this paper. The optimal conditions were determined and tri-dimensional response surfaces were plotted from the mathematical models. The F-test and p-value indicated that microwave power, extraction time, the number of extraction, and their quadratic had a highly significant effect on the response value (p <0.01), then the solvent volume and the interaction effects of microwave power and the number of extraction also displayed significant effect (p <0.05). Considering the extraction efficiency, the optimized conditions of MAE were as follows: microwave power was 141 W, extraction time 83 sec, solvent volume 9.8 mL, the number of extraction four times. About 594 ± 3.02 µg astaxanthin was extracted from Haematococcus pluvialis the dried powders (100 mg) under the optimal conditions, and it close to the predicted contents (592 µg). The antioxidant activities of the extracts obtained under optimal conditions were analyzed, and the results showed that the extracts presented strong ability of inhibiting the peroxidantion of linoleic acid, exhibited strong radical-scavenging properties against the DPPH, as well as strong reducing power.     

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from mulberry, using response surface methodology

Mulberry is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese medicines. Anthocyanins are the main bioactive components of mulberry, and possess important biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This study investigated the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of anthocyanins from mulberry by using response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction conditions associated with anthocyanin yield, including extraction solvent, liquid-to-solid rate, temperature and extraction time, are discussed. The optimal conditions obtained by RSM for UAE from mulberry include 63.8% methanol contains 1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), 43.2 °C temperature, 23.8 (v/w) liquid-to-solid ratio, and 40 min time for the maximum yield (64.70 ± 0.45 mg/g). The results indicated that the UAE can be an effective method for the extraction of some active components from plant materials.     

Study on Ultrasonic Extraction of Gastrodin from Gastrodia elata Bl.

Gastrodin, a pharmacologically active constituent, was ultrasonically extracted from gastrodia elata Bl. in the aqueous solution. The effects of six parameters including ethanol–water compositions, extraction time, extraction temperature, particle size, solvent volume, and ultrasonic power on the extraction yield of gastrodin were investigated. According to the orthogonal design, the optimal extraction conditions was explored as extraction temperature 60°C, extraction time 50 minutes, ultrasonic power 126 W, solvent volume 8 mL · g^?1, ethanol–water compositions 70%, and particle size 10–20 mesh. Though the yield of gastrodin via ultrasonic extraction was about 0.01% lower than that from the reflux extraction, the extraction time of the ultrasonic extraction was greatly shortened. Therefore, ultrasonic extraction has high efficiency and is proved to be very valuable in the extraction of gastrodin from gastrodia elata Bl.     

An Improved Ultrasound-Assisted Alkali Extraction Process of Perilla Seed Meal Polysaccharide

The quantitative effects of extraction time, extraction temperature, concentration of alkali solution, and ratio of solid to liquid on yield of perilla seed meal polysaccharides were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental data obtained were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis and also analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. By solving the regression equation and also by analyzing the response surface contour plots, the optimal ultrasound-assisted (ultrasonic power was 70 W) extraction conditions of polysaccharides were determined: Extraction time of 29.4 min, extraction temperature of 42.8°C, concentration of NaOH of 4.5 mol/L, and ratio of liquid to solid of 22 g/mL. These predicted values were also verified by validation experiments.     

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) hull

ABSTRACT

Phenolic compounds were extracted from pistachio hull using microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MASE). The effects of four parameters, microwave power, extraction time, solvent to sample ratio, and ethanol concentration were evaluated. The extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology to enhance the total phenolic content (TPC). Optimal conditions were found as 140 W microwave power, 4.5 min extraction time, 19:1 (v/w) solvent to sample ratio, and 56% ethanol concentration to get maximum TPC (62.24 mg GAE/g dry hull). Also, MASE was compared with conventional solvent extraction (CSE) and MASE gave higher TPC, yield, and antioxidant activity.     

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Syringin from the Bark of Ilex rotunda Thumb Using Response Surface Methodology

In this work, a rapid extraction method based on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of syringin from the bark of Ilex rotunda Thumb using response surface methodology (RSM) is described. The syringin was analyzed and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection (HPLC-UV). The extraction solvent, extraction temperature and extraction time, the three main factors for UAE, were optimized with Box-Behnken design (BBD) to obtain the highest extraction efficiency. The optimal conditions were the use of a sonication frequency of 40 kHz, 65% methanol as the solvent, an extraction time of 30 min and an extraction temperature of 40 °C. Using these optimal conditions, the experimental values agreed closely with the predicted values. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated a high goodness of model fit and the success of the RSM method for optimizing syringin extraction from the bark of I. rotunda.     

Optimization of Microwave‐Assisted Extraction of Flavonoid from Radix Astragali using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to predict optimum conditions for microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) of flavonoid from Radix Astragali. A central composite design was used to monitor the effect of temperature, extraction time, solvent‐to‐material ratio, and the ethanol concentration on yield of total flavanoid (TFA). Optimum extraction conditions were predicted as 108.2°C, 26.7 min, 23.1 ml/g solvent‐to‐material ratio and 86.2% ethanol. The maximum yield 1.234±0.031 mg/g was close to the yield of Soxhlet and higher than that of ultrasound assisted extraction and heat reflux extraction. MAE was an effective alternative to conventional extraction methods.     

超声波辅助提取五倍子单宁酸的响应面优化实验

以水为提取溶剂,在单因素试验的基础上,利用响应面分析法优化了五倍子中单宁酸的超声波辅助提取条件。利用中心组合(Box-Behnken)实验设计原理研究液固比、超声波作用时间、超声波功率3个自变量对响应值单宁酸提取得率的影响。结果表明,单宁酸最佳超声波辅助提取条件为: 5 g五倍子粉末,液固比38:1(mL:g),超声波提取时间32 min,超声波功率250 W,在此条件下单宁酸提取得率为66.0%。     

超声波提取法对海燕总皂苷提取工艺的研究

采用超声波提取法从海燕中提取总皂苷。在考察单因素影响后,以溶剂浓度、提取时间、料液比、超声波功率及温度建立正交实验。比较超声波提取法与微波提取法和索氏提取法的提取率,结果表明:超声波提取法最优;影响超声波提取法提取率的主要因素为溶剂浓度与料液比,其次是温度和提取时间。超声波提取法提取海燕皂苷工艺的优选方案为:料液比1︰20,乙醇浓度85%,温度70℃,超声功率60 W,提取时间20 min。     

Comparison between conventional and ultrasound-assisted extractions of natural antioxidants from walnut green husk

Agricultural industries produce substantial quantities of phenolic-rich by-products, which have gained much attention due to their antioxidant properties. Ultrasonic technology was applied for extraction of antioxidants from the walnut green husk using ethanol as a food grade solvent. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize experimental conditions. The responses were total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and yield. TPC varied from 6.28 to 7.23mg GA g^?1 dry sample. FRAP and DPPH values varied from 0.33 to 0.46 mmol Fe²⁺ g^?1 of dry sample and 33.98% to 56.31% inhibition, respectively. Extraction yields ranged from 33.04% to 38.72%. The optimal conditions were 60% ethanolwater mixture as solvent, temperature of 60 °C and extraction time of 30 min. Comparison of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional extraction was shown that TPC, FRAP, DPPH and yield obtained by UAE during 30 min were significantly higher than by conventional extraction during 16 hours. The extract can be used as substitute of synthetic antioxidants for food products, color and oxidative stabilization.     

栾树叶总多酚的超声波辅助提取工艺及其抗氧化活性

以10g栾树叶粉末为原料,在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面法优化栾树叶总多酚超声波辅助提取工艺,以乙醇体积分数、液料比、提取时间、提取温度、超声波功率为因子,总多酚质量分数、总多酚得率为响应值,得到优化提取条件为乙醇体积分数72%、液料比25:1(mL:g)、提取时间15 min、提取温度60℃、超声波功率200 W以及提取3次。在此条件下,栾树叶粗提物总多酚质量分数为61.26%、总多酚得率为3.41%。抗氧化实验结果表明:栾树叶粗提物清除1,1-二苯代苦味酰基(DPPH)自由基能力显著高于BHT和Vc,IC₅₀值为103.78 mg/L;栾树叶粗提物的铁离子还原能力与BHT相当,明显高于Vc。     

Impact of ultrasound on oil yield and content of functional food ingredients at the oil extraction from sunflower

In this study, the effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) on oil yield and content of functional food ingredients of hulled and non-hulled sunflower is discussed and compared with conventional extraction methods. The optimum extraction parameters for UAE were as follows: n-hexane as extracting solvent, average particle size 250 ± 12 µm, extraction time 2 h, solid-to-solvent ratio 1:12, ultrasound frequency 24 kHz and temperature 50°C. Furthermore, the chromatograph showed that sunflower oil extracted by the UAE was rich in α-Linolenic acid (ω-3). In addition, a marginal reduction in peroxide values and tocopherols were determined.     

Response Surface Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Oxyresveratrol Extraction from the Bark of Cultured Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.)

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction was applied to extract oxyresveratrol from cultured black mulberry bark (OCBMB). The process was optimized by response surface methodology. According to the results of the signal factor test, the Box–Behnken design was employed to investigate the effects of four chosen independent variables (ultrasonic power, extraction time, ethanol concentration, and acetic acid concentration) on the oxyresveratrol extraction, and the response surface plots showed that the parameters exhibited interactive effects. The optimal conditions were as follows: extraction temperature, 50°C; ratio of solution to solid (v/m), 20:1; ultrasonic power, 496.23 W; extraction time, 113 min; ethanol concentration, 70.98%; acetic acid concentration, 0.77%. Under these optimal conditions, experimental values well matched with the predicted values, which indicated the model used had extremely good fitting degree and the response surface methodology for optimizing Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of OCBMB was successful.     

Natural Pigments Extraction from Basella rubra L. Fruits by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Combined with Box-Behnken Response Surface Design

In this study, natural pigments from Basella rubra L. were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique using three levels, four factors (extraction temperature, ultrasonic power, extraction time and solid-liquid (SL) ratio) Box-Behnken response surface design. The optimal condition was found to be: extraction temperature of 54°C, ultrasonic power of 94 W, extraction time of 32 min and SL ratio of 1:17 g/mL respectively. Under this optimal condition, the experimental yield of (betacyanin of 1.42 ± 0.001 and betaxanthin of 5.35 ± 0.13 mg/g) pigments were well correlated with predicted values (betacyanin was 1.43 mg/g and betaxanthin was 5.37 mg/g).     

Response Surface Methodology to Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Essential Oil from Amormum krevanh Pierre

Abstract

Response surface methodology was employed to investigate the effects of operating conditions and predict the optimal conditions for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of essential oil from Amomum krevanh Pierre. The factors investigated were operating temperature (33–67°C), the operating pressure (91–259 bar), and the extraction time (20–70 min). The main effect of the operating pressure and the interaction effect between the operating temperature and the extraction time were found to be significant factors. From the response surface model, an optimal condition for essential oil content within the range of experimental study was found to be at 33°C, 175 bar, and 70 min, which gave the oil yield of 17.3 mg/g dry wt. The essential oil yield obtained at all conditions were higher than that obtained by organic solvent extraction (9.74 mg/g dry wt.) while the composition of the extract was similar, which were 1,8-cineole (70.87%), β-pinene (8.89%), and limonene (4.81%).     

超声波辅助提取荷叶总黄酮工艺的研究

以荷叶粉末为原料,用单因素和正交实验考察了超声提取的乙醇浓度、超声时间、超声功率、液固比对荷叶黄酮提取率的影响。结果表明,采用40倍50%的乙醇溶液,在700 W的功率(20 kHz)下超声提取40 m in的提取效果最好,黄酮得率可达14.49 mg/g,电镜显示,超声对荷叶组织产生了明显的破碎作用。     

Ultrasound- and Microwave-Assisted Extractions Facilitate Oil Recovery from Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) By-Products and Enhance Fish Oil Quality Parameters

This research aimed to analyze ultrasound (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) as novel technologies for utilizing gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) by-products to produce high-quality fish oil for human consumption. The impacts of extraction parameters, namely, temperature, time, solvent-to-solid ratio, and their interactions on the extraction yield, are investigated using response surface methodology (RSM), and a central composite rotatable design. The optimized conditions are 15.47 mL g⁻¹ of solvent-to-solid ratio, 38 min, and 42 °C for UAE and 15.84 mL g⁻¹ of solvent-to-solid ratio, 18 min, and 40 °C for MAE. Under optimal conditions, the maximum extraction yields are 38.40 and 36.70% (g/g) for UAE and MAE, respectively. Both UAE and MAE have significantly higher mass transfer rates (61.70 and 121.58 g h⁻¹, respectively) than Soxhlet extraction (10.78 g h⁻¹). The fatty acid composition, physicochemical, and oxidation analyses of fish oils confirm the suitability of both UAE and MAE for the recovery of high-quality oils from fish processing by-products. The valorized oils mainly include unsaturated fatty acids (≈75%) and are rich in oleic acid. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy analysis reveals that the key driving force for fast oil extraction is the structural degradation of fish by-products caused by ultrasound and microwave. Practical Applications: Due to environmental and economic viewpoints, the validation of fish oil from fish industry by-products has become a popular research topic recently. Alternative recovery techniques such as ultrasound- (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) protocols may have additional benefits in producing functional oils. Interactive effects of process parameters determine the success of the extraction technique; therefore optimization is a critical approach when applying the extraction protocols. This study shows that UAE and MAE techniques significantly enhanced oil extraction rate from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurota) by-products at lower temperatures and by using lower amounts of solvent. UVA and MAE increase oxidative stability and do not change the fatty acid composition. Hence, the by-product of the gilthead seabream can be a sustainable and food-grade fish oil source and UAE and MAE can be a good alternative to the conventional (Soxhlet) extraction by providing high yield and quality oil.     

Solvent-assisted extraction of oil from papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds: evaluation of its physiochemical properties and fatty-acid composition

ABSTRACT

The present work reports the solvent-assisted extraction of oil from papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds. Various operating parameters such as solid solvent ratio, temperature and time on oil yield, and its effects have been investigated using response surface methodology. The experimental oil yield (20.30 ± 0.03%) at optimal condition was well agreed with the predicted value. The compositions from GC-FID results showed saturated fatty acid (20.94%), monounsaturated fatty acid (73.12%), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (4.96%). It was also found that the solvent-assisted extraction is a simple and effective method for extraction of oil from papaya seeds.     

Kariya (Hildegardia barteri) seed oil extraction: comparative evaluation of solvents,modeling, and optimization techniques

In this work, the effects of solid/solvent ratio (0.10–0.25?g/ml), extraction time (3–8?h), and solvent type (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and acetone) together with their shared interactions on Kariya seed oil (KSO) yield were investigated. The oil extraction process was modeled via response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) while the optimization of the three input variables essential to the oil extraction process was carried out by genetic algorithm (GA) and RSM methods. The low mean relative percent deviation (MRPD) of 0.94–4.69% and high coefficient of determination (R²) > 0.98 for the models developed demonstrate that they describe the solvent extraction process with high accuracy in this order: ANFIS, ANN, and RSM. The best operating condition (solid/solvent ratio of 0.1?g/ml, extraction time of 8?h, and acetone as solvent of extraction) that gave the highest KSO yield (32.52?wt.%) was obtained using GA-ANFIS and GA-ANN. Solvent extraction efficiency evaluation showed that ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and acetone gave maximum experimental oil yields of 19.20?±?0.28, 25.11?±?0.01, and 32.33?±?0.04?wt.%, respectively. Properties of the KSO varied based on the type of solvent used. The results of this work showed that KSO could function as raw material in both food and chemical industries.