NaHCO处理胶乳生产污泥制备吸附剂对阳离子染料的吸附

以胶乳生产厂脱水污泥为原料、1.40mol/L的NaHCO₃作膨胀剂,60℃浸渍并超声处理30min,污泥烘干后再经高温炭化制备吸附剂,将其用于吸附阳离子兰X-GRRL染料溶液,考察炭化温度、炭化时间、吸附剂粒径、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间及溶液pH对吸附效果的影响,并对其吸附动力学和吸附等温线类型进行了探讨。结果表明：污泥在炭化温度700℃、炭化时间120min的条件下,制备的吸附剂（粒径<0.75mm）的比表面积为118.95m²/g,孔隙结构较为发达,对染料溶液吸附效果最佳;在振荡频率150r/min、吸附温度为25℃±0.10℃、初始染料质量浓度为250mg/L、吸附剂投加量为1.20g/L、溶液pH为5.47、吸附时间为300min时,溶液脱色率可达98.30%,染料吸附量为204.80mg/g;其吸附动力学可用准二级动力学方程进行描述;符合Langmuir型吸附等温线,属于单分子层吸附;吸附剂浸出液及吸附处理后的染料溶液的COD值分别为4.00mg/L和20.00mg/L,不会对水体造成二次污染。     

One-pot synthesis of carbonaceous monolith with surface sulfonic groups and its carbonization/activation

The carbonaceous monoliths rich in surface sulfonic acid groups were synthesized by one-pot hydrothermal carbonization of the mixture of p-toluenesulfonic acid/glucose/resorcinol at 180 °C. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations confirmed the presence of surface sulfonic groups on these monoliths. The catalytic performance of this kind of carbonaceous material as a solid-acid catalyst was studied in the reaction of acetalization of benzaldehyde and the results showed that it has high activity and reusability. Then, these monoliths were further carbonized and activated to form monolithic carbons with high surface area and large pore volume. The surface area and pore volume per mass increased with prolonging the activation time (0–6 h) and the best results on 6-h activated samples were 2337 m²/g and 2.12 cm³/g. Due to the decrease in bulk density the volumetric surface area increased initially until maximum and then slightly dropped down during the activation. These carbonized and activated samples showed better oxidation resistance than one commercial activated carbon under air. Moreover, the adsorption capacity for dye molecules with different size on these activated samples was significant higher than that on commercial activated carbons and a synthetic ordered mesoporous carbon.     

混凝污泥的资源化回收及其电化学性能

将混凝污泥碳化后制成电极材料,通过红外光谱和X射线衍射对污泥的官能团结构与晶型进行表征,采用循环伏安和线性扫描伏安法研究不同碳化温度下所制电极材料的电化学性能,并应用于电芬顿体系催化降解双酚A。结果表明,混凝污泥的主要成分为含碳和铁元素的复合物,高温碳化后污泥的结晶度增强。所制电极在电芬顿体系中显示出良好的电催化活性。外部投加Fe2+条件下,经900℃碳化的电极材料为阴极对双酚A的去除率最高,电解130 min后去除率高达99.2%。表明在电化学芬顿法废水处理中有一定的应用前景。     

Vanadium(V) Removal by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Derived from Starch Industry Waste Sludge

This study examines the adsorption potential of activated carbons for vanadium (V) removal from aqueous solution. Activated carbons were produced via chemical activation of waste treatment sludge from the starch industry. Specific surface area and pore sizes of waste sludge samples were determined through chemical activation and pyrolysis. Experimental data indicated that sludge samples had micropore structure and specific surface area of up to 1196 m²/g. First-order and second-order models were applied to determine adsorption kinetics. Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms were used to analyze equilibrium data of adsorption. Equilibrium adsorption data showed the best fit to the Freundlich isotherm. Adsorption of vanadium (V) follows second-order kinetic models. Maximum adsorption was observed at pH 4.0. Langmuir adsorption capacity was found to be 37.17 mg/g. The results of the study indicated that activated carbon obtained from industrial sewage sludge was effective in removing vanadium from aqueous solutions, which creates a significant advantage for treatment of industrial wastewaters and management of solid wastes.     

微波法制备污泥活性炭及其脱色性能的研究

本研究以污水厂剩余污泥为原料采用微波-物理法制备活性炭,研究了微波加热工艺对活性炭吸附性能的影响。结果表明：对活性炭碘吸附值影响最大的是微波功率,其次是辐照时间,最后是污泥的粒径,最佳的微波处理条件为：微波功率为500W,辐照时间为2min,污泥的粒长为0．9mm;所制得的污泥活性炭用于处理染料废水,其最佳脱色率优于商品活性炭。     

Characterisation of sewage sludge-derived adsorbents for H2S removal. Part 2: Surface and pore structural evolution in chemical activation

This paper presents results of chemical activation of sewage sludge, a waste material generated in sewage treatment processes, to produce an adsorbent for H₂S removal. Dewatered sewage sludge samples were subjected to chemical treatment by sulfuric acid and zinc chloride at various molar concentrations and were then pyrolysed in inert gas atmosphere at various temperatures for different hold times. Resulting adsorbents were characterised in terms of BET surface area, micropore area and pore size/volume distributions. In this study, it was shown that pyrolysis temperature and activation chemicals used significantly affect the surface area development and pore structure evolution. Solution molar concentration of the activating agent is a particularly important factor. H₂S adsorption tests were carried out on the derived adsorbents using a thermogravimetric analyser. Experimental results demonstrate that sewage sludge, a waste material in abundant supply at virtually no cost, is a viable source of activated adsorbents. Its potential use for odour control is reinforced by the need to find environmentally safe disposal alternatives for sewage sludge. From both economics and environmental perspectives, these experimental results warrant further efforts, perhaps in terms of large scale manufacturing and testing.     

改性市政污泥对水中苯酚的吸附性能研究

采用高效、低成本的吸附材料去除废水中酚类有机物一直是工业废水深度处理的迫切需求,利用市政污泥分别经碳化、碱活化及磁化后制备获得改性污泥基吸附剂为碳化污泥(Carbonized sludge, CS)、碱活化污泥(Activated carbonized sludge, ACS)、磁改性污泥(Magnetic activated carbonized sludge, MACS),对水溶液中苯酚进行了吸附实验,并对3种吸附材料特性进行了表征。研究表明,KOH活化可提升CS的孔隙率,磁改性可显著提高材料的比表面积,使孔径范围向介孔集中,改性后羟基和羰基等含氧官能团大幅增加,ACS和MACS均表现出较高的吸附量,但其吸附量显著受污染物浓度和反应时间影响,CS对苯酚的吸附主要受化学过程控制,而ACS和MACS的吸附除有化学吸附外,介孔效应也是其吸附的重要机制,综合吸附效能从高到低依次为MACS>ACS>CS。     

城市污泥陶粒制备技术与应用研究进展

城市污泥是污水处理的副产物,其产生量随着污水处理量及处理率的增大而增大。但是,目前污泥处理处置的规模及水平难以与污水处理水平相匹配。污泥处理主要以无害化为主,资源化利用程度不足。对比了城市污泥与陶粒原料的成分,对城市污泥制备陶粒进行了可行性分析;介绍和分析了制备城市污泥陶粒的基本流程及条件,对城市污泥制陶粒的研究现状和应用进行了相关讨论;对改性陶粒的研究进行了综合评述和展望。结果表明：由于污泥含有大量的有机物,同时含有硅、铝等无机成分,各成分比例适宜,则可在高温下将其制备成陶粒,作为轻质骨料、栽培基质或水处理滤料等进行后续利用;由于污泥陶粒具有一定的吸附能力,可对陶粒进行改性,从而强化其吸附性能;从原料配置、制备条件和功能改性3个方面对污泥陶粒的强度及其对特定污染物的吸附进行有针对性的优化,是污泥陶粒未来的研究方向。     

Adsorption of 4-chlorophenol by inexpensive sewage sludge-based adsorbents

Sewage sludge was used as precursor to develop a potential inexpensive adsorbent by both simple drying and pyrolysis. The resulting materials were evaluated as adsorbents for the removal of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) from aqueous solution. The dried biosolids showed a BET surface area lower than 3 m²/g, which yield a maximum adsorption capacity of 0.73 mmol 4-CP/g at pH 5.0 and 15 °C. The carbonization of biosolids under relatively mild conditions allowed obtaining materials with BET surface area up to 45 m²/g, which led to a significant increase of the maximum adsorption capacity (1.36 mmol 4-CP/g). The high ash content of the starting material (23%, d.b.) limits the development of porosity on a total dry-weight basis. Adsorption data were well fitted to the Redlich–Peterson isotherm equation whereas the most commonly used Langmuir and Freundlich equations were less satisfactory probably because of the occurrence of summative adsorption phenomenon. A thermodynamic study of the adsorption showed the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the process. Thus, simple drying and carbonization provide two ways of valorization of sewage sludge through its conversion into inexpensive low-rank adsorbents potentially useful for the removal of some hazardous water pollutants, like chlorophenols and related compounds.     

污泥基生物炭处理酸性含U(Ⅵ)废水的效能与机理

通过城市污泥（SS）慢速热解制备污泥基生物炭（SSB）,并研究初始pH、投加量、共存离子、吸附时间和温度等因素对SSB去除U(Ⅵ)的影响,探讨吸附动力学和吸附等温线特征。通过元素分析、扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析U(Ⅵ)吸附去除的机理。结果表明SSB去除U(Ⅵ)的适宜条件为：pH=3、投加量1 g/L、吸附时间240 min;在此条件下,在温度30℃时最大吸附量为34.51 mg/g。吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型;Langmuir吸附等温模型能更好描述生物炭对U(Ⅵ)的吸附行为。U(Ⅵ)吸附去除机理主要包括静电作用,与Si—O—Si的n-π相互作用,与羟基（—OH）、羧基（—COOH）的配位络合。通过5次吸附-解吸试验发现,U(Ⅵ)去除率和SSB再生率均在80%以上。本研究表明污泥基生物炭具备处理与修复酸性含U(Ⅵ)废水污染的潜力。     

Activated carbon from sewage sludge for removal of sodium diclofenac and nimesulide from aqueous solutions

Sludge based activated carbons (ACs) were used to remove selected pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac (DCF) and nimesulide (NM) from aqueous solutions. The powered sewage sludge was mixed with different proportions of ZnCl₂. The mixture was pyrolyzed in a conventional oven using three different temperatures under inert atmosphere. Afterwards, in order to increase the specific surface area and uptake capacity the carbonized materials were acidified with 6mol L^?1 HCl under reflux at 80 °C for 3 hours. The characterization of ACs was achieved by scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, TGA, hydrophobicity index by water, n-heptane vapor adsorption and nitrogen adsorption/desorption curves. The specific surface area (S _BET ) of adsorbents varied between 21.2 and 679.3m²g^?1. According to the water and n-heptane analysis data all ACs had hydrophobic surface. Experimental variables such as pH, mass of adsorbent and temperature on the adsorption capacities were studied. The optimum pH, mass of adsorbent and temperature for adsorption of DCF and NM onto ACs were found to be 7.0 (DCF) and 10.0 (NM), 30mg and 25 °C, respectively. The kinetic adsorption was investigated using general-order, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models, while the general-order model described the adsorption process most suitably. The maximum amounts of DCF and NM adsorbed were 156.7 and 66.4mg g^?1 for sample 1(500-15-0.5), respectively.     

活性污泥法处理含铜废水的研究

文章用排污口池底的絮状和颗粒状两种污泥处理高浓度含铜模拟废水。絮状污泥对文章考察的浓度范围(0.02～0.12mol/L)内的铜离子的吸附率均在54%以上,并且随金属浓度的变化不大;而颗粒状污泥处理浓度为0.02mol/L的Cu2+溶液时,吸附率最高可达53.1%,当Cu2+浓度增加为0.12mol/L时吸附率骤降至18.3%。可见污泥粒径越小,其比表面积越大,吸附能力也就越强。另外,对于高浓度的重金属铜污染来讲,絮状污泥的最大吸附量明显高于颗粒状污泥。     

From pollutant to solution of wastewater pollution: Synthesis of activated carbon from textile sludge for dye adsorption

Adsorption is an important process in wastewater treatment,and conversion of waste materials to adsorbent offers a solution to high material cost related to the use of commercial activated carbon.This study investigated the adsorption behaviour of Reactive Black 5(RB5)and methylene blue(MB)onto activated carbon produced from textile sludge(TSAC).The activated carbon was synthesized through chemical activation of precursor followed with carbonization at 650°C under nitrogen flow.Effects of time(0–200 min),pH(2–10),temperature(25–60°C),initial dye concentration(0–200 mg·L~(-1)),and adsorbent dosage(0.01–0.15 g)on dye removal efficiency were investigated.Preliminary screening revealed that TSAC synthesized via H_2SO_4activation showed higher adsorption behaviour than TSAC activated by KCl and ZnCl_2.The adsorption capacity of TSAC was found to be 11.98 mg·g~(-1)(RB5)and 13.27 mg·g~(-1)(MB),and is dependent on adsorption time and initial dye concentration.The adsorption data for both dyes were well fitted to Freundlich isotherm model which explains the heterogeneous nature of TSAC surface.The dye adsorption obeyed pseudo-second order kinetic model,thus chemisorption was the controlling step.This study reveals potential of textile sludge in removal of dyes from aqueous solution,and further studies are required to establish the applicability of the synthesized adsorbent for the treatment of waste water containing toxic dyes from textile industry.     

The biosorption of Cr(VI) ions by dried biomass obtained from a chromium-resistant bacterium

The biosorption potential of many different kinds of biomaterials has been widely studied. However, there is little data on the biosorption mechanism of Cr(VI) by dried biomass. So the bio-removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated using dried biomass from a chromium-resistant bacterium. The bacterium was isolated from dewatered sludge samples that were obtained from a sewage treatment plant. Equilibrium and kinetic experiments were performed at different metal concentrations, pH values, and biosorbents dosages. The biomass was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The functional groups in the Bacillus cereus biomass which may play a role in the biosorption process were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The biosorption process was found to be highly pH dependent and the optimum pH for the adsorption of Cr(VI) was 2.0±0.3 at 30±2 °C. The experimental data fit well with Langmuir and Freundlich models as well as a pseudo-second order kinetic model. The mechanism for the biosorption was also studied by fitting the kinetic data with an intra-particle diffusion model and a Boyd plot. External mass transfer was found to be the rate-determining step for the adsorption process. Biosorption could be an alternative mechanism besides bio-oxidation and bio-reduction for the bioremediation of heavy metals.     

磁性助凝剂资源化制备及强化污染物沉淀分离

通过高温碳化处理,研发并优化磁性助凝剂的资源化制备,并回用于混凝过程强化污染物的沉淀分离。采用磁化曲线、扫描电镜等表征手段,对不同高温制备得到的磁性助剂进行结构及形貌的表征。进一步对混凝过程中絮体的粒度粒型分析得知,磁性助剂有利于污染物的沉淀分离,加入700℃碳化后的磁性助剂(PFS:RW700=1:1.43)使污染物的沉淀分离效率提高至99.45%。磁性助剂带有的磁性使助剂易被絮体包裹,从而加速沉降;磁性助剂中含大量的碳且表面带有羧基等官能团,具有一定的吸附能力;经高温碳化结晶度增加且颗粒大小均一,有利于成核加快絮体增长。通过优化磁性助剂与聚合硫酸铁(PFS)的投加比,仍保持较高的污染物去除率,与活性炭相比,水处理成本降低了2 RMB/t,为解决混凝污泥资源化途径提供技术支撑。     

炭化污泥吸附剂对Pb^2＋的吸附试验研究

利用污水处理厂的脱水污泥,采用ZnCl2化学活化热解炭化法制备炭化污泥吸附剂。研究了炭化污泥吸附剂去除水溶液中Pb^2＋的效果。通过正交试验确定最佳试验参数,试验结果表明,在炭化污泥吸附剂吸附时间为1h,溶液pH值为5．0,炭化污泥吸附剂用量为5g／L时,处理含Pb^2＋的质量浓度为40mg／L的废水,Pb^2＋的平均去除率为42．31％,炭化污泥吸附剂的平均吸附容量为2．94mg／g。实际应用中炭化污泥吸附剂可以用于处理低浓度含Pb^2＋废水,当然为了达到较好的去除效果,炭化污泥吸附剂用量一般不能低于20g／L。     

Effect of adsorbent composition on H2S removal on sewage sludge-based materials enriched with carbonaceous phase

In order to improve the carbonaceous phase content in sewage sludge derived adsorbents, dewatered sludge was physically mixed with polystyrene sulfonic acid-co maleic acid sodium salt with the following ratios of polymer to sludge: 10:90, 30:70, 50:50 and 70:30. The samples, along with the pure precursors, were carbonized at 950 °C and then washed in water to remove the excess of sodium salt/hydroxide. The performance of materials as H₂S adsorbents was tested using a home-developed dynamic breakthrough test. The samples, before and after adsorption process, were characterized by adsorption of nitrogen, potentiometric titration, thermal analysis and SEM. Differences in the performance were linked to the surface properties. It was found that mixing polymer with sludge increases the amount of H₂S adsorbed/oxidized in comparison with the adsorbents obtained from pure precursors (sludge or polymer). Sewage sludge provides the catalytic centers for hydrogen sulfide oxidation whereas a carbonaceous phase contributes to an increase in the dispersion of catalytic centers and provides more “storage space” in its micropores. There is an optimal ratio in the composition of the precursors for which the best performance is achieved. When the content of the polymer is too high, the “buffering capacity” of the sludge-derived phase is not enough to neutralize the suppressing effect of acidic surface groups of a carbonaceous phase.     

Assembly of gelatin biopolymer to fibrous sepiolite clay for efficient dye removal from wastewater

This work aimed to fabricate nanocomposites using low-cost and natural materials for fast and efficient dye adsorption from wastewater. To achieve this, fibrous sepiolite clay was incorporated into the gelatin (GE) biopolymer. The obtained nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope techniques. The effects of sepiolite/GE ratio, adsorbent dosage, solution pH, contact time, and initial dye concentration on the adsorption capacity of nanocomposites were well studied and optimized through batch adsorption study. Kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics analysis were also performed for methylene blue adsorption. The adsorption data were better fitted with the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherm models. The prepared nanocomposites demonstrated a fast and efficient adsorption performance toward the MB dye with the maximum adsorption capacity as high as 684.8 mg g⁻¹ within only an equilibrium time of 30 min, which revealed their promising potential in wastewater treatment. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 48266.     

Adsorption of Crystal Violet From Aqueous Solution by Citric Acid Modified Rice Straw: Equilibrium,Kinetics, and Thermodynamics

Rice straw, an abundant, lignocellulosic agricultural residue was thermochemically modified with citric acid to develop a biodegradable cationic adsorbent. The application potential of the prepared adsorbent to remove hazardous Crystal Violet dye from its aqueous solution was investigated. The morphological and chemical characteristics of the adsorbent were established by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface area, and porosity analysis by the BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) nitrogen adsorption method and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Batch adsorption studies were carried out as a function of solution pH, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, and temperature, in order to get insights into the effect of these independent parameters on the adsorption process. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich models were used to describe the equilibrium adsorption data. The sorption mechanism was also evaluated in terms of kinetics and thermodynamics. The adsorption equilibrium data was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order rate kinetics. Thermodynamic study showed spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process.     

城市污水处理厂节能降耗途径

城市污水处理是一种高能耗的产业。污水处理过程消耗的能源主要包括电能和燃料、药剂等。本文从城市污水处理厂的污水提升,污水处理工艺,污泥处理以及管理方面,分析污水处理过程中的耗能情况,并提出各处理阶段,特别是污泥厌氧消化工艺的节能降耗途径。综合以上分析,城市污水处理厂有较大的节能降耗潜力,通过改进工艺、引进新技术、建立完善的节能管理机制,将是今后污水处理厂节能降耗的重要途径。