Effect of temperature on the removal of lead(II) by adsorption on China clay and wollastonite

The removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution by adsorption on china clay and wollastonite is an attractive process. The amount of Pb(II) removed by adsorption is highly dependent on the temperature of the adsorbate solution and favours low temperature. The equilibrium times were noted, i.e. 90 min for china clay and 120 min for wollastonite. The various rate parameters of the adsorption process have been determined at different temperatures. The activation energies were determined and found to be ?5.345 kJ mol^?1 and ?8.730 kJ mol^?1 for Pb(II)-china clay and Pb(II)-wollastonite systems, respectively. The adsorption isotherm was measured experimentally at various temperatures. The negative values of enthalpy change (ΔH = ?77.95 kJ mol^?1 and ?16.40 kJ mol^?1 for china clay and wollastonite, respectively) indicate the exothermic nature of the adsorption processes for both systems. The isosteric heats of the adsorption process have been determined at various surface coverages of the adsorbents used. The various thermodynamic parameters have been calculated to elucidate the mechanism involved in the adsorption process.     

Determination of porosity in pillared clays by N2 adsorption isotherms

N₂ adsorption isotherms of various pillared montmorillonites (PILCs) were analyzed for evaluation of their porosities. The quantitative data of the total and micropore volumes were calculated using the B.J.H. method and the t-plot, respectively. The volume of mesopores is the difference between the total volume and the micropore volume. The linear branch above the P/P ₀ of 0.5 should be used for the calculations of the micropore volume and external surface area.The evaluation of the specific surface area (SA) of the PILCs and influences of the porosity on the calculations were discussed in detail. An upper limit of the monolayer capacity of a porous solid is proposed, based on the adsorption on a nonporous solid. Due to the space restriction in the fine slit-like pores of the PILCs, the specific surface areas calculated with the B.E.T. equation using the adsorption data in a relative pressure region ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 are more accurate.The mean micropore widths of the PILCs, derived from the data of the multi-point B.E.T. SA and micropore volume consist reasonably with the pore widths obtained by XRD diffraction.The step-like curves of the t-plot in low-pressure region and of the logarithmic plot reveal presence of pores of various sizes in the pillared clays. The micropore size distribution can be derived by a new method using the N₂ adsorption data.     

凹凸棒石对废水中Ni~(2+)吸附性能的研究

采用靖远凹凸棒石对废水中Ni2+离子的吸附性能进行了研究。确定了Ni2+离子的吸附平衡时间、最大吸附量对应的pH、最大吸附率对应的吸附剂用量,最大吸附量对应的Ni2+的初始浓度及吸附速率方程。实验结果显示,Ni2+离子浓度在100 mg/L下,吸附平衡时间为90 min,pH值在5~6时,凹凸棒石用量为0.8 g时吸附率达到最大值16.54 mg/g,速率方程为V=0.200 1C。     

氯丙酸改性壳聚糖对Hg2+的吸附性能研究

研究了改性壳聚糖对重金属Hg2+的吸附特性,包括吸附动力学和吸附等温式,且研究了pH、反应时间对其吸附性能的影响.结果表明:羧乙基壳聚糖对Hg2+的吸附在不同温度下符合Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温式,吸附过程动力学适合二级反应.当pH为4～6,吸附时间为180 min时,羧乙基壳聚糖对Hg2+有较高吸附效果.     

对辊处理对凹凸棒黏土理化性能和吸附性能的影响

将凹凸棒黏土分别经1～5次对辊处理后,通过红外光谱、扫描电镜、比表面积和ζ电位的测定,考察了对辊次数对凹凸棒黏土微结构和理化性能的影响。在此基础上,考察了对辊处理凹凸棒黏土对双氯芬酸钠的吸附性能。结果表明,经过2次对辊处理后,凹凸棒黏土聚集体已经基本解离,比表面积增加趋势变缓,在蒸馏水中的ζ电位最小。对辊处理5次时,比表面积最大,但对双氯芬酸钠吸附容量却最小。结果表明,凹凸棒黏土的吸附性能不仅与比表面积有关,还与凹凸棒黏土的表面电荷及所吸附物质的极性有关。     

钢渣及电石渣与废弃混凝土固化储存CO_2基本参数研究

对钢渣、电石渣、废弃混凝土等固体废弃物碳酸化固化储存温室气体二氧化碳(CO2)进行研究。实验从固体废弃物颗粒粒径、水分添加量等因素,考察碳酸化固化储存二氧化碳(CO2)的效果,并利用XRD、FTIR和SEM对反应机理进行分析。结果表明,固体废弃物颗粒粒径越小,二氧化碳(CO2)固化效率越高。水分添加量过低或过高均不利于碳酸化反应的进行,适宜的水分添加量为4kg/kg。XRD和FTIR分析表明,固体废弃物中的大量的CH、硅酸三钙(C3S)和氧化钙(CaO)转化为碳酸钙(CaCO3),以达到固化储存二氧化碳(CO2)的效果。SEM实验结果表明,经碳酸化处理后固体废弃物颗粒表面生成颗粒状的晶体物质。电石渣,钢渣及废弃混凝土对二氧化碳(CO2)固化效率分别为81%,76%和49%;每千克电石渣,钢渣及废弃混凝土分别可以固化二氧化碳(CO2)气体0.094kg,0.088kg及0.057kg。     

Comparison of parameters calculated from the BET and Freundlich isotherms obtained by nitrogen adsorption on activated carbons: A new method for calculating the specific surface area

The empirical linear relationship between the BET surface area S_BET and the Freundlich constant K_F, calculated from nitrogen adsorption isotherms of activated carbons, S_BET = a₀K_F is mathematically demonstrated. This correlation exists in the relative pressure domain in which the BET equation is valid, whatever the value of c for the BET equation and for values of the Freundlich exponent, , between 0 and 0.2. This study allows to determine the correlation factor a₀ = 1/a with . From this result, a new expression, depending of and K_F, can be deduced for calculating the specific surface area.     

Numerical analysis of CO2 concentration and recovery from flue gas by a novel vacuum swing adsorption cycle

The objective of this work is to study the feasibility of carbon dioxide concentration and recovery from flue gases using a novel VSA cycle without rinse step with the aid of mathematical modeling. A theoretical model based on conservation equations (following the one proposed by Da Silva and Rodrigues (2001)) is used for an initial evaluation of the process performance. Activated carbon is the adsorbent considered, simulating adsorption equilibrium and kinetics with the equations proposed by Kikkinides, Yang, and Cho (1993). According to the simulated results, it is possible to recover carbon dioxide with high purity (>93%) from a mixture with 13% carbon dioxide at 40 °C, with higher recovery (>90%) and a lower power consumption (<0.12 kWh/kgCO₂) than other processes with rinse step reaching the same purity. Although these results are theoretical, they show the potential advantages of this process for CO₂ capture.     

变压吸附分离提纯CO_2技术的应用

本文叙述了变压吸附提纯ＣＯ２技术的基本原理和工艺过程，介绍了我国ＰＳＡ－ＣＯ２的开发过程及发展前景，对已开发的ＰＳＡ－ＣＯ２工业装置的生产成本和经济性进行了分析     

电气石粉吸附处理铅蓄电池废水的研究

研究了电气石粉的粒径、用量、p H、吸附时间等因素对铅蓄电池废水的总铅、总镉吸附去除率的影响,处理的铅蓄电池废水初始总镉质量浓度0.2~1.5 mg/L、总铅质量浓度18~41 mg/L,当电气石粉粒径为0.5μm,反应p H=6.0,吸附时间为20 min时,镉、铅去除率可达99.5%。出水可达到《电池工业污染物排放标准》(GB 30484—2013)中第一类污染物最高允许排放标准总镉0.05 mg/L、总铅0.7 mg/L的要求。     

Competitive adsorption of N2O and CO on CuZSM-5, FeZSM-5, CoZSM-5 and bimetallic forms of ZSM-5 zeolite

The behavior of copper-, iron- and cobalt-exchanged ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 20) and bimetallic forms of the same zeolite was investigated with reference to the adsorption of N₂O and CO at 303 K. The interactions of both gases with investigated zeolites have been studied using microcalorimetry and infrared spectroscopy. The values of differential heats of adsorption and the amounts of adsorbed gases were determined. Both gases react with the charge-balancing cations as active sites for adsorption. CuZSM-5 shows significantly better performances than FeZSM-5 and CoZSM-5, toward both gases; additionally, nitrous oxide can be chemisorbed on CuZSM-5. Adsorption capabilities of FeZSM-5 and CoZSM-5 are increased with the addition of copper ions. The heats of CO interaction with copper-containing samples have been found to be higher then the heats of N₂O interaction, while for FeZSM-5 and CoZSM-5 samples similar heats were detected for both gases. In the case of CuZSM-5, as a result of competitive adsorption between previously adsorbed N₂O and incoming CO from the gas phase, a surface reaction is found.     

三乙烯四胺吸收CO2的初探

在常压下,采用搅拌式反应器对ＴＥＴＡ（三乙烯四胺）水溶液吸收ＣＯ２进行了研究,测定了不同温度下,不同浓度的ＴＥＴＡ的ＣＯ２吸收情况,并与常用醇胺吸收剂ＭＥＡ（一乙醇胺）、ＤＥＡ（二乙醇胺）、ＴＥＡ（三乙醇胺）的吸收效果作了比较,同时观察了ＴＥＴＡ－胺－水多元体系对ＣＯ２的吸收情况,得出最佳配比。有关ＴＥＴＡ吸收ＣＯ２研究尚无报道。     

双官能基修饰的超高交联吸附树脂对2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附性能研究

合成了用2-氨基酚修饰的新型双官能基聚苯乙烯-二乙烯苯吸附树脂MOAPR-1和MOAPR-2,研究了其在288~318 K下对水溶液中2,4-二氯苯酚的静态吸附和静态脱附特征。结果表明,2,4-二氯苯酚在两种树脂上存在化学吸附现象,符合Freundlich等温吸附方程。利用半经验分子轨道法计算了几种吸附剂的近似结构和2,4-二氯苯酚的前线轨道能级,并对吸附过程进行了合理的解释。     

Effect of polymerization conditions on the polymer properties of CO2-cyclohexene oxide copolymer prepared by double metal cyanide catalyst

The effect of polymerization parameters such as polymerization time, temperature, pressure and the amount of catalyst amount in CO₂-cyclohexene copolymerizations with double metal cyanide (DMC) catalyst were investigated in detail. Especially, the effect of polymerization conditions on the polydispersity index (PDI) and glass transition temperature (T_g) were deeply examined. Increases in polymerization time, pressure, temperature and the amount of catalyst in feed increased the activity of the DMC catalyst. The molecular weight (MW), PDI and glass transition temperature (T_g) were affected by the polymerization time, temperature, pressure and the amount of catalyst in the feed.     

复合胺与MEA吸收法回收二氧化碳的研究

介绍了二氧化碳回收新技术的研究意义、基本原理,以及在普光净化厂中试试验中对复合胺与MEA吸收法回收尾气中二氧化碳试验结果进行分析比较,得出了复合胺相比MEA吸收法,降解损耗底、吸收能力强、再生热耗低等结论。     

The impact of grassland ploughing on CO2 and N2O emissions in the Netherlands

The contribution of ploughing permanent grassland and leys to emissions of N₂O and CO₂ is not yet well known. In this paper, the contribution of ploughing permanent grassland and leys, including grassland renovation, to CO₂ and N₂O emissions and mitigation options are explored. Land use changes in the Netherlands during 1970–2020 are used as a case study. Three grassland management operations are defined: (i) conversion of permanent grassland to arable land and leys; (ii) rotations of leys with arable crops or bulbs; and (iii) grassland renovation. The Introductory Carbon Balance Model (ICBM) is modified to calculate C and N accumulation and release. Model calibration is based on ICBM parameters, soil organic N data and C to N ratios. IPCC emission factors are used to estimate N₂O-emissions. The model is validated with data from the Rothamsted Park Grass experiments. Conversion of permanent grassland to arable land, a ley arable rotation of 3 years ley and 3 years arable crops, and a ley bulb rotation of 6 years ley and one year bulbs, result in calculated N₂O and CO₂ emissions totalling 250, 150 and 30 ton CO₂-equivalents ha^–1, respectively. Most of this comes from CO₂. Emissions are very high directly after ploughing and decrease slowly over a period of more than 50 years. N₂O emissions in 3/3 ley arable rotation and 6/1 ley bulb rotation are 2.1 and 11.0 ton CO₂-equivalents ha^–1 year^–1, respectively. From each grassland renovation, N₂O emissions amount to 1.8 to 5.5 ton CO₂-equivalents ha^–1. The calculated total annual emissions caused by ploughing in the Netherlands range from 0.5 to 0.65 Mton CO₂-equivalents year^–1. Grassland renovation in spring offers realistic opportunities to lower the N₂O emissions. Developing appropriate combinations of ley, arable crops and bulbs, will reduce the need for conversion of permanent pasture. It will also decrease the rotational losses, due to a decreased proportion of leys in rotations. Also spatial policies are effective in reducing emissions of CO₂ and N₂O. Grassland ploughing contributes significantly to N₂O and CO₂ emissions. The conclusion can be drawn that total N₂O emissions are underestimated, because emissions from grassland ploughing are not taken into account. Specific emission factors and the development of mitigation options are required to account for the emissions and to realise a reduction of emissions due to the changes in grassland ploughing.     

Analysis on a Hydrophobic Hollow-Fiber Membrane Absorber and Experimental Observations of CO2 Removal by Enhanced Absorption

Abstract

In this paper an extended analysis on a hollow-fiber membrane absorber is conducted for CO₂ removal from flue gases. A rigorous model of gas–liquid mass transfer is developed on both narrow channels in and around the hollow fibers, including the gas absorption occurring from the reaction between CO₂ and aqueous K₂CO₃ absorbent. CO₂ concentration profiles can be obtained regardless of the placement of the flowing absorbent. Experimental observations of the CO₂ concentration in both the reject and permeate outlets compared with theoretical prediction allow us to understand the influence of flow rates of feed gas as well as absorbent on CO₂ absorption. For the flowing K₂CO₃ absorbent a kinetic constant can be chosen which will provide the best possible agreement between experiment and reactive model prediction. This fact emphasizes that the pseudofirst-order kinetic can be employed to describe the facilitation effect. The overall mass transfer coefficients were determined from the experimentally observed concentration changes. The CO₂ permeation flux was found to be enhanced as the K₂CO₃ concentration was increased, suggesting that CO₂ removal is entirely controlled by the reaction. The enhanced selectivity factor for CO₂/N₂, which decreases with increasing absorbent flow rate, reached as high as 1200 with 15 wt% K₂CO₃ absorbent.     

Study of molecular shape and non-ideality effects on mixture adsorption isotherms of small molecules in carbon nanotubes: A grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation study

The sorption isotherms for binary mixtures of methane, ethane, propane and tetrafluoromethane have been determined in carbon nanotubes using configurational bias Monte Carlo simulation techniques. At high loadings, a curious maximum for equimolar gas-phase mixtures occurs with increasing pressure in the absolute adsorption isotherm of one or both adsorbing species. It was detected that there exist two fundamentally different reasons for this maximum. First, due to a higher packing efficiency, one component is able to displace the other component at high loadings. Here, it must be stressed that the displaced component is not necessarily the larger molecule. Second, non-ideality effects of the bulk gas phase can be made responsible for this maximum. The acceptance probability of a molecule insertion in a grand canonical Monte Carlo step is proportional to the component fugacity. If, owing to non-ideality effects of the gas phase, the fugacity of one component does not increase as steeply with pressure as the other component, a maximum can occur in the absolute adsorption isotherm of this component. These findings were demonstrated for various binary mixtures of CH₄, CF₄, C₂H₆ and C₃H₈.     

The role of water on postcombustion CO2 capture by vacuum swing adsorption: Bed layering and purge to feed ratio

The influence of water vapor on the adsorption of CO₂ in carbon capture by vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) was described. VSA experiments with single and multilayered columns using alumina and zeolite 13X were conducted to understand the migration of water. The penetration depth of water in the column could be controlled by maintaining the purge‐to‐feed ratio above a critical value. At high water content in the feed (>4%), employment of a water adsorbing prelayer was essential to prevent failure of the carbon capture process. A simple axial working capacity model predicts the penetration depth of water in the column for a given feed temperature and adsorption isotherm, and the layering ratio can be selected accordingly. Although water is detrimental to CO₂ capture with polar adsorbents, long‐term recovery of CO₂ is still possible by appropriate layering and ensuring an adequate purge‐to‐feed ratio. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 673–689, 2014