Extraction Chromatography Versus Solvent Extraction: How Similar are They?

Abstract

Over the last decade, extraction chromatography (EXC) has emerged as a versatile and effective method for the separation and preconcentration of a number of metal ions. Frequently, EXC is described as a technique that combines the selectivity of solvent extraction (SX) with the ease of operation of chromatographic methods. Despite this, the extent to which EXC actually provides the selectivity of SX and to which solvent extraction data can be used for the quantitative prediction of the retention of metal ions on an EXC column has remained unclear. To address these questions, the extraction chromatographic and solvent extraction behavior of lanthanides using three different acidic organophosphorus extractants bis‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP), 2‐ethylhexyl 2‐ethylhexylphosphonic acid (HEH[EHP]), and bis‐(2,4,4 trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (H[DTMPeP])) have been compared. Specifically, the rate and extent of uptake of selected lanthanides by the three extractants have been examined. In addition, the relationship between the volume distribution ratios obtained in the chromatographic and liquid–liquid extraction modes have been compared and their utility in predicting the chromatographic parameter, k′, the number of free column volumes to peak maximum determined.     

Reactive Extraction of o-Aminophenol Using Trialkylphosphine Oxide

Extraction of o-aminophenol （OAP） using trialkylphosphine oxide （TRPO） was studied with different diluents The neutral OAP was extracted using TRPO under an equilibrium pH in the range of 6-7.5, and a maximum distribution coefficient occurred. It was confirmed that the pH value and the TRPO concentration are the key factors that affect distribution coefficient. Nonpolar diluents could provide better extraction distribution coefficient for the extraction of OAP and the order is： kerosene 〉n-octanol 〉chloroform.     

Separation of Quercentin by Pre-dispersed Solvent Extraction

Pre-dispersed solvent extraction (PDSE) was used to extract quercentin from its diluted solution. The influences of temperature, phase volume ratio (PVR), concentration of sodium Dodecyl benzene sulphonate and pH value etc. on the extraction efficiency were examined. It is found that, compared with traditional extraction techniques under the same condition, a higher extraction productivity can be obtained by PDSE. The stability of colloidal liquid aphrons plays an important role in this process. In a certain scope, the extraction efficiency increases with PVR. Excessive amount of solvent is not much helpful. A new analytical method by using ultraviolet spectrometer to determine the concentration of quercentin is established.     

Synergistic Extraction of Gallium from Sulfate Solution

A novel extractant mixture, di-2-ethylhexyl phosphate (DEHPA) plus HX, was proposed and tested for recovering gallium from sulfate solution. It was found that the extraction capacity of DEPHA for gallium from sulfate solution could be enhanced significantly due to the synergistic effect of acidic extractant HX. Gallium extraction is negligible below pH 0 and highly sensitive to pH of aqueous phase in the range from 0 to 1, and satisfactory extraction can be gained at pH>1. More than 96% Ga extraction was obtained using 15% DEHPA plus 2% HX. Although Fe (Ⅲ) was found to be extracted preferentially to Ga (Ⅲ), effective extraction of Ga (Ⅲ) was possible by reducing ferric to the ferrous state prior to extraction. A loaded organic phase containing 0.48g L-1 Ga could be produced from solution of 0.12g L-1 Ga at A/O ratio of 4 : 1 via three mixer-settler operation stages. Gallium was stripped quantitatively from the loaded organic phase with l,5mol L-1 of sulfuric acid.     

Phosphorus Recovery by Liquid–Liquid Extraction

Abstract

It is acknowledged that phosphorus removal is more crucial in comparison with nitrogen removal for preventing algae glooming and eutrophication. Chemical and biological methods are common methods for the P removal. Excessive sludge production and difficulties of recovering phosphorus are concerns in terms of sustainable waste management. A liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) process is thus considered for the study aiming at recovering phosphorus from wastewater in a sustainable way. The results revealed that the best extractant is a mixture of kerosene and benzyl-di-methyl-amine (BDMA) at a volume ratio of 2:1. Under the study conditions, one part of extractant can react with four parts of wastewater to transfer >97% of P to the organic phase. In addition, in the stripping step, a 1:1 ratio of extract to recycled acid can result in 96% recovered P, implying an overall 93% phosphorus recovery efficiency can be achieved by the LLE process. Most importantly, the extractant can be recycled and reused at least 5 times if the residual P concentration should be less than 4 mg/L vs. the original P concentration of 21 mg/L. A complexion between amine groups in BDMA and phosphates and the positive charge of the micelles surface when the extractant (composed of kerosene and BDMA) mixed with P containing wastewater would contribute to the P recovery and this is a novel approach to recover P from wastewater.     

Extraction of Parabens from Water Samples Using Cloud Point Extraction with a Non-Ionic Surfactant with β-Cyclodextrin as Modifier

A cloud point extraction process using a silicone non-ionic surfactant to extract selected parabens compounds from water samples was investigated using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The cloud point extraction process, in the presence of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a modifier, is a new extraction process which was optimized with five parameters, i.e. salt concentration, pH of the solution, temperature, surfactant concentration and β-CD concentration. The developed method with the β-CD modifier results in an excellent performance on detection of parabens from water samples with limits of detection in the range of 0.017–0.043 μg/L and percentage recoveries from 90.5 to 98.9 %.     

Methanol-Water Extraction of Saponins From Seeds of Saponaria Vaccaria L. — Calibration Equation,Extraction Condition Analysis,and Modeling

Bisdesmosides, monodesmosides, and other bisdesmosidic saponins were observed in the particles of Saponaria vaccaria L seeds (15.35% dry basis) with diameter of 0.044 to 1.19 mm and an average thickness of 124 µm as investigated with liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy at methanol concentration of 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% (vol., aq.), temperature of 30°C, 45°C, and 60°C, and eight extraction time intervals between 1 and 180 min. The saponins yield increased significantly with temperature (45°C to 60°C) and methanol concentration (50% to 70%) with negligible effect of moisture content. The maximum yield was obtained at 60°C for 70% methanol concentration and 30 min of extraction time. The mass transfer properties of the test material may have potentials for modeling, simulation and optimization of similar products and processes. A diffusional mathematical model simulated extraction kinetics, and estimated partition coefficient, and effective diffusivity of saponins very well.     

Fractionation Of Alcell® Lignin By Sequential Solvent Extraction

A prototype solvolytic lignin has been fractionated into three fractions by successive extraction with organic solvents of increasing hydrogen-bonding capacity. A comparison between the fractions and the starting lignin has been made in terms of methoxyl group content, fractionation yields, molecular weight distribution, alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, and ¹H and¹³ C NMR spectroscopy. The fractionation procedure was found to isolate fractions having distinct group functionalities and molecular weight distributions. In particular, the heterogeneity of ALCELL® lignin is demonstrated from the data. A significant portion of this lignin, 27%, was found to be comprised of a very low molecular weight (M_w = 714 g/mol) fraction soluble in ether. This fraction had a lower polydispersity but a higher content of guaiacyl structures with saturated side chains than the higher molecular weight fractions.     

Hollow-Fiber Membrane Extraction of Copper from Aqueous Nitrate Media by LIX® Reagents: Comparison of Extraction Efficiency and Fractional Resistances

Abstract

Extraction of copper from nitrate/nitric acid aqueous solutions was studied using a HF Membrane Module and four LIX reagents (LIX® 860N-I, LIX® 984N, LIX® 84-I, and LIX® 65N) containing different active compounds (ketoximes and/or salicylaldoximes). Kinetic experiments varying the flow rates of both phases, aqueous and organic, and the extractant concentration were carried out to compare the extraction rate and efficiency from nitrate-aqueous media. A mathematical model based on the “aqueous extraction mechanism” in which the chemical reaction takes place in an aqueous-reaction zone was applied to determine the individual resistances of the copper mass-transfer process. It was found that the fractional resistance due to chemical reaction in the aqueous reaction zone, which varied from 92.5% to 95.8% in the order LIX® 860N-I < LIX® 984N < LIX® 84-I < LIX® 65N, controlled the total rate of the hollow-fiber copper extraction from nitrate aqueous media.     

30 000 T/A Butadiene Extraction Project Starts Construction

The 30 000 t/a butadiene extractionproject in Blue Star Tianjin Co.,Ltd.hasrecently started construction.It is an-other major project in the company af-ter the 80 000 t/a air separation projectand the 35 ton coal-fired boiler project. The project uses the technology fromBASF and the software design of theprocess package is undertaken by ABB-     

Solid‐Liquid Extraction of Taxane Compounds from Yew Needle

Abstract

Solid‐liquid extraction of the taxane compounds in yew needles is carried out with methanol. The concentration of each component in the raffinate is estimated from the observed concentration in the extract and material balance equations with a solvent‐permeation model that solvent permeates the solid. The obtained distribution coefficient is found to be independent of the particle size. It suggests a possibility that the extract is in equilibrium with the liquid solution in the raffinate. Based on the experimental results, the effect of operating conditions on separation performance of countercurrent‐multistage extraction is studied by using the ideal stage calculation.     

Downstream Processing of Lactic Acid by Membrane-Based Solvent Extraction∗

Abstract

Lactic acid has extensive use in the food and chemical industry. About half the lactic acid used in the world is produced by fermentation of carbohydrates using lactic acid bacteria. The recovery of lactic acid from the fermentation broth is more difficult than the fermentation itself. In the present work a study of membrane-based solvent extraction as a separation unit for the continuous downstream processing of lactic acid from fermentation broth was carried out. The experiments were performed using simulated fermentation broths made of lactic acid in acetate buffer or distilled water as the feed solution. The effects of membrane material, organic carrier, and pH of the feed solution on membrane extraction efficiency were investigated. A separation degree of 35% was obtained by using a polyether-etherketone (PEEK-WC 14%) membrane with 5% trioctylamine as the organic carrier in n-heptane. The experimental results obtained with the simulated system encourage the use of membrane-based solvent extraction with a real fermentation broth.

     

Extraction of Taiheiyo coal with supercritical water–phenol mixtures

Taiheiyo Japanese sub-bituminous coal was extracted with supercritical water (SCW) and phenol mixtures at 673 K and at over fluid densities ranging from 0 to 0.5 g/cm³. The extraction yield with SCW was 0.55–0.60, but increased with increasing the ratio of phenol to water, showing a maximum of 0.7 at water–phenol ratio of 4.5:0.5 and then decreased to 0.50–0.55 for pure phenol.The main products for the SCW–phenol extraction were bisphenol alkyl compounds, while these compounds could not be detected when SCW was used as the solvent. For elucidating the mechanism of SCW–phenol extractions, reactions between phenol and model compounds of hydrolysis products (formaldehyde, acetone, propionic acid, and 2-propanol) were conducted. In SCW, formaldehyde reacted with phenol to produce polymers, while neither acetone nor propionic acid reacted with phenol. The 2-propanol dehydrated to form propene, which reacted with phenol to form 2-isopropylphenol. The reaction rate increased with increasing water density. In SCW–phenol extraction of coal, phenol seems to inhibit reactions that lead to hydrolysis products or those that might cross-link to form the macromolecules. Phenol can be used with SCW to reduce retrograde reactions in residual coals.     

Extraction and analysis of risk factors from Chinese chemical accident reports

Accidents in chemical production usually result in fatal injury,economic loss and negative social impact.Chemical accident reports which record past accident information,contain a large amount of expert knowledge.However,manually finding out the key factors causing accidents needs reading and analyzing of numerous accident reports,which is time-consuming and labor intensive.Herein,in this paper,a semiautomatic method based on natural language process(NLP) technology is developed to construct a k...     

Ionic Liquids as Extraction Solvents: Where do We Stand?

Abstract

The unique physicochemical properties of ionic liquids (ILs) and the relative ease with which these properties can be fine‐tuned by altering the cationic or anionic moieties comprising the IL have led to intense interest in their use as alternatives to conventional organic solvents in a wide range of synthetic, catalytic, and electrochemical applications. Recent work by a number of investigators has been directed at the application of ionic liquids in various separation processes, among them the liquid‐liquid extraction of metal ions. Although certain IL‐extractant combinations have been shown to yield metal ion extraction efficiencies far greater than those obtained with molecular organic solvents, other work suggests that the utility of ILs may be limited by solubilization losses and difficulty in recovering extracted metal ions. In this report, recent efforts to overcome these limitations are described, and progress both in achieving an improved understanding of the fundamental aspects of metal ion transfer into ILs and in devising viable IL‐based systems for metal ion separation is detailed. In addition, areas upon which future research efforts might profitably be focused are identified.     

The Solvent Extraction of Boron with Synthesized Aliphatic 1,3‐Diols: Stripping and Extraction Behavior of Boron by 2,2,5‐Trimethyl‐1,3‐hexanediol

Abstract

A variety of aliphatic 1,3‐diols (4a–c, 5a–c, 6a–c) was synthesized from β‐hydroxy carbonyl compounds (1–3) for potential use in the solvent extraction of boron. Primary‐secondary and primary‐tertiary alcohol structures of 1,3‐diols substituted with isopropyl, isobutyl, and isopentyl groups have been demonstrated to be very efficient for the solvent extraction of boric acid from aqueous solutions. The extraction ability of 2,2,5‐trimethyl‐1,3‐hexanediol (5b) was investigated as a function of 5b concentration, solution pH, solvent properties, and stripping conditions. Extraction efficiency increased with increasing concentration of 5b, and the best extraction of boron (96.8%) was found to be at an equilibrium pH of 2 with 0.5 M of 5b. Chloroform, toluene, chlorobenzene, 2‐octanol, and n‐amyl alcohol were found to be suitable solvents for the solvent extraction of boron. The boron complex can be recovered from the organic phase by treatment with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The highest ratio (96.7%) of boron was recovered by 0.1 M of sodium hydroxide solution.     

Extraction of potassium from K-feldspar via the CaCl2 calcination route☆

The extraction of potassium from K-feldspar via a calcium chloride calcination route was studied with a focus on the effects of the calcination atmosphere, calcination temperature and time, mass ratio of CaCl2 to K-feldspar ore and particle size of the K-feldspar ore. The results demonstrated that a competing high-temperature hydrolysis reaction of calcium chloride with moisture in a damp atmosphere occurred concurrently with the conversion reaction of K-feldspar with CaCl2, thus reducing the amount of potassium extracted. The conversion reaction started at approximately 600 °C and accelerated with increasing temperature. When the temperature rose above 900 °C, the extraction of potassium gradually decreased due to the volatilization of the product, KCl. As much as approximately 41%of the potassium was volatilized in 40 min at 1100 °C. The mass ratio of CaCl2/K-feldspar ore significantly affected the extraction. At a mass ratio of 1.15 and 900 °C, the potassium extraction reached 91%in 40 min, while the extraction was reduced to only 22%at the theoretical mass ratio of 0.2. Optimal process conditions are as follows:ore particle size of 50–75μm, tablet forming pressure of 3 MPa, dry nitrogen atmosphere, mass ratio of CaCl2/ore 1.15:1, calcination temperature of 900 °C, and calcination time of 40 min. The XRD analysis revealed that a complex phase transition of the product SiO2 was also accompanied by the con-version reaction of K-feldspar/CaCl2. The SiO2 product formed at the initial stage was in the quartz phase at 900 °C and was gradually transformed into cristobalite after 30 min.     

Combined Ion Exchange—Solvent Extraction of Metal Ions on Ion-Exchange Papers

Abstract

The chromatographic behavior of 14 metal ions with aqueous-organic wash liquids on ion-exchange papers is compared with results in columns and thin layers of the same resin. It is shown that many column separations can be obtained on paper, and that paper chromatography can often be used to preevaluate systems for separations on columns. The mechanism for the chromatographic processes and differences between techniques employed with columns and papers are discussed.     

Mass Transfer and Axial Mixing Characteristics in a Coalescence-Dispersion Pulsed-Sieve-Plate Extraction Column

A new configuration of coalescence-dispersed pulsed-sieve-plate extraction column (CDPSEC) was developed, and the mass transfer and axial mixing characteristics were evaluated with the two-point dynamic method. The influence of operation conditions was discussed with experimental results, showing that the mass transfer performance of CDPSEC mainly depends on the energy input and the holdup of dispersed phase. Higher energy input results in higher holdup of the dispersed phase, the axial mixing of the continuous phase is suppressed, and the true height of mass transfer unit decreases markedly. On the other hand, higher energy input leads to more serious forward mixing of the dispersed phase, so the energy input should be limited. Accordingly the operation conditions were divided into two regions, and empirical correlations for predicting the mass transfer and axial mixing characteristics in different regions with a satisfactory accuracy were suggested.