Biosorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by softstem bulrush (Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel.)

BACKGROUND: The removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution was studied using softstem bulrush (Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel.) as the biosorbent. The effects of various parameters including contact time, biosorbent dosage, ionic strength and solution pH on the biosorption were investigated. RESULTS: The sorption capacity increased with an increase in biosorbent dosage and a decrease in ionic strength. The equilibrium time was found to be 240 min for full equilibration. Pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, Bangham equation and intraparticle diffusion models were applied to fit the kinetic data, and the results showed that the sorption process followed the pseudo‐second‐order model. Equilibrium data conformed to Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models, with a maximum monolayer biosorption capacity of 53.8 mg g^?1 for the Langmuir isotherm at 18 °C. The value of ΔG was estimated to be ? 29.24 kJ mol^?1, indicating the spontaneous nature of the biosorption. The biosorption process was strongly pH‐dependent and favourable at alkaline pH. CONCLUSION: Softstem bulrush, which is readily available and inexpensive, could be employed as a promising biosorbent for the removal of dye. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Nickel removal characteristics of an immobilized macro fungus: equilibrium,kinetic and mechanism analysis of the biosorption

BACKGROUND: An immobilized new biosorbent was prepared from macro fungi Lactarius salmonicolor for the effective removal of nickel ions from aqueous media. Operating conditions were optimized as functions of initial pH, agitation time, sorbent amount and dynamic flow rate. Immobilization and biosorption mechanism were examined and the developed biosorbent was tested for the removal of nickel ions from real wastewater. RESULTS: Biosorption performance of the biomass continuously increased in the pH range 2.0–8.0. The coverage of the biosorbent surface by silica gel resulted in a significant increase in biosorption yield of nickel ions. The highest nickel loading capacity was obtained as 114.44 mg g^?1 using a relatively small amount of immobilized biosorbent. Biosorption equilibrium time was recorded as 5 min. Experimental data were analyzed by different isotherm and kinetic models. Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray energy dispersive analysis confirmed the process. The sorbent exhibited relatively good recovery potential in dynamic flow mode studies. Biosorption capacity of immobilized biosorbent was noted as 14.90 mg g^?1 in real wastewater. CONCLUSION: Silica gel immobilized biomass of L. salmonicolor is to be a low cost and potential biosorbent with high biosorption capacity for the removal of contaminating nickel from aqueous media. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biosorptive uranium uptake by a Pseudomonas strain: characterization and equilibrium studies

The biosorptive uranium(VI) uptake capacity of live and lyophilized Pseudomonas cells was characterized in terms of equilibrium metal loading, effect of solution pH and possible interference by selected co‐ions. Uranium binding by the test biomass was rapid, achieving >90% sorption efficiency within 10 min of contact and the equilibrium was attained after 1 h. pH‐dependent uranium sorption was observed for both biomass types with the maximum being at pH 5.0. Metal uptake by live cells was not affected by culture age and the presence of an energy source or metabolic inhibitor. Sorption isotherm studies at a solution pH of either 3.5 or 5.0 indicated efficient and exceptionally high uranium loading by the test biomass, particularly at the higher pH level. At equilibrium, the lyophilized Pseudomonas exhibited a metal loading of 541 ± 34.21 mg g^?1 compared with a lower value by the live organisms (410 ± 25.93 mg g^?1). Experimental sorption data showing conformity to both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models indicate monolayered uranium binding by the test biomass. In bimetallic combinations a significant interference in uranium loading was offered by cations such as thorium(IV), iron(II and III), aluminium(III) and copper(II), while the anions tested, except carbonate, were ineffective. Uranium sorption studies in the presence of a range of Fe³⁺ and SO₄^2? concentrations indicate a strong inhibition (80%) by the former at an equimolar ratio while more than 70% adsorption efficiency was retained even at a high sulfate level (30 000 mg dm^?3). Overall data indicate the suitability of the Pseudomonas sp biomass in developing a biosorbent for uranium removal from aqueous waste streams. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Diffusion kinetic study of cadmium(II) biosorption by Aeromonas caviae

The removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by sorption on Aeromonas caviae particles was investigated in a well‐stirred batch reactor. Equilibrium and kinetic experiments were performed at various initial bulk concentrations, biomass loads and temperatures. Biosorption equilibrium was established in about 1 h and biosorption was well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich biosorption isotherms. The maximum biosorption capacity was found as 155.32 mg Cd(II) g^?1 at 20 °C. The obtained sorption capacity is appreciably high for most experimental conditions; so A caviae may be considered as a suitable biosorbent for the removal of cadmium. Moreover, the sorption rate of cadmium onto A caviae particles was particularly sensitive to initial bulk concentration and solid load. A detailed analysis was conducted, examining several diffusion (external and intraparticle) kinetic models in order to identify a suitable rate expression. The results are discussed and indicate that biosorption of cadmium is a complex process that is described more correctly by more than one model. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biosorption behaviour of alginate-immobilized Trichoderma asperellum,a common microfungi in single- and multi-metal systems

Alginate-immobilized Trichoderma asperellum were superior in adsorbing metals in single-metal systems compared to multi-metal systems. Higher amounts of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) were adsorbed in single-metal systems with 72.00, 20.61 and 51.77 mg metal removed g^?1 biosorbent, respectively, compared to multi-metal systems. On the contrary, only Pb(II) (112.70 mg g^?1 biosorbent) was removed more efficiently in multi-metal systems. Both biosorbents showed similar biosorption behaviour, with higher uptakes of Zn(II) < Cd(II) < Cu(II) < Pb(II) in both single- and multi-metal systems. This was attributed to the carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups on the surface of alginate.     

Mechanism of Hg(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions sorption from aqueous solutions by Aspergillus niger spores

ABSTRACT

Recent work has focused on the removal of Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Cd²⁺ by using an organ of Aspergillus niger – spores, which were spherical particles with small diameter (2 µm) characterized by negative charge. Results shown that the biosorption of Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Cd²⁺ from aqueous solutions using spores was analyzed at varying biosorbent dosages, pH levels, contact times and initial heavy metal concentrations. The maximum biosorption capacities of Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Cd²⁺ were 23.9, 27.2, and 21.5 mg/g at a natural pH with the initial concentration were 30 mg/L, respectively. The sequence of biosorption capacity for cationic heavy metals was Pb²⁺>Cd²⁺>Hg²⁺. Spores exhibited a short biosorption equilibrium time of 60 min at a pH range of 4.0–6.0, and the main biosorption mechanism was electronic attraction, ion exchanges and complexation(involved in C = C, C-H, C-O, N-H), the data fit well in the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and the Freundlich isotherm. In addition, Spores can grow on many kinds of moist agriculture waste without any added nutrition. The results showed that spores could be considered as a potential biosorbent for the removal of cationic heavy metals from aqueous solutions.     

Biosorption of phenolic compounds by the brown alga Sargassum muticum

Phenol, 2‐chlorophenol (2‐CP), and 4‐chlorophenol (4‐CP) biosorption on Sargassum muticum, an invasive macroalga in Europe, has been investigated. The efficiency of this biosorbent was studied measuring the equilibrium uptake using the batch technique. A chemical pre‐treatment with CaCl₂ has been employed in this study in order to improve the stability as well as the sorption capacity of the algal biomass. The influence of pH on the equilibrium binding and the effect of the algal dose were evaluated. The experimental data at pH = 1 have been analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It was found that the maximum sorption capacity of chlorophenols, q_max = 251 mg g^?1 for 4‐CP and q_max = 79 mg g^?1 for 2‐CP, as well as that of a binary mixture of both chlorophenols, q_max = 108 mg g^?1, is much higher than that of phenol, q_max = 4.6 mg g^?1. Moreover, sorption kinetics have been performed and it was observed that the equilibrium was reached in less than 10 h. Kinetic data have been fitted to the first order Lagergren model, from which the rate constant and the sorption capacity were determined. Finally, biosorption of the phenolic compounds examined in the present study on Sargassum muticum biomass was observed to be correlated with the octanol‐water partitioning coefficients of the phenols. This result allows us to postulate that hydrophobic interactions are the main responsible for the sorption equilibrium binding. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Equilibrium,kinetic and isotherm of some metal ion biosorption

Trichoderma reesei was used as a biosorbent for the removal of Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions. The influence of factors such as pH, mass of biomass, contact time and temperature on biosorption efficiency was optimized. To calculate the isotherm parameters for the biosorption of Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions at optimized conditions, the experimental equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° showed that the biosorption of Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions onto T. reesei biomass was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic at the optimized conditions. The results of kinetic analysis showed that the biosorption of the selected metal ions onto T. reesei biomass obeys pseudo second order kinetics.     

Biosorption of Zn(II) by orange waste in batch and packed‐bed systems

BACKGROUND: This research provides new insights into the biosorption of zinc on a waste product from the orange juice industry. Optimal operating conditions maximizing percentage zinc removal were determined in batch and fixed‐bed systems. Biomass was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and by major cation content in order to better understand the biosorpion mechanism. Zn‐loaded orange waste was proposed to be used as an alternative fuel in cement kilns. RESULTS: Sorption capacity was strongly affected by biosorbent dose and solution pH, and was not strongly sensitive to particle size under the experimental conditions studied. Equilibrium data were successfully described by a Langmuir model and sorption kinetic data were adequately modelled with the pseudo‐second‐order and Elovich rate equation. The biomass was found to possess high sorption capacity (q_max = 0.664 mmol g^?1) and biosorption equilibrium was established in less than 3 h. Experimental breakthrough curves were adequately fitted to the Thomas model and the dose–response model, obtaining sorption capacities in continuous assays higher than those found in batch mode. Characterization of the biomass suggested the possible contribution of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of biomass in Zn²⁺ biosorption and it also highlighted the important role of light metal ions in a possible ion‐exchange mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: Orange waste could be used as an effective and low‐cost alternative biosorbent material for zinc removal from aqueous solution. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biosorption of palladium and platinum by sulfate‐reducing bacteria

The biosorption capacities of palladium and platinum were studied in three different species of Desulfovibrio: Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Desulfovibrio fructosivorans and Desulfovibrio vulgaris. The influence of several parameters such as pH, acidic background and competitor anions on biosorption equilibria and biosorption kinetics were evaluated. Differences were observed between the three strains of Desulfovibrio with respect to the optimum biosorption parameters of both metals, suggesting differences in the metal speciation–dependent sorption mechanisms involved. The most promising Pd and Pt biosorption results were obtained using D desulfuricans with rapid achievement of equilibrium (90% of total sorption was achieved in 5–15 min) and a maximum value of 190 mg g^?1 dry biomass and 90 mg g^?1 dry biomass for Pd and Pt accumulation respectively, at pH 3. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biosorption of Zinc from Aqueous Solutions by Rice Bran: Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies

Abstract

Rice bran, an agricultural by‐product, was used for the removal of zinc ions from aqueous solution. The work considered the determination of zinc‐biomass equilibrium data in batch system. These studies were carried out in order to determine some operational parameters of zinc sorption such as the time required for the Zinc‐biosorbent equilibrium, the effects of biomass particle size, pH, and temperature. The results showed that pH has an importance effect on zinc biosorption capacity. The biosorbent size also affects the zinc biosorption capacity. The sorption process follows pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. The intraparticle diffusion may be the rate‐controlling step involved in the adsorption zinc ions onto the rice bran up to 30 min. The equilibrium data could be best fitted by the Langmuir sorption isotherm equation over the entire concentration range (40–160 mg/dm³). Thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°, have been calculated. The thermodynamics of zinc ion/rice bran system indicate spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process.     

Biosorption of Zn2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solutions using native and microwave treated Flammulina velutipes stipe

Native stipe (NS) and microwave treated stipe (MTS) of Flammulina velutipes were utilized for the biosorption of Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions from aqueous solution. The effects of pH, contact time, and initial concentration on the biosorption were studied for each metal separately. The desired pH of aqueous solution was found to be 6.0 for the removal of Zn²⁺ ions and 5.0 for the removal of Pb²⁺ ions. The percent removal of both metals was found to increase with the increase in contact time; biosorption equilibrium was established in about 60 min. The maximum biosorption of Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions from single component systems can be successfully described by Langmuir and Freundlich models; the biosorption kinetics can be accurately described by a second-order kinetic model. The present data from these studies confirms that the native and microwave treated forms of Flammulina velutipes stipe have the potential to be used for the biosorption of Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions from aqueous solution. The metal biosorption capacities of NS for Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ were 58.14 and 151.51 mg g^?1, respectively, while the biosorption capacities of MTS for the both metals were 95.24 and 172.41 mg g^?1, respectively.     

Effect of pre‐treatments on the biosorption of Chromium (VI) ions by the dead biomass of Rhizopus arrhizus

BACKGROUND: This work fulfils the need to develop an eco‐friendly biosorbent, elucidating the mechanism of biosorption. Removal of Cr(VI) by Rhizopus arrhizus was investigated in batch mode. Enhancement in the performance of the biosorbent was attempted by pre‐treating the biomass with inorganic and organic acids, chelating agent, cross‐linker and an organic solvent followed by autoclaving. The surface characterization of the biomass was carried out by potentiometric titration, surface area analysis, infrared spectroscopy, chemical modification of the biomass and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: All the physico‐chemical treatments of the biosorbent improved Cr(VI) uptake compared with the native biomass (21.72 mg g^?1). The highest biosorption capacity (31.52 mg g^?1) was achieved after pre‐treating the biomass with 0.5 mol L^?1 HNO₃ followed by autoclaving. Surface characterization of the biomass using pH_zpc, potentiometry and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed the role of amino and carboxyl groups in Cr(VI) removal by electrostatic attraction. Chemical modification of amino and carboxyl groups significantly decreased Cr(VI) uptake capacity confirming their role in biosorption. SEM analysis showed adsorption of Cr(VI) on the biosorbent surface. CONCLUSION: Rhizopus arrhizus biomass proved to be an effective and low cost alternative biosorbent for removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Equilibrium,Thermodynamic, and Kinetic Studies on Trichoderma viride Biomass as Biosorbent for the Removal of Cu(II) from Water

Equilibrium, thermodynamic, and kinetic studies on the biosorption of Cu(II) using biomass, Trichoderma viride were carried out. The biosorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to describe the biosorption process. The influence of pH, the biomass dosage, the contact time, the initial metal ion concentration, and the temperature of the solution on the biosorption was studied. The maximum Cu(II) biosorption was attained at pH 5. The equilibrium data were better fit by the Langmuir isotherm model than by the Freundlich isotherm. The maximum biosorption capacity of T. viride biomass was found to be 19.6 mg/g for Cu(II). The kinetic studies indicated that the biosorption of Cu(II) followed the pseudo-second-order model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, Gibbs-free energy (ΔG^o), enthalpy (ΔH^o), and entropy (ΔS^o) showed that the biosorption of Cu(II) onto T. viride biomass was spontaneous and endothermic. It can be concluded that the T. viride biomass has the potential as an effective and low-cost biosorbent for Cu(II) removal from aqueous solutions.     

Biosorption of silver from aqueous solutions using wine industry wastes

The potential of wine industry wastes (grape peel, seed, and stem) as alternative biosorbents to remove Ag from aqueous media was investigated in this work. Wine industry wastes were washed, lyophilized and pulverized to obtain the biosorbents. The powdered biosorbents were characterized in detail and several batch experiments were performed to found the most suitable conditions for Ag biosorption. Kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies were also performed. The interactions Ag-biosorbent were elucidated by analyses before and after the biosorption. For all wastes, the maximum removal percentages were found using a biosorbent dosage of 3.0?g?L^?1 at pH of 7.0. The kinetic data were well represented by the pseudo-first-order model. The equilibrium was satisfactorily represented by the Sips model. The maximum biosorption capacities, found at 298?K, were: 41.7, 61.4, and 46.4?mg?g^?1 for grape peel, seed, and stem, respectively. Thermodynamically, the biosorption was a spontaneous, favorable, exothermic, and enthalpy-controlled process. The magnitude of ΔH⁰ indicated a physical sorption. These results showed that the wine industry wastes can be considered alternative efficient, low-cost, and eco-friendly biosorbents to remove Ag from aqueous media.     

BIOSORPTION STUDIES ON NACL-MODIFIED CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM: REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHROMIUM FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

The present research provides information on the Cr(VI) removal potential of NaCl-modified Ceratophyllum demersum, an aquatic plant biomass. The effects of various parameters including pH, biomass dosage, contact time, and initial concentration on Cr(VI) biosorption were investigated. The best conditions for Cr(VI) biosorption in the present study were: pH of 2, biosorbent dose of 8 g/L, and contact time of 60 min. Under these conditions, maximum adsorption capacity of modified C. demersum for Cr(VI) was 10.20 mg/g. The experimental biosorption data were modeled by Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms. The biosorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm model with a high coefficient of determination (R² > 0.99). The biosorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Further, the biosorbent was characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that biosorption of Cr(VI) on NaCl-modified C. demersum occurred through chemical sorption.     

Biosorption of Naphthalene from Refinery Simulated Waste-Water on Blank Alginate Beads and Immobilized Dead Algal Cells

Abstract

The potential use of blank alginate beads and immobilized dead algal cells for the removal of naphthalene from aqueous solutions was investigated in this study. The effects of contact time, solution pH, and naphthalene concentration on the sorption of naphthalene on blank alginate beads or immobilized dead algal cells were studied. The effect of the presence of other pollutants on the sorption of naphthalene on immobilized dead algal cells was also studied.

Batch adsorption experiments showed that the removal of naphthalene on both sorbents was pH dependent and significant removal of naphthalene was obtained at pH 4. Dynamic sorption experiments revealed that the biosorption of naphthalene on either sorbent was rapid where the equilibrium uptake occurred within 10 minutes, and the biosorption of naphthalene on either sorbent followed the pseudo-second order kinetics. Analysis of the equilibrium sorption data showed that naphthalene sorption on either sorbent could be fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm equations. Competitive biosorption experiments showed that biosorption of naphthalene on immobilized dead algal cells was adversely affected by the presence of either heavy metals such as copper and nickel, and chelating agents such as citric acid.     

Preparation of gel resins and removal of copper and lead from water

A series of gel resins were prepared by polymerizing glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and functionalizing with ammonia (NH₃) and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA). The aminated gel resins were then used as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions (Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺). These gel resins containing amino groups and chelating amino groups had excellent adsorptive properties for Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺. The adsorption process reached equilibrium in 40 min, and the adsorption capacities of Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ were 75.0 mg g^?1 and 266.6 mg g^?1 for the NH₃‐aminated gel resins and 57.5 mg g^?1 and 330.6 mg g^?1 for the TEPA‐aminated gel resins, respectively. After five adsorption–desorption processes, the adsorption capacities only decreased slightly. Thus, these aminated gel resins can be used as effective adsorbents for aqueous heavy metal ions (Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134 , 44466.     

Batch and continuous (fixed-bed column) biosorption of Cu(II) by Tamarindus indica fruit shell

The feasibility of employing Tamarindus indica (tamarind) fruit shell (TFS) as low-cost biosorbent for removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions was investigated. Batch experiments were carried out as function of initial solution pH (2–7), contact time (10–240 min), initial Cu(II) concentration (20–100 mg L^?1), biosorbent dose (0.5–5 g) and temperature (293–313 K). Biosorption equilibrium data were well described by the Langmuir isotherm model with maximum biosorption capacity of 80.01 mg g^?1 at 313 K. Biosorption of Cu(II) followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Gibbs free energy (ΔG⁰) was spontaneous for all interactions, and the biosorption process exhibited endothermic enthalpy values. To ascertain the practical applicability of the biosorbent, fixed-bed column studies were also performed. The breakthrough time increased with increasing bed height and decreased with increasing flow rate. The Thomas model as well as the Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) model was fitted to the dynamic flow experimental data to determine the column kinetic parameters useful for designing large-scale column studies. The Thomas model showed good agreement with the experimental results at all the process parameters studied. It could be concluded that TFS may be used as an inexpensive and effective biosorbent without any treatment or any other modification for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions.     

Removal of reactive blue 19 and reactive blue 49 textile dyes by citrus waste biomass from aqueous solution: Equilibrium and kinetic study

The purpose of this study was to establish the potential of inexpensive and locally available biomaterial, that is, lignocellulosic waste of Citrus sinensis as biosorbent to remove reactive anthraquinone dyes from aqueous solution. The effects of immobilisation and chemical treatment of biosorbent were also explored for the enhanced sorption of dyes. Biosorbent was chemically treated with organic and inorganic reagents of which acetic acid augmented the sorption capacities for Reactive blue 19 and Reactive blue 49 attaining equilibrium in 60 min. While immobilisation of biosorbent into calcium alginate beads reduced the sorption capacity and the time to achieve equilibrium was prolonged up to 120 min. Sorption of both reactive dyes was found to be dependent on pH of media and maximum removal was observed at pH 2. The sorption process was fast and the data followed pseudo‐second‐order kinetic rate equation (R² = 0.99). The equilibrium data were also fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherms. The mechanism of sorption was found to be physiosorption. FTIR analysis and SEM imaging of biosorbent were also carried out to study functional groups involved and morphological changes at the surface of biomass. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering