Multi response optimisation of polyphenol extraction conditions from grape seeds by using ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE)

Multi response optimisation conditions were investigated in grape seeds’ phenolic compounds extraction by using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) methodology. The effect of independent process variables such as EtOH concentration (0–100%), extraction time (0–40 min), solvent:solid ratio (4.5–38.5 mL/g) and extraction temperature (20–60°C) on total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) of the extracts were studied. The optimum conditions of UAE were determined as follows: EtOH concentration, 61.76%; extraction time 20 min., solvent:solid ratio, 30 mL/g; extraction temperature 50°C. The estimation results of the model and the experimental results for TPC and TAA showed a great similarity.     

亚临界水萃取紫草中左旋／右旋紫草素的工艺优化

研究了亚临界水萃取技术富集紫草中左旋/右旋紫草素的工艺过程,采用响应曲面法对影响紫草素提取率的工艺参数进行分析优化.考察了萃取温度、萃取时间和固液比对紫草素提取率的影响,结果发现三个因素在各自考察的实验范围内均有显著影响.采用可见分光光度法对亚临界水提取液中紫草素的浓度进行分析,在510 nm波长下测得的标准线性方程为y=24.77x+0.0311,相关系数为0.9905,紫草素浓度的线性范围是0.0084～0.0540 mg·mL-1.响应曲面分析模型预测的最佳提取条件是:固液比为7.875 g·L-1,在20 MPa、117.5℃下提取18 min,此时紫草素最大提取率是2.02 mg·g-1,与模型预测值基本相符.采用亚临界水萃取紫草素具有高效、环保、操作简便等优势,利用响应曲面设计能够有效地优化萃取过程,为该技术的推广提供了一定的理论支持.     

Response Surface Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Oxyresveratrol Extraction from the Bark of Cultured Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.)

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction was applied to extract oxyresveratrol from cultured black mulberry bark (OCBMB). The process was optimized by response surface methodology. According to the results of the signal factor test, the Box–Behnken design was employed to investigate the effects of four chosen independent variables (ultrasonic power, extraction time, ethanol concentration, and acetic acid concentration) on the oxyresveratrol extraction, and the response surface plots showed that the parameters exhibited interactive effects. The optimal conditions were as follows: extraction temperature, 50°C; ratio of solution to solid (v/m), 20:1; ultrasonic power, 496.23 W; extraction time, 113 min; ethanol concentration, 70.98%; acetic acid concentration, 0.77%. Under these optimal conditions, experimental values well matched with the predicted values, which indicated the model used had extremely good fitting degree and the response surface methodology for optimizing Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of OCBMB was successful.     

Optimization of Liensinine,Isoliensinine and Neferine Extraction from the Embryo of the Seed of Nelumbo nucifera GAERTN

Abstract

The influences of extraction solvents and techniques on the yield of alkaloids from the embryo of the seed of Nelumbo nucifera GAERTN, were comprehensively investigated in this work. After the preliminary tests (extraction solvents and extraction methods), several parameters, such as ethanol concentration, extraction time, the ratio of liquid to solid were optimized using an experimental design, response surface methodology, and accelerated random search algorithm (ARSA). The results showed the best experimental conditions for total alkaloids (T.A). Using ultrasound-assisted extraction were ethanol concentration: 75%, extraction time: 20 min, and the ratio of liquid to solid: 30:1.     

Statistical design of experiments of acid activation of smectite clay from Serbia and its bleaching capacity

BACKGROUND: Serbian smectite clay has been activated using a response surface method with central composite design. Because, among the criteria of an edible oil, colour is the most important factor in the commercial value of the oil, and since the colour is due to the presence of pigments such as β‐carotene in the crude oil, acid‐activated clay was used for decolourisation of soybean oil. RESULTS: The effects of five parameters, namely, temperature, time, acid strength, solid/liquid ratio and stirring speed, on the process of acid activation of the clay and its bleaching capacity were determined using a statistical model. The results indicated that all parameters were significant factors in the bleaching capacity of acid‐activated clay, and a quadratic polynomial equation for bleaching capacity was obtained by multiple regression analysis. The optimal bleaching capacity was estimated to be 96.61% for an experimental run under the following conditions: activation temperature 80 °C, HCl concentration 4.78 mol L^?1, stirring speed 450 rpm, solid/liquid ratio 1:4.5 and activation time 2.81 h. CONCLUSIONS: The central composite design, regression analysis and response surface method were effective in identifying the optimal conditions for bleaching capacity of acid‐activated smectite. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction for picroside I and picroside II from Picrorrhiza kurroa using Box-Behnken experimental design

The response surface methodology was employed to study the optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of picroside I and picroside II from Picrorrhiza kurroa Royle rhizomes. The effects of solid to solvent ratio, and extraction temperature, time and solvent on the yields of picroside I and picroside II have been investigated using Box-Behnken experimental design. The experimental data were fitted to second-order polynomial equations using multiple regression analysis and analyzed using the appropriate statistical method. By solving the regression equation and analyzing 3-D plots, the optimum extraction conditions were found to be: solid to solvent ratio, 10 : 90 (w/v); temperature, 60 °C; and extraction time, 60 s. Under the optimal conditions, the yields of picroside I and picroside II are 41.23 and 6.12 mg·g^–1 feed respectively, which are in good agreement with the predicted values. The ratio of solid to solvent significantly affects the yields of picroside I and picroside II. Application of microwave-assisted extraction of picroside I and picroside II from P. kurroa would dramatically reduce extraction time and solvent consumption.     

超声波辅助提取银杏落叶中多糖的工艺初探

以银杏落叶为原料,采用超声波辅助水提醇沉的方法提取银杏落叶中的多糖,通过单因素试验和响应曲面法对银杏落叶中多糖提取的工艺进行初探。结果表明：最佳提取工艺条件为5.0 g银杏落叶粗粉,超声波功率600 W,液料比40∶1（mL∶g）,提取温度84 ℃,提取时间50 min,多糖提取得率6.61 %。由于本研究只是对银杏落叶中多糖提取工艺的初步研究,因此选择提取的液料比时未深入考虑"少量多次,总液比尽量少"的提取原则。     

Effect of ultrasound- and pulsed electric field-assisted enzymatic treatment on the recovery and quality of sunflower oil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cavitation and electroporation on enzymolysis extraction of sunflower oil. The optimum extraction conditions during 2 h under enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) with a maximum oil yield of ≈23.70 ± 0.11% were as follows: cellulase/pectinase ratio 2:1, enzyme concentration 2%, pH 4.5, liquid/solid ratio 6:1 ml/g, and extraction temperature 40°C. Under the optimized enzymatic conditions, the application of ultrasound- (250 W) and pulsed electric field- (1.2 kV/cm; 52.4 kJ/kg) assisted enzymatic extraction for 30 min significantly increased the oil extraction yield by 91.1% and 18.6%, respectively, as compared with EAE.     

Response Surface Optimized Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Quercetin and Isolation of Phenolic Compounds From Hypericum perforatum L. by Column Chromatography

The effects of ultrasonic-assisted extraction factors for the main phenolic compound (quercetin) from Hypericum perforatum L. were optimized using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) combined with response surface methodology. The BBD was employed to evaluate the effects of extraction temperature (30–70°C), extraction time (20–80 min), methanol concentration (20–80%, v/v), and HCl concentration (0.8–2.0 M) on the content of one of the major phenolic compounds of quercetin. The extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The major phenolic compounds of H. perforatum were isolated and the antioxidant capacity and total phenol content were determined in crude extract and fractions. The optimum conditions were determined as extraction temperature 67°C, extraction time 67 min, methanol concentration 77% (v/v), and HCl concentration 1.2 M. The predicted content of quercetin was 10.81 mg/g dried plant under the optimal conditions and the subsequent verification experiment with 11.09 mg/g dried plant confirmed the validity of the predicted model. The isolated compounds were identified as quercetin, cyanidin, protocatechuic acid, and kaempferol.     

响应面法优化螺旋藻中叶绿素的超声提取工艺

Chlorophylls were extracted by using ultrasonic from Spirulina platensis. Single factor examination and response surface analysis experiments were adopted to investigate the effects of extraction time, extraction solvent, solvent concentration, ratio of liquid to solid and extraction grade. The results showed that the optimal process parameters for this method were: extraction time of 56.5 min, ethanol concentration of 48.3% (vol) of ethanol/acetone solvent, and ratio of liquid to solid of 7. 9 ml·g^-1. The optimized chlorophylls extraction yield was 1.28%. The comparison experimental results indicated that the yield of chlorophylls by ultrasonic extraction was higher than that obtained from conventional solvent extraction.     

Response surface analysis of microwave‐assisted extraction of polysaccharides from cultured Cordyceps militaris

BACKGROUND: Microwave‐assisted extraction was employed to extract polysaccharides from cultured Cordyceps militaris. The optimal conditions for polysaccharide extraction were determined by response surface methodology. Box–Behnken design was applied to evaluate the effects of three independent variables (microwave power, extraction time and ratio of solution to solid) on the polysaccharide yield of C. militaris. RESULTS: Correlation analysis of the mathematical‐regression model indicated that a quadratic polynomial model could be employed to optimize the microwave‐assisted extraction of polysaccharide. Response surface plots showed that microwave power, extraction time and ratio of solution to solid exhibited independent and interactive effects on the extraction of polysaccharide. The optimal conditions to obtain the highest polysaccharide yield of C. militaris were a microwave power of 744.8 W, an extraction time of 4.2 min and a ratio of solution to solid of 31.1 mL g^?1. CONCLUSION: Under these optimal conditions, the experimental values agreed with the predicted values, using analysis of variance, indicating the goodness of fit of the model used and the success of response surface methodology for optimizing microwave‐assisted extraction of polysaccharide from C. militaris. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Optimization of Process Parameters for Water Extraction of Stevioside using Response Surface Methodology

Hot water extraction process was used for the extraction of steviosides from dry stevia leaves. The independent variables were, leaf to water ratio (1:5 to 1:20), heating time (10 to 120 min), and temperature (30 to 90°C). The combined effects of these independent variables on the extracted stevioside concentration and color of the extract were studied. For optimizing the extraction process, central composite rotatable design in combination with response surface methodology was used. Significant regression models with coefficient of determination greater than 0.90 were established to study the effect of independent variables on the responses. The optimum conditions are: temperature of water: 78°C, time of heating: 56 min and leaf to water ratio: 1:14 (g:mL).     

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Puerarin from Radix Puerariae using Response Surface Methodology

Statistical experimentical designs were applied to optimize microwave-assisted extraction of puerarin from Radix Puerariae. The most important factors affecting the extraction procedure were determined using a Plackett-Burman design. Results indicated that the concentration of ethanol, solvent-material ratio, extraction time, and microwave power were the main factors affecting the extraction yield. These factors were further optimized using a central composite design and response surface methodology. The optimal extraction parameters were ethanol concentration of 52.36%, microwave irradiation time of 60 s, microwave power of 184.8 W and solvent-material ratio of 25:1(mL/g). The average experimental puerarin yield under the optimum conditions was found to be 11.97 mg/g, which agreed with the predicted value of 11.8 mg/g. The proposed method shows high degree of reproducibility.     

Mercury Removal by Adsorption on Pectin Extracted from Sugar Beet Pulp: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology

Considering the rich sugar beet resource in Xinjiang, China, the possibilities for Hg(II) removal by pectin extracted from sugar beet pulp and optimization of the extraction process using response surface methodology (RSM) were studied. The experiments were proposed by Box‐Behnken design (BBD) and a second‐order regression model was developed for regression analysis and analysis of variance. Optimized conditions in terms of temperature, concentration, and solid‐liquid ratio were determined. The effects of different parameters like pH, time, temperature, and initial Hg(II) concentration on adsorption capacity were investigated. The isotherm adsorption experiments were fitted with the Langmuir model which indicated monolayer adsorption.     

香樟叶中多糖的提取及含量测定

采用热水回流提取香樟叶总多糖,考察了提取温度、提取时间、料液比对香樟叶总多糖提取量的影响。结果表明,其最佳工艺条件为:提取温度为85℃,提取时间为4 h,料液比为1∶20,提取次数为4次。在最佳工艺条件下,香樟叶可提取总多糖为129.41 mg/g。     

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Artemisinin from Artemisia annua L. by Response Surface Methodology

Artemisinin is a compound extracted from Artemisia annua L. with a remarkable curative effect against malaria. It can be extracted using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and then detected via HPLC. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize UAE conditions for obtaining the maximum yield of artemisinin. Three independent variables (ratio of solvent to material, extraction temperature, and ultrasonic power) were evaluated using the Box-Behnken experimental design, with the yield of artemisinin as a response variable. Experimental data were highly fitted to a mathematical-regression model using multiple linear regression (MLR). Based on response surface plots, the three independent variables exhibited interactive effects on the yield of artemisinin. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: 42.71 mL/g ratio of solvent to material, 41.86°C extraction temperature and 120 W ultrasonic power. The predicted yield of artemisinin by model was 0.7848%, whereas the actual yield in the extracts was 0.7826% ± 0.0790% in adjusted optimal conditions, with a relative error of 0.28%. The results undoubtedly demonstrated that RSM could be used to explore the optimum conditions of artemisinin extraction.     

响应面法优选桃儿七中的鬼臼毒素的超声提取工艺

以桃儿七为原料,采用超声提取的方法提取鬼臼毒素,考察了超声提取时间、乙醇体积分数、料液比和超声功率等因素对提取工艺的影响,并通过响应面法进行工艺优化,得到提取过程优化的工艺条件：乙醇体积分数为55.43%、料液比为1∶9.97、超声时间和功率分别为49.87 min和206.71 W。最佳条件下的验证实验表明：桃儿七鬼臼毒素提取率13.36%,浸膏纯度为2.78%。拟合得到的模型较好的符合实际。     

Microwave-Assisted Batch Extraction of Polyphenols from Sea Buckthorn Leaves

Extraction of polyphenols from sea buckthorn leaves using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is described. The influence of different parameters on the extraction process (reactor type, stirring rate, extraction time, temperature, ethanol/water ratio) was studied. The polyphenolic extracts were analyzed in order to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) either by the Folin–Ciocalteu method or by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and the concentration of the main polyphenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The specific microwave energy was also determined. MAE resulted in a shorter extraction time (7.5 versus 30 min for the conventional method). The best results for MAE were obtained at a temperature of 90°C, using a solvent/plant ratio of 20/1 and 50% ethanol in the extraction solvent. The highest values of antioxidant capacity were obtained for polyphenolic extracts resulted from microwave extraction.     

Extraction of Total Phenolics of Sour Cherry Pomace by High Pressure Solvent and Subcritical Fluid and Determination of the Antioxidant Activities of the Extracts

Abstract

High pressure liquid extraction (HPE) and subcritical fluid (CO₂+ethanol) extraction (SCE) were used for the extraction of total phenolic compounds (TPC) from sour cherry pomace. Antiradical efficiency (AE) of the extracts was also determined. Ethanol was the solvent for HPE and co‐solvent for SCE. Combinations of pressure (50, 125, 200 MPa), temperature (20, 40, 60°C), solid/solvent ratio (0.05, 0.15, 0.25 g/ml) and extraction time (10, 25, 40 min) were variables for HPE according to the Box‐Behnken experimental design. The variables used for SCE were pressure (20, 40, 60 MPa), temperature (40, 50, 60°C), ethanol concentration (14, 17, 20 wt%) and extraction time (10, 25, 40 min). For HPE, TPC, and AE at the optimum conditions (176–193 MPa, 60°C, 0.06–0.07 g solid/ml solvent, 25 min) were found as 3.80 mg gae/g sample and 22 mg DPPH^?/g sample, respectively. TPC and AE at the optimum conditions (54.8–59 MPa, 50.6–54.4°C, 20 wt% ethanol, 40 min) for SCE were determined as 0.60 mg gae/g sample and 2.30 mg DPPH^?/g sample for sour cherry pomace, respectively.     

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) hull

ABSTRACT

Phenolic compounds were extracted from pistachio hull using microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MASE). The effects of four parameters, microwave power, extraction time, solvent to sample ratio, and ethanol concentration were evaluated. The extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology to enhance the total phenolic content (TPC). Optimal conditions were found as 140 W microwave power, 4.5 min extraction time, 19:1 (v/w) solvent to sample ratio, and 56% ethanol concentration to get maximum TPC (62.24 mg GAE/g dry hull). Also, MASE was compared with conventional solvent extraction (CSE) and MASE gave higher TPC, yield, and antioxidant activity.