Removal of Ce(IV) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Sawdust Coated by Electroactive Polymers

In this work, adsorption of the Ce(IV) ions onto polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PAn) conducting electroactive polymers as coated form on sawdust has been investigated. The effect of some important parameters such as initial concentration of the Ce(IV) ion adsorbent dosage, and contact time was studied. The experiments were carried out using both batch and column systems at room temperature. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of sawdust coated by polypyrrole and polyaniline for the removal of Ce(IV) ion was measured and extrapolated using linear Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. It was found that sawdust modified by PPy and PAn improved the removal efficiency of Ce(IV) ions from aqueous solutions greatly.     

Physicochemical Parameters of Cu(II) Ions Adsorption from Aqueous Solution by Magnetic-Poly(divinylbenzene-n-vinylimidazole) Microbeads

This study is aimed at the synthesis and characterization of the mesoporous magnetic-poly(divinylbenzene-1-vinylimidazole)[m-poly(DVB-VIM))microbeads(average diameter = 53–212 µm); their application as adsorbent in the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. The mesoporous m-poly(DVB-VIM) microbeads were prepared by copolymerizing of divinylbenzene (DVB) with 1-vinylimidazole (VIM). The mesoporous m-poly(DVB-VIM) microbeads were characterized by N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms, ESR, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and swelling studies. At fixed solid/solution ratio the various factors affecting adsorption of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions such as pH, initial concentration, amount of mesoporousm-poly(DVB-VIM)) microbeads, contact time, and temperature were analyzed. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkvich isotherms were used the model adsorption equilibrium data. The Langmuir isotherm model was the most adequate. The pseudo first-order, pseudo-second-order, Ritch-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models were used to describe the adsorption kinetics. The experimental data fitted to pseudo second-order kinetic. The study of temperature effect was quantified by calculating various thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes. Morever, after the use in adsorption, the mesoporous m-poly(DVB-VIM) microbeads with paramagnetic property was separated via the applied magnetic force. These features make the mesoporous m-poly(DVB-VIM) microbeads a potential candidate for support of Cu(II) ions removal under magnetic field.     

交联壳聚糖磁性颗粒吸附去除水溶液中的铜

The performance of cross-linked magnetic chitosan, coated with magnetic fluids and cross-linked with epichlorohydrin, was investigated for the adsorption of copper (II) from aqueous solutions. Infrared spectra of chitosan before and after modification showed that the coating and cross-linking are effective. Experiments were performed at different pH of solution and contact time, and appropriate conditions for the adsorption of Cu(II) were determined. Experimental equilibrium data were correlated with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for determination of the adsorption potential. The results showed that the Langmuir isotherm was better compared with the Freundlich isotherm, and the uptake of Cu(II) was 78.13 mg•g－1. The kinetics of adsorption corresponded with the first-order Langergren rate equation, and Langergren rate constants were determined.     

Mechanism of the Adsorption of Ammonium Ions from Aqueous Solution by a Chinese Natural Zeolite

Abstract

The adsorption of ammonium ions onto a Chinese natural zeolite in an agitated batch adsorber was studied. A trial‐and‐error non‐linear method was developed to examine two widely used isotherms, the Langmuir and Freundlich. The data gained from the adsorption system fitted the Freundlich isotherm better. An ion exchange model, describing the relationship among the total metal ions in the solution, NH₄ ⁺ removed from the solution, and ions initially released from the zeolite, was developed for the adsorption system. In addition, a parameter of the ion exchange potential was defined to describe the adsorption mechanism. Ion exchange was the main mechanism that accounted for the adsorption of ammonium ions onto the Chinese natural zeolite.     

Removal of Cu(II), Fe(III), and Cr(III) from Aqueous Solution by Aniline Grafted Silica Gel

Abstract

The aniline moiety was covalently grafted onto silica gel surface. The modified silica gel with aniline groups (SiAn) was used for removal of Cu(II), Fe(III), and Cr(III) ions from aqueous solution and industrial effluents using a batch adsorption procedure. The maximum adsorption of the transition metal ions took place at pH 4.5. The adsorption kinetics for all the adsorbates fitted better the pseudo second‐order kinetic model, obtaining the following adsorption rate constants (k₂): 1.233 · 10^?2, 1.902 · 10^?2, and 8.320 · 10^?3 g · mg^?1 min^?1 for Cr(III), Cu(II), and Fe(III), respectively. The adsorption of these transition metal ions were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, and Redlich‐Peterson isotherm models; however, the best isotherm model fitting which presented a lower difference of the q (amount adsorbed per gram of adsorbent) calculated by the model from the experimentally measured, was achieved by using the Sips model for all adsorbates chosen. The SiAn adsorbent was also employed for the removal of the transition metal ions Cr(III) (95%), Cu(II) (95%), and Fe(III) (94%) from industrial effluents, using the batch adsorption procedure.     

高炉渣对碱性品蓝吸附性能的研究

本试验研究了高炉渣对碱性品蓝的吸附性能,借助电镜扫描(SEM)技术对吸附剂进行了表征,探讨了碱性品蓝的初始浓度、吸附时间、吸附剂投加量、吸附温度、离子强度和废水pH等因素对碱性品蓝去除率的影响,并从动力学和等温吸附模型探讨了吸附作用机理.实验结果表明:当吸附温度为室温(25℃)、吸附剂加入量为0.4g、吸附时间为120 min、废水pH为8、初始碱性品蓝浓度为100 mg/L、离子强度为0 mol/L时,碱性品蓝去除率达78.31％;高炉渣对碱性品蓝的吸附符合伪二级动力学方程和Freundlich等温吸附模型,并且吸附是容易发生的.     

Polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by Ce(IV)-sucrose redox system: A kinetic study

The polymerization of acrylonitrile (M), initiated by the free radicals formed in situ in the Ce (IV)-sucrose redox system, was studied in aqueous sulfuric acid medium under nitrogen atmosphere in the temperature range of 30–60°C. The rate of polymerization is proportional to [M]^1.0, [R]^0.76, [Ce(IV)]^0.8, and [H⁺]^−0.46. The rate of Ceric ion disappearance and the rate of polymerization R_p have been measured. The effects of some water–miscible organic solvents, surfactants, ionic strength, and complexing agents on the rate of polymerization were investigated. The temperature-dependence of the rate was studied and the activation parameters were computed using the Arrhenius and Eyring plots. A mechanism consistent with the experimental data, involving Ce(IV)-sucrose complex formation, which generates free radicals, is suggested. The chain termination step of the polymerization reaction was determined. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Adsorption of Lignosulfonate Compound from Aqueous Solution onto Chitosan-Silica Beads

The main objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of crosslinked chitosan-tetraethoxy orthosilane (TEOS) (chitosan-silica) beads to be used as an adsorbent material to adsorb the lignosulfonate compound in solution. Different parameters affecting the adsorption capacity such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, pH, ionic strength, and temperature have been investigated. Adsorption isotherms of lignosulfonates onto chitosan-silica beads were also studied. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out and the optimum lignosulfonate adsorption onto chitosan-silica beads occurred at contact time of 30 minutes, the adsorbent dosage of 40 g/L, initial concentration of 50 mg/L, pH 5, and a temperature of 45°C. Adsorption isotherms studied through the use of graphical methods revealed that the adsorption of lignosulfonates onto chitosan-silica beads follows the Langmuir model, with the maximum adsorption capacity being 238.3 mg/g at pH 7. Adsorption is dependent on the ionic strength. The adsorption of lignosulfonate on chitosan-silica beads was best described with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a rate constant of 0.32 g · mg^?1 · min^?1, while intra-particle-diffusion was the main rate-determining step in the lignosulfonate adsorption process. The chitosan-silica beads investigated in this study were thus exhibited as a high potential adsorbent for the removal of lignosulfonate from solution.     

Modelling Individual and Competitive Adsorption of Cadmium(II) and Zinc(II) Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution onto Bagasse Fly Ash

Abstract

The present study deals with the competitive adsorption of cadmium (Cd(II)) and zinc (Zn(II)) ions onto bagasse fly ash (BFA) from binary systems. BFA is a waste obtained from the bagasse‐fired boilers of sugar mills. The initial pH≈6.0 is found to be the optimum for the individual removal of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions by BFA. The equilibrium adsorption data were obtained at different initial concentrations (C ₀ = 10–100 mg/l), 5 h contact time, 30°C temperature, BFA dosage of 10 mg/l at pH ₀ = 6. The Redlich–Peterson (R–P) and the Freundlich models represent the single ion equilibrium adsorption data better than the Langmuir model. The adsorption capacities in the binary‐metal mixtures are in the order Zn(II)>Cd(II) and is in agreement with the single‐component adsorption data. The equilibrium metal removal decreases with increasing concentrations of the other metal ion and the combined action of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions on BFA is found to be antagonistic. Equilibrium isotherms for the binary adsorption of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions on BFA have been analyzed by non‐modified Langmuir, modified Langmuir, extended‐Langmuir, Sheindorf–Rebuhn–Sheintuch (SRS), non‐modified R–P and modified R–P adsorption models. The isotherm model fitting has been done by minimizing the Marquardt's percent standard deviation (MPSD) error function using MS Excel. The SRS model satisfactory fits for most of the adsorption equilibrium data of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions onto BFA.     

天然凹凸棒石对水中镉的吸附行为

通过静态实验探讨了天然凹凸捧石吸附水中镉（Cd^2＋）时的影响因素、动力学、等温式和热力学。结果表明,在实验条件下吸附90min后天然凹凸捧石对Cd^2＋的吸附量为6.07-13.15（mg·g^-1）,吸附量随着温度或Cd^2＋初始浓度的增加而增加,但天然凹凸棒石用量增加,吸附量却减少。在pH值为5-7时随着pH值的增加而增加。此外,天然凹凸捧石吸附Cd^2＋的速度较快,吸附60min后基本达到平衡。吸附动力学规律符合Lagergren准二级反应模型,不同温度下的吸附等温式都与Freundlich方程符合很好。热力学分析表明,吸附过程吸热,吸附焓变△H和熵变△s都为正值,吸附自由能变△G为负值。     

Vanadium(V) Removal by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Derived from Starch Industry Waste Sludge

This study examines the adsorption potential of activated carbons for vanadium (V) removal from aqueous solution. Activated carbons were produced via chemical activation of waste treatment sludge from the starch industry. Specific surface area and pore sizes of waste sludge samples were determined through chemical activation and pyrolysis. Experimental data indicated that sludge samples had micropore structure and specific surface area of up to 1196 m²/g. First-order and second-order models were applied to determine adsorption kinetics. Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms were used to analyze equilibrium data of adsorption. Equilibrium adsorption data showed the best fit to the Freundlich isotherm. Adsorption of vanadium (V) follows second-order kinetic models. Maximum adsorption was observed at pH 4.0. Langmuir adsorption capacity was found to be 37.17 mg/g. The results of the study indicated that activated carbon obtained from industrial sewage sludge was effective in removing vanadium from aqueous solutions, which creates a significant advantage for treatment of industrial wastewaters and management of solid wastes.     

二氧化硅气凝胶的研究现状及应用前景

二氧化硅气凝胶由于其特殊的网络结构使其具有密度小、隔热性好、孔隙率高、比表面积大、传声速率低等优良性能。从1931年开始,经过广大研究者几十年的深入研究,二氧化硅气凝胶有了更广阔的发展。本文介绍了以不同原料制备二氧化硅气凝胶的方法,论述了二氧化硅气凝胶的干燥技术,概述了二氧化硅气凝胶的改性措施,分析了二氧化硅气凝胶的应用前景。     

碳纳米管吸附染料茜素红的性能研究

研究了碳纳米管对水中茜素红的吸附去除性能,结果表明:纯化的碳纳米管对水中茜素红的去除效果明显高于未纯化的碳纳米管,当其用量为0.1g时,纯化的碳纳米管对水中茜素红的吸附去除率达到87.3%;纯化的碳纳米管对水中茜素红的吸附在60分钟达到平衡;溶液pH值对水中茜素红的去除有一定的影响,在酸性和中性条件下的去除率大于碱性;温度升高,水中茜素红的去除率略有升高。平衡吸附量qe与平衡质量浓度pe之间的关系符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程所描述的规律。     

Removal of Lead (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Eggplant Peels Activated Charcoal

The eggplant peel activated charcoal (EPPAC) was investigated as an adsorbent for the removal of lead II ions from aqueous solution. Three methods were tested for the production of eggplant peel activated charcoal (EPPAC) from eggplant peel charcoal (EPPC), yielding three different products; EPPAC-1, EPPAC-2, and EPPAC-3. The difference among the three methods lies in the primary physical mixing of the EPPC with the activating agent (potassium hydroxide) before heating the mixture in a furnace for activation. The removal efficiency of lead II ions by the three adsorbents was 57.7%, 70.0%, and 60.0% for EPPAC-1, EPPAC-2, and EPPPAC-3, respectively. The optimized activation parameters for EPPAC-2 were: activation time 2 hours, activation temperature 700°C, and activation ratio 1:2 (EPPAC: KOH). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that EPPAC-2 has the most porous structure. The surface area of EPPAC-2 was measured to be 739 m²/g. Adsorption kinetics of lead (II) is best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with second order rate constant of 1.70 × 10^?3 g/mg.h at room temperature. The adsorption of lead on EPPAC-2 is found to follow the Langmuir isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity of 1.4 × 10² mg/g.     

Fe-Al柱撑膨润土吸附染料酸性大红的性能

制备了Fe-Al柱撑膨润土,研究了其对染料酸性大红的吸附去除性能,结果表明:Fe-Al柱撑膨润土对染料酸性大红有很好的去除效果,当其用量为0.1g时,染料酸性大红的吸附去除率达到92.6%;Fe-Al柱撑膨润土对染料酸性大红的吸附在60分钟达到平衡;pH值对染料酸性大红的去除有一定的影响,在酸性和碱性条件下的去除率大于中性。平衡吸附量qe与平衡质量浓度pe之间的关系符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程所描述的规律。     

Adsorption behavior of Eu(III) on partially Fe(III)- or Ti(IV)-coated silica

The adsorption behavior of Eu(III) onto silica surface, which was partially coated with Fe(III) or Ti(IV), was investigated to determine Fe(III) or Ti(IV) effects on the surface reaction of lanthanides on mineral surfaces in groundwater. Compared with a parallel uncoated silica, the Fe(III)-coated silica did not enhance the adsorption of Eu(III). However, enhanced adsorption of Eu(III) on the Ti(IV)-coated silica was observed by increasing the amount of Ti(IV) on the silica surface.     

N,N′-Methylenebisacrylamide polymerization initiated by Ce(IV)—Malic acid redox system—A kinetic study

Free-radical-initiated linear cyclopolymerization of a symmetrical non-conjugated divinyl monomer, viz. N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, was carried out using cerium sulphate as initiator and malic acid as activator, in an inert atmosphere at 25 ± 0.1°C. A gel-free polymer was formed under the experimental conditions. The order with respect to malic acid and monomer was found to be 1 and 2, respectively. The rate of polymerization was found to be inversely proportional to the concentration of Ce(IV). The overall energy of activation was found to be 25.5 kJ mol^?1. An intramolecular cyclization prior to propagation is proposed in formulating a suitable mechanism to explain the kinetic results.     

天然泥炭对水中结晶紫的吸附行为

通过静态实验探讨了天然泥炭吸附水中结晶紫时的影响因素、动力学、等温式和热力学。结果表明,在研究条件下吸附90min后天然泥炭对结晶紫的吸附量为31.77～70.49mg.g-1,吸附量随着结晶紫初始浓度或温度的增加而增加,但随着天然泥炭用量的增加而减小。在pH为5～8时随着pH的增加而增加。此外,天然泥炭吸附结晶紫的速度较快,吸附90min后基本达到平衡。吸附动力学规律符合Lagergren准二级反应模型,不同温度下的吸附等温式都与Langmuir方程符合很好。热力学分析表明,吸附过程吸热,吸附焓变ΔH和熵变ΔS都为正值,吸附自由能变ΔG为负值。     

Adsorption Behavior of Cd (II) from Aqueous Solution using Dialdehyde 5-Aminophenanthroline Starch

Dialdehyde 5-aminophenanthroline starch (DASAPL) was synthesized by reacting 5-aminophenanthroline with dialdehyde starch, and it was characterized through elemental analysis, FT-IR, and SEM techniques. FT-IR of DASAPL revealed the incorporation of C?N group and the disappearance of the C?O (carbonyl) group. DASAPL was used to adsorb Cd (II) from aqueous solution. The adsorption process was optimized with regard to pH, contact time, initial Cd (II) concentration, and temperature. The results revealed that the initial pH 5 and contact time of 2 h were the optimal conditions. The material showed good adsorption capacity and the adsorption data followed the Freundlich and Langmuir model. The adsorption of Cd (II) decreased with increasing temperature indicating exothermic nature of the adsorption process. Thermodynamic studies have been used to determine thermodynamic parameters of the process including Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes. Moreover, the adsorbents can be reused.