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1.
《分离科学与技术》2012,47(14):3141-3153
Abstract Alternative processing methods are being considered more seriously, sorption and/or complexation of dissolved metals based on the chemical activity of biomass, known as biosorption, is the base of the new technology for metal removal and recovery. Different types of biomass (dead and alive) like bacteria, yeast, bark, fungi, agricultural by‐products, coconut shell, marine algae, peat, moss and aquatic mosses have been investigated for biosorption of heavy metals ions. Biosorption of each of the metal ions by coconut shell powder was investigated in this study. The biosorption capacities of coconut shell for cadmium, chromium, and arsenic were studied at different particle sizes (0.044–0.297 mm), initial metal concentration (20– 1000 mg/L), and solution pH values 2–9 in batch mode, the experimental data obtained for each metal were evaluated and fitted using adsorption models. Also, analyses were made of biomass by SEM‐EDS before and after the biosorption to confirm the presence of metal ions species. 相似文献
2.
《分离科学与技术》2012,47(7):1621-1631
Abstract Slow sand filtration is wide spread as a rural drinking water treatment process in most of the developing countries, and is well known to become effective after a long period of filtration. This study evaluates the efficiency of granular pozzolans from Djoungo and Koutaba (Cameroon), at the beginning of a slow filtration process, using bentonite as a model colloid, under different physicochemical conditions. Experiments were conducted at various pH 5–9, different ionic strengths (10?4?3 · 10?2 M KCl) and various flow velocities up to 0.24 mm/s, with a filter grain size of 400–500 µm. The results show that the pH variation 5–9 has little influence on the retention of bentonite clay when the ionic strength is less than 10?2 M KCl; whereas conditioning the grains at 10?2 M KCl and pH 5 improves the efficiency of retention, increasing flow velocity results in a small decrease in retention efficiency. The three pozzolans tested gave similar retention efficiencies. 相似文献
3.
《分离科学与技术》2012,47(3):531-547
Abstract Beach sand is used to remove traces of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Effect of shaking speed, amount of sorbent, shaking time, nature and concentration of different electrolytes and deionized water along with buffer of pH 2–10 have been studied. Maximum sorption of Pb(II) ions (>94%) is achieved from 10?4M HNO3. Sorption data have been tested using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin‐Radushkevich (D‐R) sorption isotherms. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG have been evaluated. Kinetics of sorption is followed by Morris‐ Weber, Reichenberg and Lagergren equations. Influence of diverse ions on the sorption of Pb(II) ions is also investigated. 相似文献
4.
《分离科学与技术》2012,47(8):1675-1703
Abstract A mass balance model of total soluble sulfide and free zinc with a second-order reaction term is theoretically able to reconstruct the zinc effluent concentration and the kinetic parameter (k). However, under real conditions this model predicts the zinc effluent concentration four orders of magnitude higher than the measured ones. The applied error analysis, based on linearization of the model followed by first-order variance propagation, showed that the accuracy of several of the input variables (flows and influent concentrations) jeopardized the estimation of the Zn concentration in the effluent, which is a phenomenon expected for every fast reaction with low product concentration. In order to overcome the inaccuracy issue, an “apparent solubility product” as a function of pS (11-20) was calculated from the experimental data, allowing for the subsequent determination of an “apparent kinetic parameter” (k A ), that excluding parallel reactions was between 1.7 × 1023 – 6.2 × 1024 L/(mol·h). This allowed for further tuning of the model such that the estimates of the Zn effluent concentration became of the same order of magnitude as the measured ones (10?7 M Zn). 相似文献
5.
《分离科学与技术》2012,47(13):2022-2031
The effect of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and triton X-100 (TX100) impregnation into chitosan hydrogel beads formed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gelation (CSB) was investigated for the adsorption of Congo red (CR) from aqueous solutions. An impregnation of CTAB at 0.1 wt% into CSB increased adsorption from 97.46 mg/g to 113.24 mg/g, while 0.5 wt% TX100 impregnation into CSB registered a very small increase from 112.56 mg/g to 115.64 mg/g. CSB/CTAB exhibited similar adsorption at all pH levels (4-9), but CSB and CSB/TX100 showed lower adsorption at higher pH values. The Sips isotherm model was the best fit for all bead varieties, and the Sips maximum adsorption capacity value of CSB/CTAB (271.74 mg/g) was higher than that for CSB/TX100 (242.72 mg/g) or CSB without surfactant impregnation (174.83 mg/g). The experimental kinetic values of all varieties of beads for CR adsorption followed a pseudo-first-order rate model better than a pseudo-second-order rate model. 相似文献
6.
《分离科学与技术》2012,47(16):2417-2423
Mangifera pajang Kosterm. is an important underutilized fruit of Malaysia. Two level factorial design was used for initial screening of the following independent factors, namely pH (2-6), ethanol concentration (20–80%), extraction temperature (30–65°C), time (30–240 min) and liquid to solid ratio (20–50 mL/g) to determine the extract yield, the antioxidant capacity, and the phenolic and flavonoid contents from Mangifera pajang pericarp. Among all the factors, ethanol concentration and liquid to solid ratio was very significant (p < 0.0001) in obtaining higher extract yield, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic content, whereas the pH, the extraction time, and temperature did not contribute significantly. From these results, we conclude that by altering ethanol concentration and liquid to solid ratio, significant differences can be noticed in obtaining high or lower concentrations on the recovery of extract yield, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic content. 相似文献
7.
It is important to be able to predict the mechanical response of adhesively bonded joints. To succeed in this, the accurate simulation of the behavior of adhesively bonded joints is an essential requirement because of the strain rate, temperature, and hydrostatic sensitivity of adhesive properties, which should be taken into consideration when developing a material model [1-11]. On the other hand, the load capabilities of adhesively bonded joints are affected by both applied pressure and temperature during cure. For this reason, in this study, the tensile load capabilities of single lap joints (SLJs) bonded with a flexible adhesive that possesses pressure-sensitive properties were experimentally investigated with respect to the applied pressure during the curing operation, and the experimental results were compared with finite element analysis (FEA) results. Finally, in addition to other parameters, such as the dependence on strain rate and the lack of yield criteria of adhesives, it was seen that the residual thermal stresses that occurred as a result of the applied pressure during the curing process at elevated temperature need to be taken into consideration to accurately simulate the mechanical behavior of adhesively bonded joints. 相似文献
8.
《分离科学与技术》2012,47(6):1052-1058
In the present investigation bioaccumulation studies were performed for the removal of Methylene Blue dye from an aqueous solution using live Lemna minor. The effect of various parameters such as the biosorbent dosage (1–3 g), pH (3-8) and initial dye concentration (2–10 mg L?1) were studied. The maximum uptake capacity of the Methylene Blue using L. minor was observed as 10.93 mg g?1 at a biosorbent dosage of 1 g/300 mL, at pH 7 and at 10 mg L?1 initial dye concentration. The surface morphology was analyzed using Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) for analyzing micro and macropores present on the surface of the plant and the functional groups on the biosorbent were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared analyzer (FTIR) for increasing the electrostatic attraction between the plant surface and the dye molecules by adjusting the pH of the solution. Equilibrium data was analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The Freundlich adsorption isotherm was found to be fitted well. The effect of initial dye concentration on the growth of the plant was studied by obtaining the growth profile of the plant on the basis of the relative growth rate (RGR). 相似文献
9.
《分离科学与技术》2012,47(10):1531-1541
Selective removal of copper remaining in the raffinate, obtained after solvent extraction of copper with LIX 84-I from the sea nodule leach solution, containing 0.512 g/L Cu(II), 0.212 g/L Fe(III), 15.16 g/L Ni(II), and 2.012 g/L Co(II), was carried out with TP 207, in the batch and column adsorption system. The operational factors affecting the copper adsorption such as initial copper ion concentration (0.05–1.0 g/L), pH (1–4), resin dosage (5–100 g/L), and temperature (293–338 K) were investigated. Adsorption of copper was found to be maximum at an equilibrium pH of 1.97 without any adsorption of other metal ions in the solution and was strongly affected by the resin dosage. Adsorption equilibrium data was well fitted with the Langmuir isotherm, and the monolayer adsorption capacity of copper ion was determined as 68.7 mg g?1, at 298 K. The positive values of ΔHo (11.5, 10.4, and 10.1 kJ mol?1) determined at corresponding initial copper concentrations: 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 g/L, respectively, in the solution, indicated that the adsorption was endothermic in nature. Kinetic studies confirmed that the adsorption of copper followed pseudo second order reaction with intra particle diffusion. 相似文献
10.
《分离科学与技术》2012,47(4):547-553
The performance of continuous cross-flow micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) is evaluated for the selective separation of nickel (Ni2+) and cobalt (Co2+) from the aqueous stream using anionic surfactant sodiumdodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the mixture of the anionic and nonionic surfactant (SDS+TritonX-100) with the addition of iminodiacetic acid (IDA) as a chelating agent. Operating parameters like operating time (upto 100 min), cross flow rate (100–175 mL/min.), pH of the feed solution (3-6), molar concentration ratio of the chelating agent to metals (C/M ratio, 0.5–2.5), and molar concentration ratio of the surfactant to metals (S/M ratio, 5–9) were studied to investigate the effectiveness of the process on selective separation. For the single surfactant system at all empirically selected parameters, 92% Ni2+ in the permeate and 94% Co2+ in the retentate was achieved whereas for the mixed surfactant system 93% Ni2+ in permeate and 84% Co2+ in retentate was achieved. Flux variation for single and mixed surfactant system was studied. Flux observed for the single surfactant system was 36 L/m2.h and for the mixed surfactant system was 31.5 L/m2.h. Flux measurement also indicates insignificant fouling of the membrane. 相似文献
11.
12.
Spray drying is a widely used unit operation for manufacturing powders of different characteristics. Many technological improvements have been made in the last few decades, and a great amount of research work is still being conducted. Recently, the hybrid spray-drying technique was reported, which combines the ink-jet technology with spray drying in order to produce particles of uniform characteristics.[ 1-4 ] The monodisperse droplet generators (MDGs) have certain features that make them attractive for use as atomizers in spray-drying operations. In this article, a comprehensive introduction to a variety of monodisperse droplet generators is provided. The advantages and limitations of these generators are discussed. The fundamental equations for predictions of the average droplet size are summarized. The discussion given in this study is aimed at the development of a hybrid technology that marries a suitable MDG with the existing spray-dryer technique (yet with some modifications) to manufacture the product with uniform characteristics containing micro- to nanosized particles. 相似文献
13.
We have designed Stein-type (Stein, 1945, Annals of Mathematical Statistics) two-stage, modified two-stage (Mukhopadhyay and Duggan, 1997, Sankhya, Series A), and purely sequential strategies (Chow and Robbins, 1965, Annals of Mathematical Statistics) to estimate an unknown location parameter of a negative exponential distribution having an unknown scale parameter under a newly defined and modified Linex loss function. We aim at controlling the associated risk function per unit cost by bounding it from above with a fixed preassigned positive number, ω, and we emphasize both asymptotic first-order and asymptotic second-order properties for the modified two-stage and purely sequential estimation strategies. In developing asymptotic second-order properties for the modified two-stage methodology, we have heavily relied upon basic ideas rooted in Mukhopadhyay and Duggan (1997). In developing asymptotic second-order properties for the purely sequential methodology, however, we have heavily relied upon nonlinear renewal theory (Lai and Siegmund, 1977, 1979, Annals of Statistics; Woodroofe, 1977, Annals of Statistics). Then, we take to extensive data analysis carried out via computer simulations when requisite sample sizes range from small to moderate to large. We find that the Stein-type two-stage estimation methodology oversamples significantly and yet the achieved risk is not close to preset goal ω. On the other hand, both modified two-stage and purely sequential estimation strategies perform remarkably well. We have validated their main theoretical first-order and second-order properties through simulated data. The latter methodologies have been illustrated and implemented using two real data sets from health studies, namely, infant mortality data and bone marrow data. 相似文献
14.
Yasumitsu Uraki Chinatsu Matsumoto Takuro Hirai Yutaka Tamai Makiko Enoki Hiroshi Yabu 《木材化学与工艺学杂志》2013,33(4):348-359
Abstract We have already fabricated honeycomb-patterned cellulosic films with cellulose I and II polymorphisms as a basal framework in order to create an artificial woody cell wall.[ 1 , 2 ] The adsorption of an isolated lignin, acetic acid lignin (AL), was attempted onto the honeycomb films not only to develop materials further mimicking the cell wall but also to elucidate the mechanical effect of isolated lignin on the tensile strength of the cellulosic architecture. The tensile strengths of honeycomb-patterned cellulosic films were improved by the AL adsorption. Although the cellulosic films without lignin weakened under high moisture content conditions as compared with those under the low content conditions, the lignin-adsorbed cellulosic film maintained significant tensile strength even under the high content conditions. This result suggests that lignin contributes to reinforce the mechanical strength of cellulose framework, in particular high moisture conditions. 相似文献
15.
A mathematical model has been developed for prediction of pressure drop in a Venturi scrubber. This model includes the effect of the amount of liquid film and re-entrainment of liquid droplets from liquid film. The result of the present model is compared with experimental data of Viswanathan et al. (1985) as well as with the other models (Viswanathan et al., 1985; Boll, 1973). Results of this study indicate that at high liquid to gas ratios prediction of pressure drop can be improved by considering re-entrainment and liquid film effects. Also the effects of gas velocity and liquid to gas ratio were investigated on the rate of droplet re-entrainment and pressure drop. 相似文献
16.
We have designed modified two-stage and purely sequential strategies to estimate the difference of location parameters from two independent negative exponential populations having unknown but proportional scale parameters under a modified Linex loss function. This article extends one-sample methodologies of Mukhopadhyay and Bapat (2016, Sequential Analysis). Some preliminary results are established along the lines of Mukhopadhyay and Hamdy (1984, Canadian Journal of Statistics) and Mukhopadhyay and Darmanto (1988, Sequential Analysis). We have resorted to Mukhopadhyay and Duggan (1997, Sankhya, Series A) in developing asymptotic second-order properties for the modified two-stage methodology and to nonlinear renewal theory of Lai and Siegmund (1977, 1979, Annals of Statistics) and Woodroofe (1977, Annals of Statistics) in addressing analogous properties under the purely sequential methodology. Then, we supplement with extensive sets of data analysis via computer simulations validating that both modified two-stage and purely sequential methods perform very well. Both methodologies are also illustrated and implemented using real datasets from cancer studies and reliability analysis. 相似文献
17.
Revisiting Stein (1945, 1949) as well as Mukhopadhyay and Duggan (1997), we have proposed new two-stage procedures under both minimum risk point estimation and fixed-width confidence interval configurations for a normal mean μ when a lower bound of variance is known to us. New unbiased estimators based on sample standard deviation, Gini’s mean difference (GMD), and mean absolute deviance (MAD) are constructed to define the final sample sizes. The new procedures enjoy both asymptotic first-order and second-order properties, followed by simulated performances. Real data illustrations of the marigold data are also included. 相似文献
18.
Over the past two decades, significant efforts have been expended to identify the photochemical decomposition products of the OH radical reactions of various polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), such as naphthalene, methylnaphthalenes, acenaphthene and phenanthrene (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Although these parent PAC are predominantly found in the gas phase, many of their oxidation products have been found largely in the particle phase (4, 7, 8). These products include diones, hydroxy-, and nitrated products as well as many products resulting from ring-opening steps. It is, or should be, the goal of every laboratory study on atmospheric processes to apply the laboratory results to real world samples. To this end, we have obtained particulate matter air samples, as well as some smog episode samples, from Seoul Korea and have searched for the known decomposition products of the above mentioned PAC. To eliminate the use of chlorinated solvents used in the extraction and analysis of particulate matter samples, we have been utilizing the direct thermal desorption of small (4 mm diameter) punches of filters followed by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (TD-GCxGC-TOFMS) for the analysis of the desorbed compounds. So far, we have detected 14 of the known decomposition products of naphthalene, acenaphthene and phenanthrene in the Seoul pollution episode samples. These include: 1-hydroxynaphthalene, (E) 2-formylcinnamaldehyde, phthalic anhydride, phthalide, 1,2-naphthalic anhydride, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene and dibenzopyrone. 相似文献
19.
In this study, a three-dimensional mathematical model, based on a nonuniform droplet concentration distribution, has been developed to simulate gas absorption in a venturi scrubber. The mass transfer process was illustrated by assuming the liquid phase as a combination of droplets and film. The flow, just as the annular two-phase flow, includes a flow of liquid film layer on the walls and a flow of gas and liquid drops in the core. Peclet number was determined using experimental data reported by Viswanathan et al. (1984) for distribution of droplets across the cross section of the scrubber. The mathematical model for gas absorption was justified by comparing the theoretical predictions with the experimental data reported by Johnstone et al. (1954) and the Office of Air Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Wen and Fan, 1975), for SO2 removal by alkaline solution and H2O. 相似文献
20.
An aerosol dynamics model for dry deposition process is developed based on the moment method. Since it is hard to fully apply the moment method to the widely used dry deposition velocity expressions based on the resistance theory, the dry deposition velocity expression by Raupach et al. (2001) is used. Detailed deposition mechanisms such as Brownian diffusion, gravitational settling, and impaction are considered in the expression. To verify the validity of the derived dynamic equation, aerosol dynamics for the dry deposition process is estimated with the expressions of Raupach et al. (2001), of Wesely (1989) modified for particles (Seinfeld and Pandis 1998), in CMAQ, and with constant value used in RAINS-ASIA. Those expressions give different dynamics. Generally, the result for this study is between the result of modified Wesely's expression and CMAQ. When using the modified Wesely's expression with the number of sections being equal or smaller than 10, the resultant size distribution does not give the peak shape accurately. 相似文献