Biosorption of a Basic Dye from Aqueous Solutions by Euphorbia rigida

Abstract

In this study, the biosorption of Basic Blue 9 (BB9) dye from aqueous solutions onto a biomass of Euphorbia rigida was examined by means of the initial biosorbate concentration, biosorbent amount, particle size, and pH. Biosorption of BB9 onto E. rigida increases with both the initial biosorbate concentration and biosorbent amount, whereas decreases with the increasing particle size. The experimental data indicated that the biosorption isotherms are well‐described by the Langmuir equilibrium isotherm equation at 20, 30, and 40°C. Maximum biosorption capacity was 3.28×10^?4 mol g^?1 at 40°C. The biosorption kinetics of BB9 obeys the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were calculated to estimate the nature of biosorption. These experimental results have indicated that E. rigida has the potential to act as a biosorbent for the removal of Basic Blue 9 from aqueous solutions.     

Kinetic and Equilibrium Modeling of Pb(II) and Co(II) Sorption onto Rose Waste Biomass

Abstract

An attempt was made to assess the biosorption potential of rose waste biomass for the removal of Pb(II) and Co(II) ions from synthetic effluents. Biosorption of heavy metal ions (>90%) reached equilibrium in 30 min. Maximum removal of Pb(II) and Co(II) occurred at pH 5 and 6 respectively. The biosorbent dose for efficient uptake of Pb(II) and Co(II) was 0.5 g/L for both metals. The biosorbent size affected the Pb(II) and Co(II) biosorption rate and capacity. Rose waste biomass was found effective for Pb(II) and Co(II) removal from synthetic effluents in the concentration range 10–640 mg/L. Equilibrium sorption studies showed that the extent of Pb(II) and Co(II) uptake by the rose waste biomass was better described by the Langmuir isotherm in comparison to the Freundlich model. The uptake capacities of the two metal ions were 156 and 27.15 mg/g for Pb(II) and Co(II) respectively.     

Biosorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by softstem bulrush (Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel.)

BACKGROUND: The removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution was studied using softstem bulrush (Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel.) as the biosorbent. The effects of various parameters including contact time, biosorbent dosage, ionic strength and solution pH on the biosorption were investigated. RESULTS: The sorption capacity increased with an increase in biosorbent dosage and a decrease in ionic strength. The equilibrium time was found to be 240 min for full equilibration. Pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, Bangham equation and intraparticle diffusion models were applied to fit the kinetic data, and the results showed that the sorption process followed the pseudo‐second‐order model. Equilibrium data conformed to Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models, with a maximum monolayer biosorption capacity of 53.8 mg g^?1 for the Langmuir isotherm at 18 °C. The value of ΔG was estimated to be ? 29.24 kJ mol^?1, indicating the spontaneous nature of the biosorption. The biosorption process was strongly pH‐dependent and favourable at alkaline pH. CONCLUSION: Softstem bulrush, which is readily available and inexpensive, could be employed as a promising biosorbent for the removal of dye. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biosorption of Zinc on Palm Tree Leaves: Equilibrium,Kinetics, and Thermodynamics Studies

Abstract

The efficiency of using palm tree leaves to remove zinc ions from aqueous solution was studied. Adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics studies were conducted. The influence of different experimental parameters, such as equilibrium pH, shaking rate, temperature, and the presence of other pollutants such as chelating agents on the biosorption of zinc on palm tree leaves was investigated.

Batch biosorption experiments showed that palm tree leaves used in this study proved to be suitable for the removal of zinc from dilute solutions where a maximum uptake capacity of 14.7 mg/g was obtained at 25°C. Zinc biosorption on palm tree leaves was found to be highly pH dependent. The biosorption process was found to be rapid with 90% of the adsorption completed in about 10 min. Dynamics studies of the biosorption of zinc on palm tree leaves showed that the biosorption process followed the pseudo second‐order kinetics with little intraparticle diffusion mechanism contribution. The equilibrium results indicated that zinc biosorption on palm tree leaves could be described by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Gin et al., and Sips models. Using the Langmuir equilibrium constants obtained at different temperatures, the thermodynamics properties of the biosorption (ΔG⁰, ΔH⁰, and ΔS⁰) were also determined. The values of these parameters indicated the spontaneous and endothermic nature of zinc biosorption on palm tree leaves.     

Selective Biosorption of Zirconium and Hafnium from Acidic Aqueous Solutions by Rice Bran,Wheat Bran and Platanus Orientalis Tree Leaves

Abstract

The Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) biosorption characteristics of rice bran, wheat bran and Platanus orientalis tree leaves were examined as a function of initial pH, contact time, temperature, and initial metal ions concentration. Adsorption equilibriums were achieved in about 1, 5 and 40 min for rice bran, wheat bran, and leaves respectively. The biosorption behavior of leaves was significantly affected by solution pH whereas rice bran and wheat bran adsorption efficiencies were slightly affected by solution pH. The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption equations, which are commonly used to describe sorption equilibrium for metals removal by biomasses, were use to represent the experimental and equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model. The negative Gibbs free energy values obtained in this study with rice bran wheat bran and Platanus orientalis tree leaves confirmed the feasibility of the process and the spontaneous nature of sorption. In the optimum conditions, the adsorption efficiencies of other metal ions such as Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, La³⁺, Ce³⁺ were significantly lower than Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) ions and these biomasses are excellent sorbents for the selective uptake of proposed ions from acidic aqueous solutions.     

Removal of Cu(II) and Zn(II) Using Lignocellulosic Fiber Derived from Citrus reticulata (Kinnow) Waste Biomass

Abstract

The biosorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) using dried untreated and pretreated Citrus reticulata waste biomass were evaluated. The Cu(II) and Zn(II) sorption were found to be dependent on the solution pH, the biosorbent dose, the biosorbent particle size, the shaking speed, the temperature, the initial metal ions (800 mg/L), and the contact time. Twenty-eight physical and chemical pretreatments of Citrus reticulata waste biomass were evaluated for the sorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solutions. The results indicated that biomass pretreated with sulphuric acid and EDTA had maximum Cu(II) and Zn(II) uptake capacity of 87.14 mg/g and 86.4 mg/g respectively. Moreover, the Langmuir isotherm model fitted well than the Freundlich model with R ² > 0.95 for both metal ions. The sorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) occurred rapidly in the first 120 min and the equilibrium was reached in 240 min. FTIR and SEM studies were also carried out to investigate functional groups present in the biomass and the surface morphological changes of biomass.     

Biosorption of Zn(II) by orange waste in batch and packed‐bed systems

BACKGROUND: This research provides new insights into the biosorption of zinc on a waste product from the orange juice industry. Optimal operating conditions maximizing percentage zinc removal were determined in batch and fixed‐bed systems. Biomass was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and by major cation content in order to better understand the biosorpion mechanism. Zn‐loaded orange waste was proposed to be used as an alternative fuel in cement kilns. RESULTS: Sorption capacity was strongly affected by biosorbent dose and solution pH, and was not strongly sensitive to particle size under the experimental conditions studied. Equilibrium data were successfully described by a Langmuir model and sorption kinetic data were adequately modelled with the pseudo‐second‐order and Elovich rate equation. The biomass was found to possess high sorption capacity (q_max = 0.664 mmol g^?1) and biosorption equilibrium was established in less than 3 h. Experimental breakthrough curves were adequately fitted to the Thomas model and the dose–response model, obtaining sorption capacities in continuous assays higher than those found in batch mode. Characterization of the biomass suggested the possible contribution of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of biomass in Zn²⁺ biosorption and it also highlighted the important role of light metal ions in a possible ion‐exchange mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: Orange waste could be used as an effective and low‐cost alternative biosorbent material for zinc removal from aqueous solution. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biosorption of thorium from aqueous solution by Ca-pretreated brown algae Cystoseira indica

The potential use of a biosorbent, Cystoseira indica, obtained from the Persian Gulf was investigated for the removal of Th (IV) ions from aqueous solutions by considering equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic aspects. The FT-IR spectra of unloaded and Th-loaded biomass indicated various functionalities on the biomass surface including hydroxyl, amide and carboxyl groups, which are responsible for the binding of thorium ions. Th (IV) uptake by C. indica was pH dependent. An increase in biosorbent dosage up to 1 g/L caused an increase in the Th (IV) percentage removal. Biosorption process at all studied initial Th (IV) ion concentrations follows the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The biosorption data could be well described by Redlich-Peterson isotherm in comparison to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum sorption capacity of Th (IV) by Langmuir isotherm was estimated to be 169.49 mg/g at 45 °C with pH of 3. The thermodynamic parameters indicated the biosorption of Th on the biomass was a feasible, spontaneous and endothermic process. Th sorption capacity remained unaffected or slightly affected (<10% inhibition) in the presence of several interfering ions such as uranium (VI), nickel (II) and copper (II). The reusability of the biomass was also determined after five sorption-desorption cycles.     

Biosorption of As(III) and As(V) from Aqueous Solution by Lichen (Xanthoria parietina) Biomass

The biosorption of As(III) and As(V) from aqueous solution on lichen (Xanthoria parietina) biomass were investigated using different experimental parameters such as solution pH, biomass concentration, contact time, and temperature. The equilibrium data were evaluated by Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm models. The biosorption capacity of X. parietina for As(III) and As(V) was found to be 63.8 mg/g and 60.3 mg/g. The mean sorption energy values calculated from D–R model indicated that the biosorption of As(III) and As(V) onto X. parietina biomass took place by chemical ion-exchange. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the biosorption of As(III) and As(V) ions onto X. parietina biomass was feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic in nature. Kinetic examination of the sorption data revealed that the biosorption processes of both As(III) and As(V) followed well the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The arsenic ions were desorbed from X. parietina using both 1 M HCl and 1 M HNO₃. The recovery yield of arsenic ions was found to be 80-90% and the biosorbent had good reusability after consecutive seven sorption-desorption cycles.     

Nickel removal characteristics of an immobilized macro fungus: equilibrium,kinetic and mechanism analysis of the biosorption

BACKGROUND: An immobilized new biosorbent was prepared from macro fungi Lactarius salmonicolor for the effective removal of nickel ions from aqueous media. Operating conditions were optimized as functions of initial pH, agitation time, sorbent amount and dynamic flow rate. Immobilization and biosorption mechanism were examined and the developed biosorbent was tested for the removal of nickel ions from real wastewater. RESULTS: Biosorption performance of the biomass continuously increased in the pH range 2.0–8.0. The coverage of the biosorbent surface by silica gel resulted in a significant increase in biosorption yield of nickel ions. The highest nickel loading capacity was obtained as 114.44 mg g^?1 using a relatively small amount of immobilized biosorbent. Biosorption equilibrium time was recorded as 5 min. Experimental data were analyzed by different isotherm and kinetic models. Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray energy dispersive analysis confirmed the process. The sorbent exhibited relatively good recovery potential in dynamic flow mode studies. Biosorption capacity of immobilized biosorbent was noted as 14.90 mg g^?1 in real wastewater. CONCLUSION: Silica gel immobilized biomass of L. salmonicolor is to be a low cost and potential biosorbent with high biosorption capacity for the removal of contaminating nickel from aqueous media. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Hg(II) Removal from Aqueous Solution by Dead Fungal Biomass of Marine Aspergillus niger: Kinetic Studies

Abstract

Mercury removal from wastewater is a recognized pollution control challenge today. In the present investigation, the biosorption of Hg(II) onto the dead biomass of four different species of marine Aspergillus, prepared by alkaline treatment, was studied. Among the cultures studied, A. niger was found to be the most efficient for Hg(II) removal. The effects of initial Hg(II) concentration, contact time, pH, temperature, and biosorbent dosage on biosorption were also investigated. It was observed that biosorption equilibriums were established in about 2 h. Under the optimum conditions (pH: 3.0, Hg(II) concentration: 250 mg/L, biomass dose: 0.8 g/L, temperature: 40°C and contact time: 2 h), 40.53 mg Hg(II) was biosorbed per gram of dead biomass of A. niger. Kinetic studies based on fractional power, zero order, first order, pseudo first order, Elovich, second order, and second order rate expressions have also been carried out where the pseudo second order model exhibited best fit to experimental data. The intra‐particle diffusion study revealed that film diffusion is the rate‐limiting sorption process for Hg(II) on A. niger. The nature of the possible cell–metal ion interactions was evaluated by FTIR, SEM, and EDAX analysis. These examinations indicated the involvement of ‐OH and ‐NH₂ ⁺ groups in the biosorption process present on the surface of the dead fungal biomass. Here, Hg(II) ions were deposited on the surface of the biomass as a film like structure.     

Biosorptive Removal of Ni(II) from Aqueous Solution by Caesalpinia bonducella Seed Powder

The present work deals with the use of Caesalpinia bonducella seed powder (CBSP) as a biosorbent for Ni(II) removal from aqueous solution. The nature and morphology of the sorbent were determined using FTIR spectral, SEM, and EDX analysis. The biosorption characteristics of Ni(II) onto CBSP was investigated as a function of pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to fit the experimental data. The best interpretation for the equilibrium data was given by the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum biosorption capacity was found to be 188.7 mg/g for Ni(II) at pH 5.0 and at 323 K. The equilibrium biosorption data were well fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The values of thermodynamic parameters (ΔG^o, ΔH^o, and ΔS^o) indicated that the biosorption of Ni(II) onto CBSP was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The FTIR results revealed that hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl, and carbonyl functional groups are responsible for Ni(II) biosorption onto CBSP.     

Equilibrium,kinetic and isotherm of some metal ion biosorption

Trichoderma reesei was used as a biosorbent for the removal of Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions. The influence of factors such as pH, mass of biomass, contact time and temperature on biosorption efficiency was optimized. To calculate the isotherm parameters for the biosorption of Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions at optimized conditions, the experimental equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° showed that the biosorption of Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions onto T. reesei biomass was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic at the optimized conditions. The results of kinetic analysis showed that the biosorption of the selected metal ions onto T. reesei biomass obeys pseudo second order kinetics.     

Biosorption of As(III) Ion on Rhodococcus sp. WB-12: Biomass Characterization and Kinetic Studies

Biomass obtained from arsenic resistant gram positive bacteria Rhodococcus sp. WB-12 was studied for the removal of arsenite from aqueous solution. The biomass sorption characteristic was investigated as a function of biomass doses, contact time, and pH. The Langmiur Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) models were applied to describe the biosorption isotherm. The biosorption capacity of the biomass for As(III) was found to be 77.3 mg/g (pH 7.0) using 1 g/L biomass with the contact time of 30 min at 30°C. Kinetic evaluation of experimental data showed biosorption of As (III) followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis indicated the involvement of possible functional groups (-OH, -C=O, -NH) in the arsenite biosorption process. Thus, biomass derived from Rhodococcus sp. WB-12 cells has potential for use as biosorbent for the removal of arsenic from contaminated water.     

BIOSORPTION STUDIES ON NACL-MODIFIED CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM: REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHROMIUM FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

The present research provides information on the Cr(VI) removal potential of NaCl-modified Ceratophyllum demersum, an aquatic plant biomass. The effects of various parameters including pH, biomass dosage, contact time, and initial concentration on Cr(VI) biosorption were investigated. The best conditions for Cr(VI) biosorption in the present study were: pH of 2, biosorbent dose of 8 g/L, and contact time of 60 min. Under these conditions, maximum adsorption capacity of modified C. demersum for Cr(VI) was 10.20 mg/g. The experimental biosorption data were modeled by Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms. The biosorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm model with a high coefficient of determination (R² > 0.99). The biosorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Further, the biosorbent was characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that biosorption of Cr(VI) on NaCl-modified C. demersum occurred through chemical sorption.     

Biosorption of phenolic compounds by the brown alga Sargassum muticum

Phenol, 2‐chlorophenol (2‐CP), and 4‐chlorophenol (4‐CP) biosorption on Sargassum muticum, an invasive macroalga in Europe, has been investigated. The efficiency of this biosorbent was studied measuring the equilibrium uptake using the batch technique. A chemical pre‐treatment with CaCl₂ has been employed in this study in order to improve the stability as well as the sorption capacity of the algal biomass. The influence of pH on the equilibrium binding and the effect of the algal dose were evaluated. The experimental data at pH = 1 have been analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It was found that the maximum sorption capacity of chlorophenols, q_max = 251 mg g^?1 for 4‐CP and q_max = 79 mg g^?1 for 2‐CP, as well as that of a binary mixture of both chlorophenols, q_max = 108 mg g^?1, is much higher than that of phenol, q_max = 4.6 mg g^?1. Moreover, sorption kinetics have been performed and it was observed that the equilibrium was reached in less than 10 h. Kinetic data have been fitted to the first order Lagergren model, from which the rate constant and the sorption capacity were determined. Finally, biosorption of the phenolic compounds examined in the present study on Sargassum muticum biomass was observed to be correlated with the octanol‐water partitioning coefficients of the phenols. This result allows us to postulate that hydrophobic interactions are the main responsible for the sorption equilibrium binding. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Equilibrium,Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies on the Biosorption of Selenium (IV) Ions onto Ganoderma Lucidum Biomass

The capacity of Ganoderma lucidum biomass for biosorption of selenium (IV) ions from aqueous solution was studied in a batch mode. In this study the effects of operating parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal concentration, contact time, and temperature were investigated. The adsorption capacity of G. lucidum was found to be 126.99 mg g^?1. The biosorption follows pseudo-first order kinetics and the isotherms fit well to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Isotherms have been used to determine thermodynamic parameters of the process, that is, free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes. Furthermore, the biosorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and FT-IR analysis. FT-IR analysis of fungal biomass shows the presence of amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups, which were responsible for the biosorption of selenium(IV) ions. The results indicated that the biomass of G. lucidum is an efficient biosorbent for the removal of selenium (IV) ions from aqueous solutions.     

Diffusion kinetic study of cadmium(II) biosorption by Aeromonas caviae

The removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by sorption on Aeromonas caviae particles was investigated in a well‐stirred batch reactor. Equilibrium and kinetic experiments were performed at various initial bulk concentrations, biomass loads and temperatures. Biosorption equilibrium was established in about 1 h and biosorption was well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich biosorption isotherms. The maximum biosorption capacity was found as 155.32 mg Cd(II) g^?1 at 20 °C. The obtained sorption capacity is appreciably high for most experimental conditions; so A caviae may be considered as a suitable biosorbent for the removal of cadmium. Moreover, the sorption rate of cadmium onto A caviae particles was particularly sensitive to initial bulk concentration and solid load. A detailed analysis was conducted, examining several diffusion (external and intraparticle) kinetic models in order to identify a suitable rate expression. The results are discussed and indicate that biosorption of cadmium is a complex process that is described more correctly by more than one model. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Dynamics and Thermodynamics Studies on the Lead and Cadmium Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Padina sp. Algae: Studies in Single and Binary Metal Systems

Raw and modified biomasses prepared from Padina sp. algae have been used as sorbent for the removal of lead and cadmium from single and binary aqueous solutions. The effects of chemical pretreatment, exposure time, initial solution pH, initial metal concentration, and temperature on the metal uptake by the algae were investigated. It was observed that initial solution pH considerably influenced Pb and Cd uptake. The maximum removal occurred at initial pH of 5.0 for lead and 6.0 for cadmium. Also, alkali modified biomass has been shown to have a high uptake capacity for both lead and cadmium. The kinetic and equilibrium experimental data fitting tested with various models. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm provided the best correlation of the kinetic and equilibrium experimental data, respectively. The maximum uptake estimated from the Langmuir isotherm was 264 mg g^?1 for lead and 164 mg g^?1 for cadmium ions. Experimental biosorption data in binary system were well described by the extended Langmuir model. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° were calculated.     

Use of polyvinyl alcohol as a cell immobilization matrix for copper biosorption by yeast cells

Although polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel has been used as a carrier for immobilized cells and enzymes, its use as an immobilization matrix for inactivated cells for biosorption studies has not been reported. In this study, we have demonstrated that the PVA matrix showed very favourable performance, vis‐à‐vis good physical and chemical properties, and a low mass transfer resistance. The PVA matrix showed negligible effect on the uptake capacity of the inactivated yeast used as the biosorbent. Biosorption equilibrium showed that the specific copper uptake of the biomass increased with an increase in the initial copper concentration, and decreased with an increase in biomass loading. The equilibrium was well described by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Temperature over the range of 10–50 °C had little effect on the biomass biosorption capacity, while pH showed significant effect. The PVA–yeast beads could be regenerated using 10 mmol dm⁻³ HCl, with up to 100% recovery, and the beads reused in five biosorption–desorption cycles with negligible decrease in the biosorption capacity. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry