Biosorption of a Basic Dye from Aqueous Solutions by Euphorbia rigida

Abstract

In this study, the biosorption of Basic Blue 9 (BB9) dye from aqueous solutions onto a biomass of Euphorbia rigida was examined by means of the initial biosorbate concentration, biosorbent amount, particle size, and pH. Biosorption of BB9 onto E. rigida increases with both the initial biosorbate concentration and biosorbent amount, whereas decreases with the increasing particle size. The experimental data indicated that the biosorption isotherms are well‐described by the Langmuir equilibrium isotherm equation at 20, 30, and 40°C. Maximum biosorption capacity was 3.28×10^?4 mol g^?1 at 40°C. The biosorption kinetics of BB9 obeys the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were calculated to estimate the nature of biosorption. These experimental results have indicated that E. rigida has the potential to act as a biosorbent for the removal of Basic Blue 9 from aqueous solutions.     

Biosorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by softstem bulrush (Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel.)

BACKGROUND: The removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution was studied using softstem bulrush (Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel.) as the biosorbent. The effects of various parameters including contact time, biosorbent dosage, ionic strength and solution pH on the biosorption were investigated. RESULTS: The sorption capacity increased with an increase in biosorbent dosage and a decrease in ionic strength. The equilibrium time was found to be 240 min for full equilibration. Pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, Bangham equation and intraparticle diffusion models were applied to fit the kinetic data, and the results showed that the sorption process followed the pseudo‐second‐order model. Equilibrium data conformed to Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models, with a maximum monolayer biosorption capacity of 53.8 mg g^?1 for the Langmuir isotherm at 18 °C. The value of ΔG was estimated to be ? 29.24 kJ mol^?1, indicating the spontaneous nature of the biosorption. The biosorption process was strongly pH‐dependent and favourable at alkaline pH. CONCLUSION: Softstem bulrush, which is readily available and inexpensive, could be employed as a promising biosorbent for the removal of dye. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Equilibrium,Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies on the Biosorption of Selenium (IV) Ions onto Ganoderma Lucidum Biomass

The capacity of Ganoderma lucidum biomass for biosorption of selenium (IV) ions from aqueous solution was studied in a batch mode. In this study the effects of operating parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal concentration, contact time, and temperature were investigated. The adsorption capacity of G. lucidum was found to be 126.99 mg g^?1. The biosorption follows pseudo-first order kinetics and the isotherms fit well to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Isotherms have been used to determine thermodynamic parameters of the process, that is, free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes. Furthermore, the biosorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and FT-IR analysis. FT-IR analysis of fungal biomass shows the presence of amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups, which were responsible for the biosorption of selenium(IV) ions. The results indicated that the biomass of G. lucidum is an efficient biosorbent for the removal of selenium (IV) ions from aqueous solutions.     

Biosorptive Removal of Ni(II) from Aqueous Solution by Caesalpinia bonducella Seed Powder

The present work deals with the use of Caesalpinia bonducella seed powder (CBSP) as a biosorbent for Ni(II) removal from aqueous solution. The nature and morphology of the sorbent were determined using FTIR spectral, SEM, and EDX analysis. The biosorption characteristics of Ni(II) onto CBSP was investigated as a function of pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to fit the experimental data. The best interpretation for the equilibrium data was given by the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum biosorption capacity was found to be 188.7 mg/g for Ni(II) at pH 5.0 and at 323 K. The equilibrium biosorption data were well fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The values of thermodynamic parameters (ΔG^o, ΔH^o, and ΔS^o) indicated that the biosorption of Ni(II) onto CBSP was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The FTIR results revealed that hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl, and carbonyl functional groups are responsible for Ni(II) biosorption onto CBSP.     

Biosorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution by pine bark (Pinus brutia Ten.)

The biosorption potential of pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) bark in a batch system for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. The biosorption characteristics of Pb(II) ions on the pine bark was investigated with respect to well-established effective parameters including the effects of solution pH, initial Pb(II) concentration, mass of bark, temperature, and interfering ions present, reusability, and desorption. Initial solution pH and contact time were optimized to 4.0 and 4 h, respectively. The Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium adsorption models were studied and observed to fit well. The maximum adsorption capacity of the bark for Pb(II) was found to be 76.8 mg g⁻¹ by Langmuir isotherms (mass of bark: 1.0 g L⁻¹). The kinetic data fitted the pseudo-second-order model with correlation coefficient greater than 0.99. The thermodynamic parameters Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°) changes were also calculated, and the values indicated that the biosorption process was spontaneous. Reutilization of the biosorbent was feasible with a 90.7% desorption efficiency using 0.5 M HCl. It was concluded that pine bark can be used as an effective, low cost, and environmentally friendly biosorbent for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution.     

Factors Affecting Lanthanum and Cerium Biosorption on Pinus brutia Leaf Powder

The biosorption behavior of lanthanum and cerium ions from aqueous solution by leaf powder of Pinus brutia was separately studied in a batch system as a function of initial pH, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, temperature, and adsorbent amount. The uptake of lanthanum and cerium was increased when the initial pH of the solution was increased. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard enthalpy (ΔH°), entropy (ΔS°) and free energy (ΔG°) were calculated and the results indicated that biosorption was endothermic and spontaneous in nature. The biosorption of lanthanum and cerium on powdered leaf of Pinus brutia was investigated by the Freundlich, Langmuir, and D-R isotherms. The results show that lanthanum and cerium adsorption can be explained by the Langmuir isotherm model and monolayer capacity was found as 22.94 mg g^?1 for lanthanum and 17.24 mg g^?1 for cerium. Desorption of lanthanum and cerium was studied using 0.5 M HNO₃ solution. The results suggested that powdered leaf of Pinus brutia may find promising applications for the recovery of lanthanum and cerium from aqueous effluents.     

Biosorption of Direct Red 28 (Congo Red) from Aqueous Solutions by Eggshells: Batch and Column Studies

The feasibility of using eggshells as a low-cost biosorbent for the removal of Direct Red 28 (DR 28) from aqueous solutions was studied in batch and dynamic flow modes of operation. The effect of biosorption process variables such as particle size, solution pH, initial dye concentration, contact time, temperature, feed flow rate, and bed height were investigated. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models exhibited excellent fit to the equilibrium biosorption data. Optimum pH (6.0), particle size (<250 µm), initial dye concentration (50 mg g^?1), temperature (313 K), and contact time (240 min) gave maximum monolayer biosorption capacity of 69.45 mg g^?1 which was higher than those of many sorbent materials. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model depicted the biosorption kinetics accurately. Thermodynamic study confirmed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the biosorption process. Breakthrough time increased with increase in the bed height but decreased with increase in flow rate. Overall, batch and continuous mode data suggest the applicability of eggshells as an environment friendly and efficient biosorbent for removal of DR 28 from aqueous media.     

Biosorption of Zinc from Aqueous Solutions by Rice Bran: Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies

Abstract

Rice bran, an agricultural by‐product, was used for the removal of zinc ions from aqueous solution. The work considered the determination of zinc‐biomass equilibrium data in batch system. These studies were carried out in order to determine some operational parameters of zinc sorption such as the time required for the Zinc‐biosorbent equilibrium, the effects of biomass particle size, pH, and temperature. The results showed that pH has an importance effect on zinc biosorption capacity. The biosorbent size also affects the zinc biosorption capacity. The sorption process follows pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. The intraparticle diffusion may be the rate‐controlling step involved in the adsorption zinc ions onto the rice bran up to 30 min. The equilibrium data could be best fitted by the Langmuir sorption isotherm equation over the entire concentration range (40–160 mg/dm³). Thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°, have been calculated. The thermodynamics of zinc ion/rice bran system indicate spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process.     

Equilibrium,Thermodynamic, and Kinetic Studies on Trichoderma viride Biomass as Biosorbent for the Removal of Cu(II) from Water

Equilibrium, thermodynamic, and kinetic studies on the biosorption of Cu(II) using biomass, Trichoderma viride were carried out. The biosorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to describe the biosorption process. The influence of pH, the biomass dosage, the contact time, the initial metal ion concentration, and the temperature of the solution on the biosorption was studied. The maximum Cu(II) biosorption was attained at pH 5. The equilibrium data were better fit by the Langmuir isotherm model than by the Freundlich isotherm. The maximum biosorption capacity of T. viride biomass was found to be 19.6 mg/g for Cu(II). The kinetic studies indicated that the biosorption of Cu(II) followed the pseudo-second-order model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, Gibbs-free energy (ΔG^o), enthalpy (ΔH^o), and entropy (ΔS^o) showed that the biosorption of Cu(II) onto T. viride biomass was spontaneous and endothermic. It can be concluded that the T. viride biomass has the potential as an effective and low-cost biosorbent for Cu(II) removal from aqueous solutions.     

Pecan Nutshell as Biosorbent to Remove Toxic Metals from Aqueous Solution

Abstract

In the present study we reported for the first time, the feasibility of pecan nutshell (PNS-Carya illinoensis) as an alternative biosorbent to remove Cr(III), Fe(III) and Zn(II) metallic ions from aqueous solutions. The ability of PNS to remove these metallic ions was investigated by using batch biosorption procedure. The effects, such as pH and the biosorbent dosage on the adsorption capacities of PNS were studied. Five kinetic models were tested, the adsorption kinetics being the better fitted one to the fractionary-order kinetic model.

The equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models. Taking into account a statistical error function, the data were best fitted to Sips isotherm models. The maximum biosorption capacity of PNS were 93.01, 76.59, and 107.9 mg g^?1 for Cr(III), Fe(III), and Zn(II), respectively.     

Mechanism of Hg(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions sorption from aqueous solutions by Aspergillus niger spores

ABSTRACT

Recent work has focused on the removal of Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Cd²⁺ by using an organ of Aspergillus niger – spores, which were spherical particles with small diameter (2 µm) characterized by negative charge. Results shown that the biosorption of Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Cd²⁺ from aqueous solutions using spores was analyzed at varying biosorbent dosages, pH levels, contact times and initial heavy metal concentrations. The maximum biosorption capacities of Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Cd²⁺ were 23.9, 27.2, and 21.5 mg/g at a natural pH with the initial concentration were 30 mg/L, respectively. The sequence of biosorption capacity for cationic heavy metals was Pb²⁺>Cd²⁺>Hg²⁺. Spores exhibited a short biosorption equilibrium time of 60 min at a pH range of 4.0–6.0, and the main biosorption mechanism was electronic attraction, ion exchanges and complexation(involved in C = C, C-H, C-O, N-H), the data fit well in the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and the Freundlich isotherm. In addition, Spores can grow on many kinds of moist agriculture waste without any added nutrition. The results showed that spores could be considered as a potential biosorbent for the removal of cationic heavy metals from aqueous solutions.     

BIOSORPTION STUDIES ON NACL-MODIFIED CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM: REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHROMIUM FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

The present research provides information on the Cr(VI) removal potential of NaCl-modified Ceratophyllum demersum, an aquatic plant biomass. The effects of various parameters including pH, biomass dosage, contact time, and initial concentration on Cr(VI) biosorption were investigated. The best conditions for Cr(VI) biosorption in the present study were: pH of 2, biosorbent dose of 8 g/L, and contact time of 60 min. Under these conditions, maximum adsorption capacity of modified C. demersum for Cr(VI) was 10.20 mg/g. The experimental biosorption data were modeled by Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms. The biosorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm model with a high coefficient of determination (R² > 0.99). The biosorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Further, the biosorbent was characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that biosorption of Cr(VI) on NaCl-modified C. demersum occurred through chemical sorption.     

Biosorption of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution by seed powder of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica L.) fruits

ABSTRACT

The solid residue of the cold press oil extraction from prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica L.) fruit seeds was evaluated as a low-cost biosorbent for biosorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted as a function of initial pH, contact time, biosorbent dose, initial Cr(VI) concentration, and temperature. Biosorption was highly pH-dependent and found to be maximum at pH 1.0. Langmuir and Freundlich equations fitted very well with experimental data. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 19.61 mg/g at 298 K and pH 1.0. Biosorption kinetics was controlled by the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that biosorption of Cr(VI) was a spontaneous, favorable and endothermic process. The activation energy was found to be 40.68 kJ.mol^?1.     

MODIFIED PLANTAIN PEEL AS CELLULOSE-BASED LOW-COST ADSORBENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF 2,6-DICHLOROPHENOL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION: ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS,KINETIC MODELING,AND THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES

In this study, the feasibility of using modified plantain peel to remove 2,6-dichlorophenol from iaqueous solutions was investigated under batch mode. The effects of physical factors such as initial 2,6-dichlorophenol concentration, contact time, biosorbent particle size, biosorbent dosage and temperature on the removal process were evaluated. The results showed that biosorption of 2,6-dichlorophenol was dependent on these factors. The equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) adsorption isotherm models. The four tested isotherm models provided good fits to the experimental data obtained at 30°C; however, the Freundlich isotherm model provided the best correlation (R² = 0.9874) of the experimental data. The maximum monolayer biosorption capacity (Q _max ) was found to be 14.25 mg/g. The biosorption kinetics data of 2,6-dichlorophenol were analyzed by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, intraparticle diffusion, and liquid film diffusion models. The five kinetic models fitted well to the biosorption kinetic data; however, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model gave the best fit when the biosorption mechanism was controlled by film diffusion. Thermodynamic quantities such as standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), standard enthalpy (ΔH°), standard entropy change of biosorption (ΔS°), and activation energy (E_a) were evaluated, and it was found that the biosorption process was spontaneous, feasible, endothermic in nature and of dual nature, physisorption and chemisorption; however, the physisorption process was dominant. Therefore, modified plantain peel has potential for application as an effective bioadsorbent for removal of 2,6-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution.     

Biosorption of As(III) and As(V) from Aqueous Solution by Lichen (Xanthoria parietina) Biomass

The biosorption of As(III) and As(V) from aqueous solution on lichen (Xanthoria parietina) biomass were investigated using different experimental parameters such as solution pH, biomass concentration, contact time, and temperature. The equilibrium data were evaluated by Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm models. The biosorption capacity of X. parietina for As(III) and As(V) was found to be 63.8 mg/g and 60.3 mg/g. The mean sorption energy values calculated from D–R model indicated that the biosorption of As(III) and As(V) onto X. parietina biomass took place by chemical ion-exchange. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the biosorption of As(III) and As(V) ions onto X. parietina biomass was feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic in nature. Kinetic examination of the sorption data revealed that the biosorption processes of both As(III) and As(V) followed well the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The arsenic ions were desorbed from X. parietina using both 1 M HCl and 1 M HNO₃. The recovery yield of arsenic ions was found to be 80-90% and the biosorbent had good reusability after consecutive seven sorption-desorption cycles.     

Biosorption of aquatic Pb2+, Hg2+, and Cd2+ using a combined biosorbent—Aspergillus niger-Treated Rice Straw

The biosorbent used for removal of Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Cd²⁺ from aqueous solutions was rice straw fermented by Aspergillus niger (ARS), and raw rice straw (RRS) was used as a control. When inoculum size, material–water ratio, and temperature were 10⁶, 100%, and 303K, respectively, the optimized spore number was 10⁹. The ARS exhibited a lager pore biosorption, which was better than RRS. The biosorption mechanism was involved in chelation with functional groups such as C-H, C = O, C-O, and C = C, and the biosorption data obtained were well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and the Freundlich isotherm model.     

Removal of Cu(II) and Zn(II) Using Lignocellulosic Fiber Derived from Citrus reticulata (Kinnow) Waste Biomass

Abstract

The biosorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) using dried untreated and pretreated Citrus reticulata waste biomass were evaluated. The Cu(II) and Zn(II) sorption were found to be dependent on the solution pH, the biosorbent dose, the biosorbent particle size, the shaking speed, the temperature, the initial metal ions (800 mg/L), and the contact time. Twenty-eight physical and chemical pretreatments of Citrus reticulata waste biomass were evaluated for the sorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solutions. The results indicated that biomass pretreated with sulphuric acid and EDTA had maximum Cu(II) and Zn(II) uptake capacity of 87.14 mg/g and 86.4 mg/g respectively. Moreover, the Langmuir isotherm model fitted well than the Freundlich model with R ² > 0.95 for both metal ions. The sorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) occurred rapidly in the first 120 min and the equilibrium was reached in 240 min. FTIR and SEM studies were also carried out to investigate functional groups present in the biomass and the surface morphological changes of biomass.     

Biosorption of Cd(II) From Aqueous Solution by Cocoa Pod Husk Biomass: Equilibrium,Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies

Cocoa pod husk biomass proved to be an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solution. The biosorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, surface structural parameters, and proximate analysis. The effects of operational parameters were investigated. Equilibrium was reached after 120 min at 303 K and optimum biosorption capacity was obtained at pH 6. The biosorption kinetics was best predicted by the Avrami model. The results showed that the biosorption equilibrium was best described by the Freundlich isotherm model. From the thermodynamic parameters determined, the biosorption was spontaneous and endothermic.     

Biosorption of lac dye by the red marine alga Gracilaria tenuistipitata: biosorption kinetics,isotherms, and thermodynamic parameters

The hypothesis that the dried, ground biomass of the red marine alga Gracilaria tenuistipitata could be used for the efficient removal of lac dye from aqueous solution was assessed in this work. The effects of parameters such as initial pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature on the biosorption capacity of the dye were investigated. Equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models, and the Freundlich model provided the highest coefficient of determination values. Biosorption kinetic data were successfully described with a pseudo‐second‐order model at initial dye concentrations of 50, 80, 100, and 120 mg l^?1. The thermodynamic parameters of biosorption – enthalpy change (?H° = ?30.64 kJ mol^?1), free energy change (?G° = 4.32 kJ mol^?1 at 303 K to 7.78 kJ mol^?1 at 333 K), and entropy change (?S° = ?115.38 J mol^?1 K^?1) – were determined. The negative value of the enthalpy change and positive values of the free energy change indicate that the biosorption process is exothermic and non‐spontaneous. The negative value of the entropy change is consistent with decreased randomness at the solid–liquid interface with dye biosorption. Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of lac dye on the G. tenuistipitata material. The efficiency of lac dye removal by this biomass material at 20 g l^?1 and with an initial dye concentration of 50 mg l^?1 in acidic solution was 71%, which indicated its potential usefulness as a new dye biosorbent.