Numerical Simulation of Particle Segregation in Bubbling Gas‐Fluidized Beds

A multi‐fluid Eulerian model incorporating the kinetic theory of granular flow is used for the simulation of bubbling fluidized beds containing a binary mixture of Geldart B particles at low gas velocities. The cases of density, size and combined density/size segregation are investigated using computational fluid dynamic simulations. Various expressions for the drag force are evaluated for predicting different segregations. The simulation results show that summation of the particle‐particle drag force, i.e., the “hindrance effect” term, and the Stokes drag of particles, which is modified based on the Wen‐Yu drag model can be used for accurate simulation of a binary mixture of particles differing in size, density, or both. Bed expansion and dimensionless axial segregation profiles of CFD results are compared with the experimental data and good agreement is found.     

准东煤燃烧中矿物质转化行为的CCSEM研究

在沉降炉中进行了准东煤的燃烧实验,利用计算机控制扫描电镜技术(computer controlled scanning electron microscopy,CCSEM)研究了煤中矿物质的转化行为。研究表明煤中主要矿物为方解石、高岭石、含铁类物质以及未分类矿物,燃烧后灰中石英、铁的氧化物、白云石的含量急剧增加,未分类矿物和方解石的含量下降。同时对3种重要致渣元素Na、Fe、Ca在燃烧前后的矿物转化行为及颗粒粒径分布进行了详细研究。     

Lateral migration of spherical particles in porous flow channels: application to membrane filtration

Lateral migration of spherical rigid neutrally buoyant particles moving in a laminar flow field in a porous channel is induced by an inertial lift force (tubular-pinch effect) and by a permeation drag force due to convection into the porous walls. The analysis of Cox and Brenner [7], for the particle motion in a nonporous duct is extended to include the effect of the wall porosity. Criteria are established under which the inertial and permeation drag force in the lateral direction can be vectorially added. Particle trajectories and concentrations profiles are calculated for a plane Poiseuille flow with one porous wall. For particles with radius of 1 μm, inertial and permeation drag forces are of comparable size under flow conditions often met in ultra- and hyperfiltration of dilute suspensions. For smaller particles the permeation drag force dominates.     

Drag coefficient of Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF)

The numerical simulation of Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF) co-combustion in pulverised coal power plants requires a flexible particle model, which among other properties should be able to predict the aerodynamic behaviour of the irregular-shaped particles, especially their trajectories along the boiler axis. This will help to provide vital information on whether the SRF particles are entrained in the combustion gases or drop to the boiler bottom. One difficulty encountered in the process is the true value of the drag coefficient (C_D) of the coarse SRF particles. Most of the numerical simulation codes calculate the particle trajectories by integrating the force balance of the particles in which the C_D plays an important role. As a result, a true C_D of SRF will definitely lead to more realistic results.In this short communication, the authors have taken a practical approach in determining the C_D of the SRF. It was found that within the Newton’s law range the C_D of the SRF lies between 0.6 and 2.0 with a mean value of 1.5. The results were further validated by correlating the calculated lift velocities of SRF using different C_D values and that obtained through experiment.     

水力旋流器内非牛顿流体多相流场的数值模拟

利用一种非牛顿流体黏度修正模型描述水力旋流器内高浓度矿浆的非牛顿流动特性,并结合雷诺应力模型(RSM)、混合多相流模型(Mixture)以及拉格朗日颗粒追踪模型(LPT)建立了一种适用于模拟水力旋流器内非牛顿流体多相流场的数学模型。模拟结果与报道的实验值的相对误差均在10%以内,表明了该模型的可靠性。结果表明,非牛顿流体黏度的空间分布与矿浆密度的空间分布类似。沿零轴速包络面(LZVV)的轮廓存在一个高密度环,其原因为某粒径范围内的颗粒受到的径向合力为零,颗粒群沿LZVV做高速旋转运动。分散相的空间分布取决于不同粒径的颗粒受力。对于不同粒径的单位质量颗粒,向外离心力的数值大约为向内压力梯度力的两倍左右,使得大颗粒进入下行流并在底流口收集。随着颗粒粒径的减小,总体向内且具有波动性的流体曳力呈指数增长。向内的流体曳力将部分颗粒推向轴心,经上行流逃逸,同时也增强了颗粒运动的随机性。当颗粒粒径小于一定值后,流体曳力远远大于离心力和压力梯度力,颗粒运动的随机性非常强,宏观表现为均匀分布。     

Numerical calculation with experimental validation of pressure drop in a fixed-bed reactor filled with the porous elements

To study flow dynamics in a fixed-bed reactor, experiment and numerical simulation are used. In this work, the flow dynamics in a fixed-bed reactor filled with porous particles was simulated. For verification, experimental data were used. Porous particles were prepared from grains with sizes from 0.2 to 2.0 mm. Porous particles made by sintering grains in a muffle furnace. The study of pressure drop was performed in the velocity range up to 3 m/s. Numerical calculation was performed for a realistic computational domain obtained by RBD-algorithm (rigid body dynamics). It was found that if the pore size is less than 0.5 mm, then the flow through the porous medium of particles is minimal; if the pore size is larger than 0.5 mm, then there is a flow through the porous elements of the fixed-bed reactor. To take into account the porosity of the particles, γ correlation coefficient was proposed for the Ergun equation.     

颗粒在涡轮式分级机分级轮中的运动轨迹

通过引入一个简化的单颗粒动力学模型,对颗粒的运动轨迹进行了模拟.该模型假设颗粒在分级轮中具有二力平衡状态,即颗粒的运动状态主要取决于流体黏滞力与离心力的作用.为了便于求解,将方程转化为等速旋转坐标系中的方程,通过求解方程并绘制图形,求得颗粒在叶片间的运动轨迹.对不同转速、风量、叶片间距及不同叶片倾斜角度下的颗粒运动轨迹进行了详细研究,计算结果表明：转速、风量、叶片间距和叶片角度是影响颗粒运动轨迹的主要因素;转速的增加和风量的减小均可以显著减小分级粒径的大小;叶片间距的减小使颗粒与叶片的碰撞次数增多;在相同条件下,负角度叶片的分级粒径小于径向叶片,径向叶片的分级粒径小于正角度叶片.     

Multiscale Lattice–Boltzmann Approach for Electrophoretic Particle Deposition

In this work, a gas-particle flow over a structured sensor surface is numerically investigated. A system of parallel electrodes with an applied voltage is distributed on top of a nonconducting flat surface. The considered submicron particles (size range 25–200 nm) are electrically charged. The simulation takes into account the interaction between particle motion, fluid flow and electrical field causing the particles to deposit on the surface. As a result, dendrite microstructures of particles start growing on the electrode surface. To model these effects in detail the numerical simulations are carried out on a mesh with very high resolution of up to Δx = 0.5 μm. The fluid-flow is calculated with the Lattice–Boltzmann method incorporating automatic local grid refinement. The Laplacian equation describing the electrical field is solved by a finite-difference-scheme. The particle movement is calculated by the Lagrangian point-particle approach, accounting for drag force, Brownian motion, and Coulomb forces. Results of particle transport and dynamics of particle deposition are presented for different applied voltage, electrode configurations, flow velocities, and particle sizes.     

电化学水处理中碳酸钙结晶形态的研究

研究在电化学水处理中，电场对CaCO3结晶形态的影响。正常情况下， CaCO3形成稳定方解石型，其晶型通常为排列整齐、结构致密、质地坚硬的方解石型，难以去除。但在电场效应作用下，电流为0．3 A、极板间距为50 mm时，电场力能有效地促使CaCO3结晶形式转变为较为疏松的纹石型和球霰石型晶体，使其不容易附着在管道壁上且便于剥离去除。     

Ignition of a coal particle on a heated surface

With the use of high-speed (to 6 × 10⁵ frames per second) video recording facilities, the following three physicochemical transformation regimes were recognized on the induction heating of the single particles (4–6 mm in size) of D coal on a steel plate (at a temperature of no higher than 1000 K): thermal decomposition without ignition, smoldering, and ignition. The limiting (minimum) values of heat source temperatures necessary and sufficient for the initiation of combustion of coal particles were established.The effect of particle sizes on the integral characteristics of the test process was found. The particle-size dependence of the time of heating of a natural solid fuel particle to the intense development of an exothermic reaction was obtained. It was found that the characteristic times of the initiation of the ignition and smoldering regimes were no longer than 10 and 20 s, respectively, with variations in coal particle size.     

Adhesion of Micron-Sized Limestone Particles to a Massive Coal Substrate

The force of adhesion was measured between limestone (calcite) particles with a mass mean diameter of 1.6 μm resting on a massive coal substrate under ambient conditions where the relative humidity was controlled from test to test between the limits of 18 and 93.5%. The force of adhesion for these particles was less than 0.1 millidyne for relative humidities less than 72% and increased to greater than 0.8 millidyne above 93% relative humidity. A model for this variation is proposed which suggests that the Van der Waal's forces are operative between the particle and substrate below 72% relative humidity and that the adsorbed water film on the limestone interacts with capillary water in the porous coal structure when the relative humidity is above 75 %.     

Adhesion of Micron-Sized Limestone Particles to a Massive Coal Substrate

The force of adhesion was measured between limestone (calcite) particles with a mass mean diameter of 1.6 μm resting on a massive coal substrate under ambient conditions where the relative humidity was controlled from test to test between the limits of 18 and 93.5%. The force of adhesion for these particles was less than 0.1 millidyne for relative humidities less than 72% and increased to greater than 0.8 millidyne above 93% relative humidity. A model for this variation is proposed which suggests that the Van der Waal's forces are operative between the particle and substrate below 72% relative humidity and that the adsorbed water film on the limestone interacts with capillary water in the porous coal structure when the relative humidity is above 75 %.     

硫酸溶液中方解石表面CO2气泡的生长过程

用高速摄像仪对方解石与硫酸反应产生CO2气泡的过程进行了系统研究,分析了硫酸浓度和方解石颗粒尺寸对CO2气泡产生量、气泡生长速率、脱附直径、数量分布、方解石颗粒表观比重及方解石与硫酸反应后的表面形态等的影响。结果表明, CO2气泡在方解石表面的生长非常迅速,在反应时间一定时,CO2气泡产生量与硫酸浓度成反比,浓度越高产生的气泡越少,且随硫酸浓度增加,气泡生长速率越来越大,而脱离直径越来越小。绝大部分生成的CO2气泡会迅速脱离方解石表面。随着反应进行,硫酸浓度越高,相同时间内方解石表面可统计气泡数量越少,但在表面残留CO2气泡的直径越大。酸浓度过高不利于CO2气泡在方解石表面的吸附。方解石与硫酸反应后表面粗糙度增加,可增大表面对气泡的吸附作用。     

SIMULATION OF PARTICLE TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION IN A COMBUSTOR

A computational model for Lagrangian particle tracking for studying dispersion and deposition of particles in a combustor with swirling flow and chemical reaction is developed. The model accounts for the effect of thermophoretic force, as well as the drag and lift forces acting on particles, in addition to the Brownian motion and gravitational sedimentation effects. The mean turbulent gas flow, temperature fields and chemical species concentration in the combustor are evaluated using the stress transport turbulent model of the FLUENT code. The instantaneous fluctuation velocity field is generated by a Gaussian filtered white noise model.

The simulated axial, radial and tangential mean gas velocities are compared with the existing experimental data. Ensembles of particle trajectories are generated and statistically analyzed. The effects of size and initial distribution on particle dispersion and deposition are studied. The particle concentration at different sections are also evaluated and discussed. The results shows that the turbulence dispersion effect is quite important, while the thermophoresis effect is small.     

贵州六盘水煤矸石的矿物特性

对贵州六盘水地区煤矸石的矿物特性进行了研究. 结果表明,以煤巷矸和岩巷矸混合矸为主的煤矸石固定碳含量和热值均较低,不适宜直接用于动力燃料发电,而富铝、高铁、高钙是其重要特征,SiO2, Al2O3和Fe2O3含量之和达70%~80%,所含V, Co, Ni, Cr, Ge的富集度高,均具有回收利用价值. 矿物组成以石英和高岭石为主,其次为菱铁矿、黄铁矿、蒙脱石、斜长石、伊利石、白云石、方解石、锐钛矿等;粉末状煤矸石由大小不一的不规则颗粒组成,粒径多为1~3 mm,部分粒径为0.2~1 mm;石英、菱铁矿、黄铁矿等晶体矿物多呈致密块状,结晶完整;高岭石、蒙脱石、伊利石等多呈片状、疏松团块状,结晶较石英差;而含碳有机质多呈片状,呈无定型.     

Particle‐resolved direct numerical simulation of gas–solid dynamics in experimental fluidized beds

Particle‐resolved direct numerical simulations (PR‐DNS) of a simplified experimental shallow fluidized bed and a laboratory bubbling fluidized bed are performed by using immersed boundary method coupled with a soft‐sphere model. Detailed information on gas flow and individual particles’ motion are obtained and analyzed to study the gas–solid dynamics. For the shallow bed, the successful predictions of particle coherent oscillation and bed expansion and contraction indicate all scales of motion in the flow are well captured by the PD‐DNS. For the bubbling bed, the PR‐DNS predicted time averaged particle velocities show a better agreement with experimental measurements than those of the computational fluid dynamics coupled with discrete element models (CFD‐DEM), which further validates the predictive capability of the developed PR‐DNS. Analysis of the PR‐DNS drag force shows that the prevailing CFD‐DEM drag correlations underestimate the particle drag force in fluidized beds. The particle mobility effect on drag correlation needs further investigation. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1917–1932, 2016     

Investigation of fluidized bed behaviour using electrical capacitance tomography

The temporal and cross-sectional distributions of particles in a 127 mm diameter fluidized bed have been obtained using a new generation, high-speed electrical capacitance tomography. Two planes of eight electrodes were used and mounted at 160 and 660 mm from the gas distributor which was a 3 mm thick porous plastic plate (maximum pore size of 50-70 μ m). 3 mm diameter, nearly-spherical polyethylene granules made up the bed. Experiments at sampling frequencies of 200-2000 cross-sections per second and gas superficial velocities from just below the minimum fluidization to 83% above minimum fluidization velocities were used. The time series of the cross-sectional average void fractions have been examined both directly and in amplitude and frequency space. The last two used probability density functions and power spectral densities. The information gathered shows that the fluidized bed was operating in the slugging mode, which is not surprising given the size of the particles. It has been found that an increase in the excess gas velocity above the minimum fluidization velocity resulted in an increase in the mean void fraction, an increase in the length and velocity of the slug bubbles as well as the bed height, and a slight decrease in the slug frequency. The results are presented in a level of detail suitable for comparison with later numerical simulation.     

颗粒特性对撞击分离器性能影响的实验与数值研究

颗粒-壁面撞击行为和气固相间作用对撞击分离器的性能具有重要影响。基于玻璃珠及煤粉的单颗粒撞击实验数据建立平均撞击恢复系数模型,采用非球形颗粒曳力模型对平板式撞击分离器的分离性能和气固流动开展数值研究。结果表明,采用基于实验的平均恢复系数模型以及考虑颗粒形状的曳力模型,能够准确地预测撞击式分离器的总分离效率和分级分离效率。颗粒分离过程中,Stokes数较大的颗粒对颗粒-壁面撞击模型比较敏感,Stokes数较小的颗粒对气固曳力模型比较敏感。