原油破乳剂的合成与应用

综述了乳化原油中使用的破乳剂,重点介绍了它们的发展过程、种类、合成方法以及研究思路,探讨了破乳剂研制、生产和应用中存在的问题以及改进措施。     

含压裂液的原油乳状液电脱水参数研究

针对含压裂液原油进入联合站对"五合一"的电脱效果产生很大影响的问题,通过观测电脱水油水分离界面特性,得出电脱温度,利用原油智能脱水试验仪和水分测定仪开展不同压裂液含量下电脱水曲线测试实验,得到了不同时间下电场强度、电流、含水率之间的关系曲线,同时分析了压裂液含量对电脱的影响规律,确定了室内电脱水最佳运行参数,为龙一联站内脱水方案参数的确定提供了可靠的理论基础。     

原油乳状液的稳定与破乳机理研究进展

综述了原油乳状液中天然表面活性物质 ,如沥青质、胶质、固体颗粒物以及石蜡对原油乳状液稳定性的影响。讨论了原油破乳机理和破乳剂组成、HLB值等物化性质、破乳剂用量、复配与原油破乳脱水的关系。同时介绍了目前国内使用较多的几个系列破乳剂。     

高含水原油的热化学破乳方法

针对高含水原油破乳中广泛采用的热化学法,试验研究了加热温度、加入破乳剂量对破乳效果和破乳速率的影响.试验结果表明,对一定量的原油乳状液,破乳剂用量均在一个最佳值;温度会影响破乳剂的最佳值,随温度升高,原油乳状液破乳时所使用的破乳剂用量的最佳值降低;同时,加入的破乳剂量对乳状液脱水速率也有一定的影响.     

纺丝油剂废水处理工艺研究

纺丝油剂废水是高浓度的O/W型乳状液,具有相当的稳定性。采用“破乳-反渗透”处理工艺得到了良好的实验结果。以自配的DEMUL-B1作为破乳剂,试验并分析了破乳剂的用量、水样的pH值、加热温度和加热时间等因素对破乳效果的影响。以OSMONICS公司的SE反渗透膜对破乳后的水样进一步处理。结果表明,经“破乳-反渗透”处理净化后的水质,其COD的去除率达到99.96%,含油量和浊度的去除率均为100%,达到了污水综合排放一级标准(GB8978-1996),可以直接排放或回用。     

超声原油破乳技术室内实验研究

通过大量的矿场实验及室内实验发现,三元复合驱的乳化作用对油田原油采收率的提高具有重大的贡献,但采出原油也需要面临越来越严重的破乳问题。采用超声波辐照的方法,对超声波原油破乳方法进行了室内实验研究。结果表明,超声波辐照法的最终脱水效果,要好于化学剂破乳法及自然沉降法。在此基础上,研究了超声与破乳剂协同破乳的方法,并取得了较好的效果。     

原油乳状液及破乳剂使用效果分析

对原油乳状液特点、原油乳状液的形成和原油乳状液的稳定性进行了介绍。阐述了破乳剂的概念,并对油田中常用的几种破乳剂进行了分析。     

生物破乳剂处理油田采出水的实验研究

以生物破乳菌D3菌处理胜利油田采出水,D3菌破碎后质量浓度为500 mg/L 时,对采出水的除油率为 64．4％;30℃时除油率达97．3％,破乳菌在30℃时具有较高的破乳活性。     

Study on Demulsification of Crude Oil Emulsions by Microwave Chemical Method

Abstract

The demulsifying and separating experiments of crude oil emulsion were performed by using the heating method, the thermal chemical method, the microwave radiating method, and the microwave chemical method separately. The water content of this emulsion was 78 v/v%, and the type was water‐in‐oil (w/o). The influence tendencies of the key factors on demulsification effect were explored by changing the heating temperature, the demulsifier amount used and the microwave radiating time in this paper. With the microwave chemical experiments on the self‐made emulsions of different water content, the demulsification rate and separation efficiency were explored. The type of these emulsions were oil‐in‐water (o/w), water‐in‐oil (w/o) and the multiple type, related to the water content scopes which were less than 30 v/v%, more than 70 v/v% and between them, respectively. The separation effect by the microwave chemical method for the high water content crude oil emulsion was better than that of emulsion with lower water content. For the crude oil used in this experiment, the result could be obtained that the separation efficiency was about 95 v/v% under the conditions of 50 ppm of demulsifier, 10 seconds radiation time, and 1 minute settling time for the microwave chemical method.     

百重七含泥沙原油破乳脱水研究

克拉玛依油田百重七稠油处理站原油乳状液中含有大量泥砂,泥沙体积含量0.6‰～1‰,给原油脱水造成困难。本文以百重七原油处理站所处理的综合原油为研究对象,研制出破乳脱水用的KXDS破乳剂;同时考察了影响原油破乳脱水的几个因素,确定出最佳破乳温度和破乳剂最佳加量。KXDS破乳剂应用于现场后,破乳剂用量由120 mg/kg降低到80 mg/kg,破乳脱水温度由85℃降低到65℃,脱后原油达到外输优质标准,污水水质达标。     

Rapid Salt‐Assisted Microwave Demulsification of Oil‐Rich Emulsion Obtained by Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Peanut Seeds

Aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) is an environmentally friendly edible‐oil‐extraction process that can also provide edible protein. However, the AEE process may form a stable emulsion in most cases, which seriously limits the large‐scale industry applications for producing vegetable oils. In this study, the salt‐assisted microwave radiation demulsification of the oil‐rich emulsion prepared with AEE from peanuts is investigated. The microwave demulsification method is compared with other conventional demulsification methods, including heating, and freezing–thawing. The salt‐assisted microwave demulsification of the emulsions shows a greater free oil yield than conventional heating demulsification. Moreover, the microwave demulsification shows a similar free oil yield in less time than freezing–thawing method. Under the optimal operating conditions of demulsification, the free oil yield can reach 92.3% with CaCl₂‐assisted microwave demulsification for only 2 min. In addition, the oxidative properties and the fatty acid compositions of the demulsified peanut oil are investigated. No significant difference in the fatty acid composition is observed among salt‐assisted microwave, freezing–thawing, and heating demulsified oil. The oxidative properties of the salt‐assisted microwave demulsified peanut oil is better than the conventional heating demulsified oil. Thus, salt‐assisted microwave demulsification provides a quick and effective demulsification method to obtain vegetable oils with high quality. Practical Applications: Aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) is an environmentally friendly edible‐oil‐extraction process. To solve the problem of stable emulsion formed during AEE process, the salt‐assisted microwave demulsification of the oil‐rich emulsion prepared with AEE is developed with high efficiency (demulsification for 2 min). In addition, the oxidative properties of the microwave demulsified oil is better than the conventional heating demulsified oil.     

超声波对西峰油田原油破乳脱水的实验研究

超声波原油破乳是一种很有发展前景的新型破乳方法,文中给出了超生波原油破乳的基本原理,利用超声波对原油在实验室进行了破乳脱水实验,研究了声强、频率、温度、辐照时间对超声波原油破乳脱水的影响。试验结果表明,超生波参数有一个最佳值或范围,声强为0.61 W/cm2、频率20 kHz、辐照时间5～10 min。     

Predicting the Viscosity of Non‐Newtonian Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions Based on the Lederer Model

The accurate prediction of the viscosity of emulsions is highly important for oil well exploitation. Commonly used models for predicting the viscosity of water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions composed by two or three factors cannot always fit well the viscosity of W/O emulsions, especially in the case of non‐Newtonian W/O emulsions. An innovative and comprehensive method for predicting the viscosity of such emulsions was developed based on the Lederer, Arrhenius, and Einstein models, using experimental data. Compared with the commonly applied W/O emulsion viscosity models, the proposed method considers more factors, including temperature, volume fraction of water, shear rate, and viscosity of the continuous (oil) and dispersed phase (water). Numerous published data points were collected from the literature to verify the accuracy and reliability of the method. The calculation results prove the high accuracy of the model.     

Simulation of Crude Palm Oil Dilution in a Palm Oil Mill Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was applied to simulate the dilution of undiluted crude oil (UCO) in a dilution tank of a palm oil mill. Fluid flow and mixing characteristics were examined. Considering the mixing behavior, the mixing of dilution water and UCO occurred as soon as these fluids entered the dilution tank, and the oil mass fraction in the mixture decreased gradually towards the outlet of the tank. Meanwhile, the velocity of dilution water and UCO declined as the fluids moved from their respective inlets. The intensity of turbulence flow remained until near the tank outlet. For the parametric study, the oil mass fraction of diluted crude oil (DCO) increased with higher UCO flow rate and oil mass fraction in the UCO but declined with higher dilution water flow rate.     

油水界面行为对原油乳状液破乳的影响

测定了在破乳剂作用下原油乳状液的油水界面张力,界面膜强度及破乳脱水率,结果表明,界面张力的变化与体系的初始状态有关,它反映了破乳剂分子在界面上的吸附程度,界面张力的高低不能作为破乳剂破乳效果的依据。具有较强的油水界面吸附能力而又能显著降低界面膜强度的破乳剂分子,能达到较好的破乳效果。     

超声波原油破乳研究进展

简述了原油乳状液的性质以及原油乳状破乳的传统方法,介绍了超声波原油破乳的国内外研究现状,讨论了超声波破乳的影响因素。     

稠油O/W型乳状液稳定性的研究

以大庆黑帝庙稠油为研究对象，依据稠油乳化降粘原理及O／W型乳状液的形成机制，考察了表面活性剂类型及添加量，碱的添加量，温度、油／水比、振荡方式等因素对稠油O／W型乳状液稳定性的影响。为筛选降粘剂复合配方及选择降低粘工艺提供了必要的基础数据。     

Application of Oil/Water Nanoemulsions as a New Alternative to Demulsify Crude Oil

Oil-in-water nanoemulsions were developed and evaluated for effectiveness in breaking down crude oil emulsions. The nanoemulsions were prepared using two types of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants: nonylphenol and lauryl ether, at a concentration of 12 wt%, and the solvent xylene as the oil phase, at different concentrations (5, 7, and 10 wt%). The results of the demulsification tests showed that the nanoemulsions developed are a viable alternative to break down petroleum emulsions, with efficiency ranging from 90 to 95%. Also, the greater the xylene concentration in the nanoemulsion, the faster the demulsification process was.     

中原油田老化油回掺电破乳脱水

采用自制的矩形波高压/高频脉冲交流电源和高压/工频电源,对中原油田的老化油和原油进行了破乳脱水性能的对比实验,考察了电场频率、电压、老化油含量、含水率等对老化油破乳效果的影响. 结果表明,在一定范围内适当提高电场频率有利于老化油破乳,1500 Hz较500 Hz的脱水率平均提高10.3%,最高达35.0%;高频电场脱水效果远优于工频电场;适当提高电场强度有利于老化油破乳,4 kV较1 kV的脱水效率平均提高40.6%,最高达81.1%.     

Influence of Processing on the Physical Stability of Multiple Emulsions Containing a Green Solvent

The influence of the emulsification process on the microstructure and physical stability of model water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) emulsions formulated with a green solvent and a mixture of amphiphilic copolymers as emulsifiers was investigated. Emulsions were prepared by applying a homogenization step with a rotor‐stator device followed by high‐pressure homogenization. Viscous flow tests, transmitted light optical microscopy, globule size distribution (GSD), and multiple light scattering (MLS) measurements were carried out. The GSDs obtained were the result of a recoalescence due to overprocessing and the coalescence of inner droplets with the outer water phase. MLS detected a main destabilization mechanism by creaming. The passing of the emulsion through a high‐pressure homogenizer (HPH) significantly delayed the creaming process.