Experimental Study of Oxygen Mass Transfer Coefficient in Bubble Column with High Temperature and High Pressure

The volumetric gas‐liquid mass transfer coefficient, k_Lα, for oxygen was studied by using the dynamic method in slurry bubble column reactors with high temperature and high pressure. The effects of temperature, pressure, superficial gas velocity and solids concentration on the mass transfer coefficient are systemically discussed. Experimental results show that the gas‐liquid mass transfer coefficient increases with the increase in pressure, temperature, and superficial gas velocity, and decreases with the increase in solids concentration. Moreover, k_Lα values in a large bubble column are slightly higher than those in a small one at certain operating conditions. According to the analysis of experimental data, an empirical correlation is obtained to calculate the values of the oxygen volumetric mass transfer coefficient for a water‐quartz sand system in two bubble columns with different diameter at high temperature and high pressure.     

Influence of Pressure on the Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer Parameters of an Agitated Bubble Reactor

The present study deals with the pressure effects on the hydrodynamic flow and mass transfer within an agitated bubble reactor operated at pressures between 10⁵ and 100 × 10⁵ Pa. In order to clarify the flow behavior within the reactor, liquid phase residence time distributions (RTD) for different operating pressures and gas velocities ranging between 0.005 m/s and 0.03 m/s are determined experimentally by the tracer method for which a KCl solution is used as a tracer. The result of the analysis of the liquid‐phase RTD curves justifies the tank‐in‐series model flow for the operating pressure range. Good agreement is obtained between theoretical and experimental results assuming the reactor is operating as perfectly mixed. Two parameters characterizing the mass transfer are identified and investigated in respect to pressure: the gas‐liquid interfacial area and volumetric liquid‐side mass transfer coefficient. The chemical absorption method is used. For a given gas mass flow rate, the interfacial area as well as the volumetric liquid mass transfer coefficient decrease with increasing operating pressure. However, for a given pressure, a and k_La increase with increasing gas mass flow rates. The mass transfer coefficient k_L is independent of pressure.     

小曲率蛇形微通道弯头处弹状流流动及传质特性的数值研究

采用CLSVOF（coupled level set and volume of fluid）方法,以空气和水为工作流体对小曲率矩形截面蛇形微通道内气液两相流动进行模拟研究。验证模型的合理性后,研究了曲率对弯通道内压降的影响,曲率及气相速度对弹状流气泡及液塞长度的综合影响;同时深入分析了弯管内气液两相流动的传质特性,包括不同曲率下气泡长度的变化,弯管内液侧体积传质系数与液膜体积传质系数的比较,曲率及气相速度对液相体积传质系数的影响。同时,对比了回转弯道与直微通道传质系数的差异,发现弯微通道可以强化传质。     

Mass Transfer and Liquid‐Film Formation in a Spray Tower for SO2 Removal in Sodium Hydroxide Solution

Spray towers allow for controlling air pollution in which a liquid is sprayed in small droplets to produce a large interfacial area for mass transfer between a gas and a liquid phase. An experimental study of a spray tower for removing SO₂ is described. The experiments were carried out under different operating conditions by varying the gas velocity, liquid flow rate, and SO₂ concentration. SO₂ removal efficiency, volumetric mass transfer coefficient, and liquid‐film formation as a result of the collision of droplets against the tower wall are investigated. Removal efficiency and volumetric mass transfer coefficient are analyzed as a function of gas velocity, liquid flow rate, and SO₂ concentration, while liquid‐film formation is evaluated as a function of tower height. The results indicate high removal efficiency. Correlations to predict the volumetric mass transfer coefficient are also proposed.     

降膜微反应器中CO_2化学吸收过程传质行为

Gas phase mass transfer in falling film microreactors (FFMRs) with the absorption of CO₂ into aqueous solutions of NaOH was investigated. The overall gas-phase mass transfer coefficient increases with NaOH concentration, but decreases as the concentration of CO₂ increases. There exists an entrance effect, hindering the mass transfer, which is caused by the dead volume for gas-phase flow in the gas chamber in FFMRs. The entrance effect has a larger impact in a shorter FFMR owing to the relatively large dead volume with respect to that of gas chamber. A decrease in the depth of gas chamber facilitates the mass transfer process. Therefore, the gas-phase entrance or geometry of the gas chamber should be designed appropriately to reduce the entrance effect and improve the mass transfer.     

Absorption of CO2 by aqueous triethanolamine (TEA) solutions in a high shear jet absorber

CO₂ diluted with N₂ was absorbed by aqueous triethanolamine (TEA) solutions in a jet absorber consisting of a high pressure stainless steel vessel with a pressure nozzle at the top. The gas mixture and the aqueous solution were passed simultaneously, through the pressure nozzle into the absorber. Due to the high shear imparted to the liquid very fine droplets were produced, which resulted in a very high interfacial area and rapid mass transfer. CO₂ was absorbed rapidly by the TEA solution. The effects of gas and liquid flow rates, solution concentration and CO₂ partial pressure on CO₂ loading per unit mole of TEA and the overall mass transfer coefficient were examined. CO₂ loading per mole of TEA increased with gas flow rate and decreased with liquid flow rate and solution concentration. The overall mass transfer coefficient was found to increase with gas and liquid flow rates. Both the CO₂ removal per mole of TEA and the overall mass transfer coefficient were found to be a strong function of power dissipated at the nozzle.     

Low Pressure Aerosol Flow Reactor

In this work we report the development of a novel low pressure aerosol flow reactor for the determination of the kinetic parameters of fast heterogeneous processes. The experimental apparatus consists of a spray atomizer to introduce aerosols into a low pressure zone; a fast flow reactor for kinetic measurements and an IR spectrometer and mass spectrometer for concentration measurements. The surface area distribution and number density of the aerosol particles are determined from their infrared spectra and the decay kinetics are determined by monitoring the disappearance rates of the gas phase species (with a mass spectrometer) as a function of the aerosol properties. We report the application of this apparatus to the investigation of the uptake of acetone by liquid water aerosols (0.1–20 μ m diameter) at room temperature and a pressure of 35 Torr. These measurements yielded a value of the mass accommodation coefficient, α, of 3.6 _{? 2} ^{+ 3.1} × 10 ^{? 3} .     

Effect of particles on hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a slurry bubble column: Correlation of experimental data

The effects of particle concentration and size on hydrodynamics and mass transport in an air–water slurry bubble column were experimentally studied. When the particle concentration α_s increased from 0% to 20%, the averaged gas holdup decreased by ~30%, gas holdup of small bubbles and gas–liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient decreased by up to 50%, while the gas holdup of large bubbles increased slightly. The overall effect of particle size was insignificant. A liquid turbulence attenuation model which could quantitatively describe the effects of particle concentration and size was first proposed. Semi-empirical correlations were obtained based on extensive experimental data in a wide range of operating conditions and corrected liquid properties. The gas holdup and mass transfer coefficient calculated by the correlations agreed with the experimental data from both two-phase and three-phase bubble columns, with a maximum error <25%.     

Prediction of foam growth and its nucleation in free and limited expansion

The influence volume approach (IVA) is often utilized for modeling the mass transfer process dictating bubble growth dynamics in physical foaming. However, the assumed concentration profile in the IVA method is only valid when the changes in dissolved gas concentration are small (less than 5%). In addition, the validity of the IVA method is difficult to justify in chemical foaming applications because of the difficulties involved in defining the dissolved gas concentration profile.In the present work, we define two distinct stages of bubble growth for physical foaming. These two stages are termed as free and limited expansion and are controlled by the bubble nucleation rate. Bubble nucleation is assumed to occur only in the free expansion stage. In this stage, the bubble pressure drops substantially from an initially high pressure in the supersaturated state while the dissolved gas concentration changes very little. The second stage of our two-stage mass transfer model is termed the limited expansion stage and accounts for bubble growth in the late stages of foam evolution, when the pressure changes become small. However, in the limited stage of bubble growth the dissolved gas concentration drops significantly, as the available dissolved gas is depleted. To summarize our two-stage mass transfer model of foam expansion, the pressure difference between the bubble phase and the liquid phase is the primary mechanism for driving mass transfer in the early (free) stages of foam growth and the concentration difference is the driver for bubble growth in the late (limited) stages of growth. The first stage can be regarded as the nucleation stage and it is relatively short; while the second stage can be regarded as the bubble growth stage and is much longer. Most of the bubble volume expansion takes place in the second stage.The concentration gradient at the bubble edge, which is often ignored in other models, is analyzed in detail in this paper. The details of our novel mass transfer model are also presented.     

Effect of Inert Gas Pressure on the Molecular Distillation Process

Abstract

A one-dimensional model of a short-path (molecular) distillation for two-component systems in the presence of an inert gas was developed based on the weight-not-time-counter Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method. The effect of the composition of the test liquid, the evaporating temperature, the condensing temperature, the distance between evaporator and condenser, the arrangement of distillation space, and the inert gas pressure on mass transfer and separation efficiency is discussed.     

微通道内单乙醇胺水溶液吸收CO2/N2混合气的传质特性

采用高速摄像仪对400 μm×400 μm T形微通道内单乙醇胺（MEA）水溶液吸收混合气中CO₂过程的气液两相流及传质特性进行了实验研究,微通道内的压力降采用压力传感器进行测量。考察了弹状流型下气液两相流量及MEA浓度对压力降、比表面积和传质性能的影响。结果表明,当MEA浓度不变,气液两相流量增大时,压力降、比表面积、传质系数、体积传质系数和增强因子均增大,并逐渐趋于恒定。当气液流量不变,MEA浓度增大时,压力降、传质系数、体积传质系数和增强因子增大,但比表面积减小。实验条件下,压力降范围为2.00~5.23 kPa,化学吸收过程的传质系数范围为7.74×10^-4~2.97×10^-3 m·s^-1。对于伴有快速化学反应的传质过程,以Sherwood数、Reynolds数、Schmidt数及增强因子为变量建立了体积传质系数的预测关联式,平均偏差为5.09%,具有良好的预测性能。     

加压条件下卧式搅拌釜的气液传质特性

本文选用O_2-KCl水溶液体系,采用动态物理吸收法对卧式搅拌釜加压条件下的气液传质容易系数进行了测定.釜液中的氧浓度变化由氧电极跟踪测定.通过改变气相压力、搅拌转速和液含率,分别考察了这些因素对卧式搅拌釜气液传质特性的影响.结果表明,高压下的液相传质容量系数有所提高.与常压相比,在液含率为0.5、桨径比为0.8、采用六叶平直透平桨叶搅拌的条件下,若压力升到36atm(1atm=101.325kPa),k_La将增加20%左右.     

Effect of Pressure on Moisture Transfer During Moisture Adsorption

ABSTRACT

A set of coupled heat, mass, and pressure transfer equations was used to describe the moisture adsorption process in gmn kernels. The finite element method was used to solve the system of equations. The technique was applied to analyze the temperature, moisture, and pressure distribution in a barley kernel during soaking with steep water. The temperature and moisture distributions with (heat, mass, and pressure transfer model) and without (heat and mass uansfer) the effect of pressure were simulated for assumed conditions. The results obtained from the heat, mass, and pressure transfer model show a marked difference from the results obtained from the heat and mass transfer model. This indicated that a pressure gradient exists during the transfer Process, causing additional moisture movement due to filtration effect. Hence. the pressure tern cannot be assumed constant during the moisture adsorption process. The simulated temperature, moisture and pressure profiles and gradients can be used for determining the optimum time required for solking kernels with sleep water to produce barley malt.     

负压差立管下料过程压力脉动的传递性实验与分析

在高13m大型循环流化床装置上,对φ150 mm×900 mm负压差立管内气固两相流的动态压力进行了轴向多点测量,并用标准偏差进行了分析,主要研究立管下料过程的动态传递特性.实验表明负压差立管内存在明显的压力脉动现象,这种压力脉动具有一定的传递性.颗粒质量流率比较小时是稀密两相共存流态,稀相区的压力脉动主要受进料流量振荡的影响,向下传递;密相区的压力脉动主要受立管的波动性排料影响,向上传递;随着颗粒质量流率的增加达到浓相输送流态时,上部是连续式浓相输送流态,下部是密相波浪式输送流态,立管的压力脉动主要受进口流量振荡和排料过程压缩气体作用,向下传递.对立管的压力脉动进行标准偏差分析表明脉动压力传递沿颗粒的流动方向上具有幅值增大特性.在立管内流态从稀密两相共存流态转变为浓相输送流态时,由于颗粒压缩气体分量最大,压力脉动幅值最大,减小或增加颗粒质量流率,压力脉动幅度均降低.     

高固含率三相鼓泡淤浆反应器气液传质研究及其采用两种气体分布器的比较

以空气-水-黄沙以及空气-液体石蜡-黄沙两种系统为对象，在常压下用溶氧仪研究了采用小孔式及金属烧结板两种分布器的高固含率三相淤浆反应器的气液传质特性，以及固含率和表观气速等因素对容积气液传质系数kLa的影响，最后得到采用上述两种气体分布器的高固含率三相淤浆床关于容积气-液传质系数的经验关联式。实验证明，金属烧结板具有更好的气液传质特性。     

PET/PEG共聚酯连续熔融终缩聚过程两相稳态模型分析

针对高性能共聚酯PET/PEG缩聚过程,建立了圆盘反应器中连续熔融聚合两相稳态模型,模拟分析了缩聚反应温度、压力、停留时间以及传质系数对气相组成、共聚酯数均分子量、端羧基浓度以及副产物二甘醇和水浓度的影响。结果表明：挥发组分主要在反应器的前半部分产生,在z > 0.4后气相挥发总量已经很小;乙二醇占气相组成的比例极高,约为90%,而二甘醇的含量极低,只为0.5%左右;随反应器温度、真空度、停留时间、传质系数的增加,共聚酯产物的分子量增大,当传质系数大于0.1 s^-1后,反应器出口的共聚酯分子量几乎不再变化,此时已不受传质控制,最终产物的分子量约26000。     

High-Pressure Gas Chromatography and Chromatography with Supercritical Fluids. I. The Effect of Pressure on Partition Coefficients in Gas-Liquid Chromatography with Carbon Dioxide as a Carrier Gas

Abstract

Gas-chromatographic experiments with CO₂ as a carrier gas, conducted at temperatures of 30 to 40°C and pressures up to 80 atm, showed a pronounced drop of the partition coefficient with increasing pressure. This effect, which can be interpreted as a raise in solute volatility, is proved to be mainly due to nonideality in the gas phase.

The gain in volatility (by a factor of 10 or more) permits gas-chromatographic separations to be carried out at lower temperatures than usual. As partition coefficients were found to drop very fast near the critical point of the carrier gas, operation at pressures well above this point may open up the possibility of handling compounds too heavy for ordinary gas-chromatographic practice.

Interesting possibilities of class separation can be deduced from the study of the pressure effect in homologous series. Some potential non-analytical applications of high-pressure gas chromatography are discussed.     

Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer Characteristics in a Gas-Liquid-Solid Bubble Column under Elevated Pressure and Temperature

abstract The volumetric mass transfer coefficient kLa of gases (H2, CO, CO2) and mass transfer coefficient kL on liquid par-affin side were studied using the dynamic absorption method in slurry bubble ...     

电场强化铜矿排土场氧气传质

在排土场微生物浸出过程中,通过电场作用下的气泡受力分析和强化传质实验,首次提出了利用电场强化氧气向溶浸液中传质过程的方法,结果表明：电场能够强化氧气向溶浸液中的传质过程,而且效果和电场的强弱以及浸矿溶浸液的性质有关;实验中所加电场强度和溶浸液浓度越高,电场强化传质的效果越明显。传质速率的大小和传质系数、气泡大小、气泡在水中的运动、气液比以及气相氧气的质量浓度等因素有关。在强度为80 V·mm^-1的电场作用下,和没有电场的情况相比,总传质系数提高28. 2%。     

Circulation liquid velocity,gas holdup and volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in external-loop airlift reactors

The effects of the horizontal connection length (0.1 ± L_e ± 0.5 m), the cross-sectional area ratio of downcomer-to-riser (0.11 ± A_d/A_r± 0.53), and the superficial gas velocity on gas phase holdups in the riser and downcomer were studied. The circulation liquid velocity, the mixing performance and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in the external-loop airlift reactors were also measured. The horizontal connection length and A_d/A_r were major parameters which strongly affected the performance of external-loop airlift reactors. Useful correlations in the external-loop airlift reactors were obtained for gas holdups, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, the circulation liquid velocity, and the mixing time.