The effect of varying nitrogen supply on the protein composition of a high lysine mutant of barley.

Amino acid analyses of the grain of barley cultivars Risø 1508, Hiproly and Maris Mink carried out using grain of comparable protein levels have shown that the amino acid composition of Risø mutant 1508 is fundamentally different from that of the other varieties. A high proportional content of lysine and other nutritionally essential amino acids in Risø 1508 is achieved mainly at the expense of large decreases in glutamic acid and proline. Furthermore, a high lysine content in Risø mutant 1508 was maintained when the level of grain protein was raised by increasing the supply of nitrogen fertiliser.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilisation on protein content,total fatty acid content and composition of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grains

The impact of N-fertilisation level on protein content, total fatty acid (TFA) content and major fatty acid composition of barley grains (cv. Eldorado), grown in a replicated field trial, was investigated. Increasing amounts of N-fertiliser, applied at several stages during the growing season, resulted in a higher protein content and a very slightly lowered TFA content in the grains. Protein and TFA contents were negatively correlated (r=-0.4685). Minor changes of fatty acid composition were found in the decrease of the oleic acid (C18:1) proportion (r=-0.8376) and in the increase of the palmitic acid (C16:0) proportion (r=0.7273). The stearic acid (C18:0) and the linoleic acid (C18:2) proportions were also affected, however, no significant linear correlations with the total N-fertiliser level were obtained. The slow increase in the linolenic acid (C18:3) proportion (r=0.5674) was too small, compared to the residual variance, to be significant. TFA content was positively (P<0.001) correlated with the oleic acid proportion, and negatively (P<0.001) with the palmitic acid proportion. These data suggest that the application of higher amounts of N-fertiliser slightly decreases the total fatty acid content of barley grains, probably due to a decreased synthesis of oleic acid, precursor of the unsaturated C18 fatty acids. The result is a relative increase in palmitic acid.     

Seed-specific expression of the lysine-rich protein gene sb401 significantly increases both lysine and total protein content in maize seeds

The sb401 gene from potato (Solanum berthaultii) encoding a pollen-specific protein with high lysine content was successfully integrated into the genome of maize plants, and its expression was correlated with increased levels of lysine and total protein content in maize seeds. A plasmid vector containing the sb401 gene under the control of a maize seed-specific expression storage protein promoter (P19z) was constructed and introduced into maize calli by microprojectile bombardment. The integration of the sb401 gene into the maize genome was confirmed by Southern blot analysis, and its expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Quantification of the lysine and protein contents in R1 maize seeds showed that, compared with the nontransgenic maize control, the lysine content increased by 16.1% to 54.8% and the total protein content increased by 11.6% to 39.0%. There were no visible morphological changes in the vegetative parts and seeds of the transgenic maize plants. Lysine and protein analysis of the transgenic maize grains showed that the levels of lysine and total protein remained high for six continuous generations, indicating that the elevated lysine and total protein levels were heritable. These results indicate that the sb401 gene could be successfully employed in breeding programs aimed at improving the nutritional value of maize.     

An effect of dietary protein content on endogenous ileal lysine flow in the growing rat

The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary protein content influences endogenous ileal lysine flow in the growing rats. Male rats (n = 72; mean body weight 170 g) were given free access to experimental diets for 10 min each hour for 8 h each day. The rats received diets containing 50, 100, 150 or 200 g kg^?1 zein for 8 days. Zein is virtually devoid of lysine and this allows a direct determination of gut endogenous lysine losses. The diets were supplemented with synthetic lysine and tryptophan for the first 6 days. Over the final 2 days of the 8‐day period, synthetic lysine and tryptophan were given to the rats via intraperitoneal injections. The rats were euthanized on day 8 and digesta were sampled from the terminal ileum. Digesta were pooled to give a total of six digesta samples for each experimental diet and the flows of endogenous lysine at the terminal ileum were determined by reference to the marker, chromic oxide. Increasing the amount of zein in the diet led to a significant (P < 0.001) increase in the mean flow of endogenous lysine through the terminal ileum from 391 to 558 µg g^?1 dry matter intake (overall SEM = 33.3) when the rats received diets containing 50 and 200 g kg^?1 zein, respectively. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Nutritional characterization of high protein and high lysine barley lines

Six high protein and high lysine barley lines were derived from four crosses involving high protein andlor high lysine donors, ie Riso 1508 and SV 73608 (Hiproly×Mona⁵), with well adapted local strains V 5681 and V 4342. The trial was grown at the Wheat Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The lines were chemically and nutritionally characterized and the results were compared with the parents. The biological value, net protein utilization and lysine contents were higher in all the derived lines than in their local parents, ie V 5681 and V 4342. The increased lysine levels in the lines B 82503 and B 82507 may be a consequence of the reduction of prolamin fractions with simultaneous increases in salt soluble fractions. In all the lines, lysine and nutritional quality increase were a reflection of high protein andlor high lysine parents. The line B 82503 had grain yield comparable to its local parent V 5681 but it was superior in lysine and some nutritional attributes to its high lysine donor parent Riso 1508. In some lines, lysine improvement was achieued without impairing grain yield.     

Chemical composition,amino acid content and protein quality of Canavalia spp. seeds

Canavalia ensiformis is a grain legume that offers good possibilities for its use, but reports on its chemical composition and nutritive quality are not readily available. This study presents chemical and nutritional data on C. ensiformis, C. gladiata and C. maritima grains. The three species varied in protein content mainly because of differences in crude fibre content. Protein varied from 26.9 to 22.4%, and crude fibre varied from 8.5 to 17.3%. This was due to differences in seed-coat percentage. The amino acid content in C. ensiformis and C. gladiata was essentially the same, and both were deficient in sulphur-containing amino acids but rich in lysine. Pressure cooking and roasting reduced lysine levels. Mineral content in the three species was essentially the same, with high potassium levels as is the case with most food legumes. Feeding trials indicated low nutritional quality for the raw grain, which was significantly improved by pressure cooking and roasting. Protein digestibility was 47.9%, and cooked and roasted samples had 76.4 and 78.7%, respectively. Both C. ensiformis and C. gladiata had the same protein quality (PER = 1.24), and it was significantly improved with methionine supplementation.     

Evaluation of barley as a source of protein for chicks. I. Variety and nitrogen application in relation to protein content and amino-acid composition of the seed

Seventy-six samples of barley embracing 14 varieties grown under various conditions of nitrogen fertilisation in different locations in the U.K. were examined for nitrogen content and 14 samples were analysed for their total content of amino acids other than tryptophan. Top dressing with nitrogenous fertilisers during growth resulted in the production of grain with a higher nitrogen content as well as an increased overall yield of nitrogen/hectare. The growth locality had a greater effect upon the nitrogen content of the harvested seed than did the application of nitrogen to the growing crop. Lysine content was inversely proportional to crude protein content for barleys containing between 8 and 11% crude protein and, in consequence, within this range the yield of lysine/ton of grain was of the same order.     

An insect bioassay to evaluate feed barley of different lysine content

Newly hatched larvae of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Duval were reared individually until pupation on ball-milled samples of five lines and two cultivars of feed barley of known lysine content. The period of larval development ranged from almost 20 to 23.7 days. It was significantly shorter (P < 0.01) on the three lines containing the highest amounts of lysine (4.42–4.55 g lysine 100 g-1 protein) than on the two lines and two cultivars with the lowest levels of lysine (3.38–3.86 g lysine 100 g-1 protein). There was a high correlation between the mean duration of larval development and lysine content (r = ?0.81 and ?0.94 for lysine 100 g-1 protein and lysine 100 g-1 sample, respectively). It is concluded that the flour beetle bioassay is a reliable and relatively rapid and economical method for screening lines in a barley breeding programme and for evaluating protein quality on the basis of lysine content.     

The effect of preultrasonic process on oil content and fatty acid composition of hazelnut,peanut and black cumin seeds

In this study, the effect of different sonication times (10, 20, and 30 min) on oil yields, extracted by using soxhlet together with preultrasonic treatment, and fatty acid composition of seed/kernels were investigated. The sonication of samples for 30 min caused the highest increase in oil yield of hazelnut (from 62.38 to 63.60%) and black cumin (from 27.90 to 31.80%) (p < .05). The appropriate sonication time for oil yield of peanut was 10 min, with the range of 51.50%. After sonication process, the dominant fatty acid contents of all samples showed a change and the major decrease in oleic acid amount of hazelnut (from 75.20 to 74.27%) and peanut oils (from 57.10 to 56.69%) and linoleic acid content of black cumin (from 58.38 to 57.50%) were determined when samples sonicated for 30 min (p < .05). Sonication process caused a decreasing in black cumin oil, and the reduction increased with sonication time.

Practical applications

Ultrasound‐assisted extraction method can be used as an alternative extraction method for conventional extraction. Ultrasonic‐assisted extraction has some advantages as being efficiency, speed and using low temperatures, which prevents thermal damage. The ultrasound process enables to greater influence of solvent into the sample matrix and increases mass transfer. Thereby, the higher extract yield, almost 23%, provided with ultrasonic‐assisted extraction in comparison to soxhlet extraction.     

Characterisation of induced high protein and high lysine mutants in barley

Two barley mutants, named Notch-1 and Notch-2, possessing elevated protein and lysine were chemically characterised and compared with Hiproly (CI 3947). The increased level of lysine and other essential amino acids in the mutants were a consequence of a substantial reduction in the prolamin fraction with a simultaneous increase in the salt-soluble fraction. Increased embryo/endosperm ratio in the mutants also contributed towards changes in amino acid composition. The Notch mutants were superior to both NP-113 (parent) and Hiproly with regard to the chemical score for lysine and the biological value.     

The proximate chemical composition and the amino acid content of some Nigerian oil seeds

Seven samples of some Nigerian oil seeds have been studied with respect to their proximate composition, calcium and phosphorus contents as well as the amino acid composition which was determined by column chromatography. Three of the groundnut samples were processed in the laboratory. These were then compared with a commercial groundnut cake. The African oil bean seeds, the conophor nuts and the soya beans obtained locally were processed in the laboratory. The chemical composition of the oil seed meals were with few exceptions similar to those reported in the literature. The tryptophan and sulphur amino acid contents of the conophor nuts were extremely high compared with the other oil seeds in which the sulphur amino acids were the limiting ones. The lysine contents of the African oil beans and the conophor nuts were exceptionally high compared with others. Glutamic acid followed by aspartic acid and arginine levels were generally high in each of the oil seeds. The implication of these findings are fully discussed.     

Fatty acids,mineral composition ond functional (bread and chapati) properties of high protein and high lysine barley lines

Six barley lines derived from corsses involving Hiproly (SV 73608×Mona⁵) and Riso 1508 with higher yield recipients V 43-42 and V 5681, along with the four parents, were analyzed for faty acids and mineral composition. Dough properties, bread and chapaties were charcterized by blending barley line (B82503) at 2.5-25% with bread wheat flour (pak 81). Fatty acid contents were myristic acid, 0.60-1.16%; palmitic acid, 16.68-20.84%; stearic acid, 1.30-3.33% and degree of unsaturation 1.40-1.50%. The derived lines contained similar amounts of essential fatty acids. Significant variation for magnesium, copper, zinc, phosphorus and potassium was observed but overlapped among the lines and parents. The calciu, iron, and manganese showed non-significant differences among lines and parents. Blending up to 10% barley flour with bread wheat flour gave farinograph characteristics comparable to those of pure wheat flour, but increasing the proportion of barley beyond this decreased the mix time and dough stability. Breadbaking tests verfied that up to 10% barley could be mixed with wheat without adversely affecting loaf volume and other quality attributes. For chapati making up to 20% barley could be blended into the wheat, yet yield acceptable quality.     

The nitrogen content of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers in relation to nitrogen application—the effect on amino acid composition and yields

The effect of nitrogen application on the nitrogen content and yield of amino acids from potato tubers was studied in one experiment in 1983 and two in 1984. Increasing fertiliser N over the range 0–250 kg ha^?1 raised tuber nitrogen concentrations from 0.68–0.81 to 1.27–1.49% DM. Applying half the fertiliser on the seedbed and half at tuber initiation did not increase tuber nitrogen concentrations compared with a single broadcast application at planting. Increasing tuber nitrogen concentrations had little effect upon the proportion recovered in amides or the different amino acids. Yields of some nutritionally essential amino acids were, therefore, substantially increased up to a maximum of 256 kg ha^?1 in 1982 and 308 and 384 kg ha^?1 in 1984 at the highest fertiliser level. These yields were significantly higher (P<0.01) than those found with the nitrogen application rate optimal for tuber dry matter production (213, 195 and 331 kg N ha^?1, respectively) in the same experiments. Methionine and cystine were the limiting essential amino acids. As the amount of each amino acid contained in a unit weight of fresh tuber increased with nitrogen supply, application of more nitrogen than is needed for maximal tuber dry matter production increased protein yields without decreasing the nutritional quality.     

葡萄籽中油脂脂肪酸和蛋白质组分分析

以普通葡萄籽和山葡萄籽为原料,分析了2种葡萄籽油中脂肪酸含量及组成,测定了油中维生素E含量和粕中粗蛋白含量,并用氨基酸测定仪分析了蛋白质氨基酸组成及含量。结果表明:普通葡萄籽和山葡萄籽含油量分别为12.63%和13.51%;维生素E含量分别为3.83×10~2μg/g和3.99×10~2μg/g;蛋白质含量分别为12.30%和12.76%,均为完全蛋白质,含17种氨基酸,蛋白质在水中的溶解度在pH为8左右最大,在pH为4左右最小。为葡萄籽的开发利用提供了科学依据。     

Variation in the composition of barley and its effect on the performance of pigs

The crude protein and basic amino acid contents of 26 samples of barley were determined. The lysine, histidine and arginine contents of barley were positively and significantly related to the crude protein content. The proportion of lysine in barley protein decreased significantly as the crude protein level increased. Differences in the lysine and protein content of barley were shown to affect the growth and carcass quality of bacon pigs.     

Effect of germination on the protein fraction composition of different lupin seeds

Sweet lupin seeds (Lupinus luteus cv. 4486 and cv. 4492 and Lupinus angustifolius cv. troll and cv. zapaton) were germinated and investigated according to protein composition, nitrogen and amino acid content of Osborne fractions. In raw lupins, globulins (G) comprised the main fraction of lupins, followed by albumins (A) and glutelins+prolamines (Gt + P). Differences in the protein profile of the Osborne fractions were found among species whilst cultivars did not show electrophoretic differences. Amino acid content of protein fractions was also studied and differences among cultivars were found. In general, Glu, Gly, Arg and Ala (as non-essential amino acids, NEAA) and Lys (as essential amino acid, EAA) were predominant in the A fraction, Glu and Arg (NEAA) and Leu and Thr (EAA) were the main ones in the G fraction; while Asp, Glu, Gly and Arg (NEAA) and Leu and Lys (EAA) were the major components of the Gt + P fraction. Germination increased the protein content of L. luteus cv. 4486, L. angustifolius cv. troll and cv. zapaton and caused sharp changes in the protein profile of the Osborne fractions. After germination, the A fraction almost disappeared in the protein profile while G and Gt + P fractions were modified, depending on the lupin species and cultivar.     

The influence of starch pasting properties and grain protein content on water uptake in barley

Steeping is the first operation of malting and its purpose is to increase the water content of the grain up to 43–46%; however, such a simple step encompasses several metabolic processes that affect germination and the final malt quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of initial grain protein (GP) content and starch pasting properties, measured using the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) on water uptake in different barley varieties. The partial least squares (PLS2) regression algorithm was used to compare the two data matrices, the independent block of variables X (RVA data and GP) and the dependent block Y (water uptake at different steeping times). The first two PLS2 loadings explained 65 and 23% of the total variation in water uptake in the barley samples. Water uptake at 1 and 2 h was poorly explained by the PLS2 models, while after 5 h the models explained more than 40% of the variability. The results from this study showed that, although a relationship between GP and water uptake exists, it is not universal for all the varieties, indicating that the relationship between GP and water uptake is varietal dependent. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Germination alters the chemical composition and protein quality of lupin seeds

The chemical composition and protein quality of the kernels from Lupinus angustifolius seeds were compared with that for sprouts after 6 days germination. Germination resulted in an apparent increase in protein content from 395 g kg^?1 to 435 g kg^?1 DM. Fat and carbohydrate contents decreased. The oligosaccharide content of the sprouted lupin fell to a negligible level, while the phytate and alkaloid concentrations fell from 4.7 g kg^?1 to 1.6 g kg^?1 and from 0.72 g kg^?1 to 0.16 g kg^?1, respectively. The quality of lupin kernel protein was poor with a protein efficiency ratio (PER) of 1.45±0.15. Supplementation of kernel with DL-methionine (2.0 g kg^?1) increased the protein quality (PER = 2.87±0.17) to that of casein (PER = 2.86±0.18). Germination reduced protein quality (PER = 0.44±0.16), and did not improve apparent protein digestibility (APD kernel = 80.4%; APD sprout = 77.5%). Supplementation of sprout protein with DL-methionine (2.0 g kg^?1) increased the protein quality (PER = 2.57±0.20). The total sulphur-containing amino acid concentration of lupin kernel protein, 1.9 g per 16 g N was low, and decreased further to 1.3 g per 16 g N in the sprout, a drop of 32%. The results showed that germination of lupin seeds reduced the concentration of the anti-nutritive factors; however, it also reduced protein quality.     

Glucosinolate content and amino acid composition of rapeseed (Brassica napus) meal as affected by sulphur and nitrogen nutrition

Rapeseed plants have been grown in soil-free culture with varying amounts of nitrogen fertiliser applied as nitrate, and with 50% of the nitrate-N exchanged for ammonium. The experiment was performed at two levels of sulphate fertiliser. Yield, protein content, glucosinolate content and amino acid composition were studied. The glucosinolate content was lower and the protein content was higher at a high level of nitrogen fertiliser. Exchange of 50% of the nitrate-N for ammonium caused no significant change in glucosinolate or protein content. The amount of glucosinolate was higher at the high sulphate level. There were no sulphur-nitrogen interactions. Content of total aspartic acid increased with nitrogen fertilisation, while total content of other amino acids did not change significantly with fertilisation. The effect of a wide variety of applications of sulphate fertiliser on glucosinolate and total amino acid content have been studied in a separate experiment. Although both protein content and methionine content were reduced at a low sulphate level, glucosinolate content was reduced considerably more. Experiments in the field revealed that although a reduction in glucosinolate content of rapeseed may be obtained from using fertilisers low in sulphur on sandy soils this does not seem possible on heavy soils.