过冷大水滴条件下机翼结冰数值仿真

机翼结冰问题研究对于飞机防冰系统的设计和优化至关重要.在机翼结冰数值仿真中,由于过冷大水滴冻结过程中存在水滴破碎、飞溅、反弹等现象,传统方法计算水收集系数存在误差,难以准确预测结冰冰形.为解决上述问题,建立了机翼结冰过程中过冷大水滴的运动模型,通过引入判断参数仿真水滴破碎,撞击物面后飞溅、铺展等物理过程,对机翼结冰进行了数值仿真.仿真结果表明,利用上述改进方法计算大水滴机翼结冰准确性较好,并且随着水滴直径的增大,撞击表面的水收集系数越大,结冰冰型越厚.但是水滴直径达到一定尺寸后,水滴收集系数变化不大,冰型几乎不变.     

HAT循环中饱和器的动态仿真

该文从热力学、传热传质学、流体力学的基本原理出发,对饱和器内水滴侧和湿空气侧分别建立沿流动方向的一维动态数学模型;该模型在仿真平台EASY5上调试通过,通过计算得到饱和器稳态运行时的数据,然后完成了一组动态响应下的仿真实验;结论认为饱和器在稳态运行时,沿气体流动方向,气体质量流量增加,密度减小,速度增加;沿水滴流动方向,水滴的温度和速度降低,水滴浓度增加,水滴直径变小,但是水滴侧与空气侧的接触总面积却依然增加;对饱和器的动态响应而言,如果进水量出现扰动,饱和器内空气侧能够很快地响应水回路的变化。     

交互式水滴效果模拟

为了有效地模拟小水团受重力和人为外力的影响而散开为动态水滴的现象,提出一种水滴效果的交互式模拟方法.首先采用精确SPH模型模拟小比例的水滴现象,通过精确地计算压强力及人工速度场校正来保证流体方程求解的精确性、稳定性及收敛性;然后根据流体密度场提出一种基于平均曲率的表面张力模型,能够有效地模拟水滴的表面张力现象;最后基于新一代着色器模型提出一种适用于水滴渲染的光线追踪方法,包括简化的流体密度分布、基于二分法的流体等值表面判断和基于菲涅尔定律的光学特性计算,克服了传统流体渲染独立于摄像机、计算量大等缺点.实验结果表明,文中方法是有效及高效的,可以同时适用于水体现象及小比例水滴现象的模拟.     

智能水滴算法研究

智能水滴算法是模拟自然界中河水与周围环境相互作用的过程而提出的一种智能计算方法。文章首先描述智能水滴算法的原理,然后综述智能水滴算法在多个研究领域的应用,最后对智能水滴算法进行总结与讨论。     

基于Aspen Plus软件的循环流化床烟气脱硫模型

本文研究和模拟循环流化床烟气脱硫的流程和模型.以微元分析SO2的传质为基础,建立循环流化床烟气脱硫的数学模型,模型用双膜理论分析脱硫反应对SO2传质过程的增强影响,并采用惯性碰撞理论解释浆滴的形成过程.借助Aspen Plus过程模拟平台,用FORTRAN语言编写基于该模型的用户单元模块,模拟循环流化床烟气脱硫工艺,分析Ca/S、增湿水量、塔内颗粒物浓度、水滴粒径等参数对脱硫的影响,模拟计算结果和实验数据的对比显示模型能如实反映实际的趋势.本文为应用循环流化床烟气脱硫技术提供参考.     

单颗粒载氧体化学链燃烧反应性能数值分析

旨在利用实验室条件下在流化床中的颗粒粒径、孔隙率以及还原反应动力学典型数据模拟单个载氧体颗粒的反应过程。采用一种较为通用的均质模型与收缩核模型结合的气-固反应模型,模拟分析多孔载氧体颗粒(CuO/Al2O3)与合成气(H2/CO)的非催化反应,并考虑了还原反应动力学、颗粒内外部传质以及传热的影响。在非稳态情况下,得到典型球形载氧体颗粒内部反应物浓度沿粒径分布,以及不同因素对反应速率的影响。结果表明,孔隙率、颗粒粒径以及反应动力学参数都对还原反应有较大影响,该研究为载氧体设计优化以及反应器设计提供基本指导。     

颗粒物料传热传质过程的数值仿真与实验研究

转筒干燥器的主体是略带倾斜并能回转的圆筒体，是一种既受高温加热又兼输送的设备，它的应用十分广泛。该文较为系统地进行了转筒干燥器物料的传热传质过程的分析，并进行了试验研究。利用质量平衡方程、能量平衡方程、传热方程和传质方程，建立了颗粒物料在转筒干燥器干燥过程中的传热传质数学模型，该模型能够较好地预测干燥过程中物料颗粒的温度和含湿量的变化，仿真结果与实验结果吻合良好。该仿真程序对此类问题的研究具有参考价值。     

太阳能溴化锂吸收式制冷系统吸收特性的研究

太阳能溴化锂吸收式制冷系统的吸收器采用传热、传质分离装置,利用预冷器预先冷却和喷淋吸收的方法完成对传热、传质的分离。通过建立吸收器的计算模型,分析冷冻水出口温度、冷却水进口温度、热水温度、喷淋温度、喷淋密度等因素对传热、传质的影响。利用传热、传质分离方法,使系统的吸收特性得到强化,从而使系统获得较高的性能系数。     

高校科研能力的协同IWD粗糙集-块神经网络评估模型

针对高校科研能力评估过程中存在的多因素、高非线性特点,经典评估模型主观性较强,导致模型评估准确性不高的问题,提出基于协同智能水滴算法IWD和粗糙集块神经网络RBNN的高校科研能力评估模型。首先,引入智能水滴算法,并针对传统智能水滴算法固定旁域搜索范围不利于提升算法搜索效率的问题,提出一种局部空间自动缩放算法LSAS,该算法根据当前种群最优个体,自动调整下一步搜索空间大小,对进化过程进行指导,提高算法的进化效率;其次,基于粗糙集理论对高校科研能力数据进行特征预处理,简化数据计算量;最后,对块神经网络和粗糙集参数进行编码,并对高校科研能力模型进行评估。仿真结果表明,此评估模型具有较高的准确性和较快的计算效率。     

洞穴水滴传感器研制及其参数测试

洞穴水滴的可靠传感及其对应参数的测试与记录,能为地质学石笋研究和地下水污染的含水层研究提供大量准确的实测数据和科学依据.本文分别从传感器的研制、测试仪硬件和软件三方面论述其设计和研制方法.通过三种实验方法对比,研制出理想传感器.     

喷射式3D打印过程微滴沉积位置建模与预测

微滴沉积位置的准确性是影响喷射成型器件形貌精度的主要因素之一,为了对微滴沉积位置进行控制,需要建立微滴沉积位置的动态预测模型。建立了微滴在下落、沉积过程中的运动与传热模型,并通过数值仿真和实验研究了单个微滴以及两个相邻微滴在沉积动态过程中的形心位置变化,结果表明,相比于数值仿真模型,所建立的理论预测模型对单个微沉积位置预测误差为0.45%,相邻两个微滴间的沉积距离预测误差为0.5%,并通过实验进行了对比验证,表明所建理论模型具有足够高的位置预测精度,可用于微滴喷射3D打印过程中微滴沉积位置及打印轨迹在线控制的参考。     

Hybrid Particle‐grid Modeling for Multi‐scale Droplet/Spray Simulation

This paper presents a novel hybrid particle‐grid method that tightly couples Lagrangian particle approach with Eulerian grid approach to simulate multi‐scale diffuse materials varying from disperse droplets to dissipating spray and their natural mixture and transition, originated from a violent (high‐speed) liquid stream. Despite the fact that Lagrangian particles are widely employed for representing individual droplets and Eulerian grid‐based method is ideal for volumetric spray modeling, using either one alone has encountered tremendous difficulties when effectively simulating droplet/spray mixture phenomena with high fidelity. To ameliorate, we propose a new hybrid model to tackle such challenges with many novel technical elements. At the geometric level, we employ the particle and density field to represent droplet and spray respectively, modeling their creation from liquid as well as their seamless transition. At the physical level, we introduce a drag force model to couple droplets and spray, and specifically, we employ Eulerian method to model the interaction among droplets and marry it with the widely‐used Lagrangian model. Moreover, we implement our entire hybrid model on CUDA to guarantee the interactive performance for high‐effective physics‐based graphics applications. The comprehensive experiments have shown that our hybrid approach takes advantages of both particle and grid methods, with convincing graphics effects for disperse droplets and spray simulation.     

One-step fabrication of titania hollow spheres by controlled interfacial reaction in a droplet-based microfluidic system

We present a facile ethanol-in-oil droplet-based microfluidic approach for one-step fabrication of titania hollow spheres through controlled interfacial reaction. The method combines microfluidic generation of uniform ethanol-in-oil droplets and subsequent in situ controlled interfacial reaction within the microfluidic channel. Ethanol-based droplets are suspended in an oil continuous phase containing titanium tertabutoxide. The small amount of water in the droplet phase diffuses to the interface leading to hydrolysis and condensation, and titania solidifies around the droplet forming titania microcapsules. The vigorous reaction between titanium tetrabutoxide and water is controlled by analyzing a mass transfer model, and then by selecting suitable continuous and dispersed phases. Highly viscous paraffin oil in combination with a low-viscosity ethanol-based droplet phase facilitates the successful formation of titania at the interface rather than in the continuous phase. This research provides a new approach for the controlled fabrication of titania microcapsules having uniform particle size and unique folded and crumpled structure.     

Propulsion of droplets on micro- and sub-micron ratchet surfaces in the Leidenfrost temperature regime

Spatially periodic systems with localized asymmetric surface structures (ratchets) can induce directed transport of matter (liquid/particles) in the absence of net force. Here, we show that propulsion for the directed motion of water droplets levitating on heated ratchet surfaces in the Leidenfrost (film boiling) regime is significantly enhanced as the ratchet period decreases down to micro- and sub-micrometers. At the temperature range slightly above the threshold temperature of droplet motion, sub-micron ratchets yield water droplet velocities reaching ~40 cm/s, a speed that has never been achieved with any chemical and topological gradient surfaces. This dramatic increase in the droplet velocity is attributed to an enhanced heat transfer through the local contacts between ratchet peaks and bottom of the droplet. A hydrophobic coating on the ratchet surfaces is found to further increase the droplet velocity and decrease the threshold temperature of the droplet motion. The results suggest that miniaturized ratchet surfaces can potentially be used in diverse applications requiring control over fluid transport and heat transfer such as two phase cooling systems for microprocessors and fuel injection for combustion technology and that for those applications the design of ratchet dimensions and surface chemistry are critically important.     

Iridescent Water Droplets Beyond Mie Scattering

Looking at a cup of hot tea, an observer can see color patterns and granular textures both on the water surface and in the steam. Motivated by this example, we model the appearance of iridescent water droplets. Mie scattering describes the scattering of light waves by individual spherical particles and is the building block for both effects, but we show that other mechanisms must also be considered in order to faithfully reproduce the appearance. Iridescence on the water surface is caused by droplets levitating above the surface, and interference between light scattered by drops and reflected by the water surface, known as Quetelet scattering, is essential to producing the color. We propose a model, new to computer graphics, for rendering this phenomenon, which we validate against photographs. For iridescent steam, we show that variation in droplet size is essential to the characteristic color patterns. We build a droplet growth model and apply it as a post-processing step to an existing computer graphics fluid simulation to compute collections of particles for rendering. We significantly accelerate the rendering of sparse particles with motion blur by intersecting rays with particle trajectories, blending contributions along viewing rays. Our model reproduces the distinctive color patterns correlated with the steam flow. For both effects, we instantiate individual droplets and render them explicitly, since the granularity of droplets is readily observed in reality, and demonstrate that Mie scattering alone cannot reproduce the visual appearance.     

Modelling the influence of the gas to melt ratio on the solid fraction of the surface in spray formed billets

In this paper, the relationship between the Gas to Melt Ratio (GMR) and the solid fraction of an evolving billet surface is investigated numerically. The basis for the analysis is a recently developed integrated procedure for modelling the entire spray forming process. This model includes the atomisation stage taking thermal coupling into consideration and the deposition of the droplets at the surface of the billet taking geometrical aspects such as shading into account. The coupling between these two models is accomplished by ensuring that the total droplet size distribution of the spray is the summation of “local” droplet size distributions along the r-axis of the spray cone. The criterion for a successful process has been a predefined process window characterised by a desired solid fraction range at a certain distance from the atomizer. Inside this process window, the gas and melt flows have been varied and their influence on the solid fraction at the surface of the billet has been analysed.     

Electrokinetic motion of an electrically induced Janus droplet in microchannels

The electrokinetic motion of an electrically induced Janus oil droplet with one side covered with an aluminum oxide nanoparticle film in a circular microchannel was numerically simulated in this paper. The Janus oil droplet is electrically anisotropic as the nanoparticle-covered area carries positive charges and the rest oil–water surface area carries negative charges. A theoretical model was constructed to calculate the electrokinetic velocity of the Janus droplet by considering the force balance on the surface of the Janus droplet at steady state. In the model, the effects of the electric double layer and surface charges on the motion at the oil–water interface are considered. The effects of five parameters on the electrokinetic motion of the Janus droplets were studied: the electric field, the zeta potential ratio of the positively charged side to the negatively charged side of the Janus droplet, the viscosity ratio of the oil phase to the water phase, the nanoparticle coverage of the Janus droplet, and the size ratio of the diameter of the Janus droplet to the diameter of the cylindrical microchannel. The simulation results indicate that the increase in the electrical field, the zeta potential ratio, the viscosity ratio or the nanoparticle coverage leads to faster electrokinetic motion of the Janus droplet. On the other hand, with the increase in size ratio, the electrokinetic velocity of Janus droplet first decreases gradually then increases sharply. The simulated results were compared with the experimental results and good agreement was found.     

Kinematics and deformation of ferrofluid droplets under magnetic actuation

This paper reports the experimental results on kinematics and deformation of ferrofluid droplets driven by planar coils. Ferrofluid droplets act as liquid magnets, which can be controlled and manipulated by an external magnetic field. In our experiments, the magnetic field was generated by two pairs of planar coils, which were fabricated on a double-sided printed circuit board. The first pair of coils constrains the ferrofluid droplet to a one-dimensional motion. The second pair generates the magnetic gradient needed for the droplet motion. The direction of the motion can be controlled by changing the sign of the gradient or of the driving current. Kinematic characteristics of the droplet such as the velocity–position diagram and the aspect ratio of the droplet are investigated. The analysis and discussion are based on the different parameters such as the droplet size, the viscosity of the surrounding medium, and the driving current. This simple actuation concept would allow the implementation of lab-on-a-chip platforms based on ferrofluid droplets.     

Multi-helical micro-channels for rapid generation of drops of water in oil

High throughput generation of microscopic mono-dispersed droplets of one liquid into the continuous flow of another is important for large number of engineering and biomedical applications. However, meeting conflicting demands of both uniformity of size and high rate of droplet generation have been a difficult task to be accomplished in conventional systems. We have attempted to address this problem by designing a novel multi-helical micro-channel which we have used to generate water droplets in a continuous flow of oil. The channel consists of three or more helical flow paths joined along their contour length forming a single channel with inherently asymmetric geometry. Helix angle and radius are found to be two additional geometric parameters which influence different drop break-up regimes. We have shown that both time period of generation of drops and the droplet size can be minimized by suitably altering the helix angle. A scaling law has been derived to rationalize these results.