Preservation of oil palm fruit and oil palm fruit mesocarp by gamma irradiation

Experiments were conducted to determine the potential of gamma radiations in the extension of the shelf-life of oil palm fruit and oil palm fruit mesocarp. In the course of the experiment, it was observed that even though palm fruits in their harvested form, went bad within 3 days post-harvest, their shelf-life can be extended to at least 2 months through preparation of dry oil palm fruit mesocarp. Furthermore, despite the fact that gamma radiation cannot be used to prolong the shelf-life of oil palm fruit proper, it can be used to drastically reduce the mould load in the dry palm fruit mesocarps, thereby further enhancing their keeping quality and consumer acceptance. Chemical and organoleptic analyses of fat extracted from irradiated, dry oil palm fruit mesocarp show that there is practically no radiation effect. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the possible acceptance of radiation-preservation of oil palm fruit mesocarp commercially.     

Partial purification and some properties of the lipase present in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) mesocarp

The fatty layer obtained by centrifuging a homogenate of oil palm fruit mesocarp contains an active lipase. The lipase which was partially purified using a combination of ammonium sulphate fractionation, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, indicated an optimum activity at pH 4.5 and a temperature of 30°C. The enzyme exhibited good activity towards its natural substrate, palm oil as well as glycerol trioleate and glycerol tripalmitate. It also showed a linear reaction rate for the first 20 min of incubation. Sodium cyanide, resorcinol, cholesterol, lecithin and glycylglycine strongly inhibited its activity while phenol, L-cysteine and EDTA enhanced its activity. It is suggested that the lipase is associated with the membrane of the oil droplets.     

Analysis of mesocarp and kernel oils from the American oil palm and F1 hybrids with the West African oil palm

The mesocarp oil of the American oil palm is more unsaturated than that of the West African oil palm. Mesocarp oils obtained from F₁ hybrids of these two oil palms exhibit an intermediate degree of unsaturation. Hybrid kernel oils are similar in composition to that of their West African oil palm parent, whereas kernel oils from the American oil palm are considerably more unsaturated and exhibit a unique fatty acid composition among seed fats of the Palmae family.     

亚临界水提取油棕果渣多酚响应面优化研究

目的为了更好地利用农副产品,回收利用农业废弃物中的有效成分,以油棕果脱壳提油后的废弃物——油棕果渣为原料,以亚临界水技术萃取果渣中酚类物质。方法通过单因素实验对料液比、时间、温度等工艺参数进行研究,并用响应面Box-Behnken试验设计对提取工艺进行优化,建立二次多项数学模型。结果最终通过验证得到亚临界水萃取油棕果渣多酚类物质的最优的工艺条件:液料比50 m L/g,时间40 min,温度250℃。实际测得多酚含量为6.26 g/100 g,与理论值相符合。结论本研究对生产实际具有良好的参考指导作用。     

Extraction of β-carotenes from palm oil mesocarp using sub-critical R134a

Sub-critical extraction of palm oil from palm mesocarp using R134a solvent was conducted via the dynamic mode to investigate the ability of R134a to extract β-carotene. The yield of palm oil and the solubility of β-carotene were investigated at 40, 60 and 80 °C and pressure range from 45–100 bar. The extracted oil was analysed for β-carotene content using UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The results showed that palm oil yield increased with pressure and temperature. The maximum solubility of β-carotene was obtained at 100 bar and 60 °C while the lowest solubility occurred at 80 bar and 40 °C. The higher concentration of extracted β-carotene ranging from 330–780 ppm as compared to that achieved through conventional palm oil processing indicates that extraction of β-carotene using R134a is viable.     

The oil content of avocado mesocarp

Four methods of analysing for oil content of avocados are compared (three with gravimetric measurements): (a) Soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether, (b) homogenisation with petroleum ether, (c) homogenisation with a 2:1 (by volume) choroform/methanol solution, and one with refractmetric measurement, i.e. (d) ball milling with 1-chloronaphthalene. Conditions for Soxhlet extraction were optimised. Methods (a) and (b) gave similar results which were 6-9 % lower than those of methods (c) and (d) which were similar to each other. Saponification of the residues from methods (a)-(c) confirmed that method (c) removed more oil than methods (a) and (b) but also showed that even method (c) left some residual oil in the fruit tissues. Results are interpreted in terms of glycolipids and phospholipids remaining after extraction of triglyceride storage fractions by petroleum ether. All methods used were applicable to hard (unripe) and soft (ripe) fruits.     

棕榈油和棕榈仁油的地位和现状

中国是一个油脂资源非常贫乏的国家 ,每年都要从国外进口大量的油脂以满足人民生活及工业需要。据统计 ,1997年中国进口的大豆油是 2 0 0万吨 ,棕榈油 16 2万吨 ,棕榈仁油 1 5万吨 ,其中棕榈油的消费量已位居第 4(见表 2 )。预计 ,至 2 0 0 5年 ,世界棕榈油的消费量将超过大豆油 (见表 1)。作为具有巨大市场潜力和价值的油脂资源 ,国外就棕榈油和棕榈仁油的生产、物理和化学性质及其应用等方面的研究已日趋深入[1] ,但在我国有关棕榈油和棕榈仁油的研究和介绍资料极少。为此 ,希望通过本文的介绍 ,能加深对棕榈油和棕榈仁油的了解 ,并能引起…     

棕榈残渣浸出取油工艺的研究

对棕榈果榨油后的残渣进行浸出取油工艺的研究。通过单因素试验研究了物料含水率、浸出时间及浸出级数对棕榈残渣浸出取油的影响,并采用正交试验确定最佳浸出工艺条件。结果表明,在浸出温度55℃、液料比6∶1、物料含水率9.72%、每次浸出时间40 min、浸出级数4级的条件下,棕榈残渣中残油达到最低,为0.31%。     

棕榈油的分提方法

棕榈油的分提方法有:干法分提、溶剂分提及表面活性剂分提.综述了这三种方法的原理及加工条件,尤其是干法分提工艺及设备.     

Changes in lipid class and fatty acid composition during maturation of mesocarp of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) variety dura

The deposition of oil, major lipid classes, and the constituent fatty acids of the oil palm fruit mesocarp were investigated to gain a better insight into the accumulation of these components. The oils were extracted with chloroform-methanol 1:2 (v/v) and were fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography into classes. Fatty acids were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography. Shortly after anthesis, lipids, mainly phospho- and glyco-lipids, were a small proportion of the mesocarp. With time the lipid content increased, until at maturity it accounted for about 60% of fresh mesocarp weight. Approximately 97% of the lipid at maturity was neutral lipid, essentially triacylglycerol. Maximum oil quantity was obtained at 22 weeks after anthesis. The active lipid accumulation period was from weeks 18 to 22 after pollination. Contrary to previously published data, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were characteristically present at all stages of oil accumulation. Linolenic acid was present in the neutral lipids from immature mesocarp of the oil palm fruit, but was probably diluted out in mature palms. Appreciable amounts of linolenic acid were present in the polar lipid fractions.     

The physical properties of modified palm oil

Palm oil has been treated by partial lipase hydrolysis and by interesterification with excess glycerol and the effects on the chemical and physical properties have been investigated. Lipase hydrolysis preferentially removes unsaturated acids and the neutral glycerides remaining after removal of the free fatty acids therefore have an increased solids content at 20°C. Both differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) and X-ray examination show that the crystalline phases present above 20°C are more heterogeneous after lipase treatment. Interesterification results in a mixture of tri- and diglycerides with an increased solids content at 20°C and a marked tendency to form β phase crystals. Some potential practical applications are discussed.     

微波辅助棕榈油制备生物柴油的研究

用棕桐油和甲醇为原料,KOH为催化剂,利用微波辅助酯交换反应制备生物柴油。考察醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度对酯交换反应的影响。结果表明,制备生物柴油的最适条件为醇油摩尔比7：1,反应温度50℃,反应时间3min,催化剂用量1．2％。在此反应条件下生物柴油转化率可达93％。经性能比较所得生物柴油主要质量指标达到我国和美国生物柴油质量标准。     

进口棕榈油系列产品辨析

对进口棕榈油系列产品各项理化指标进行论述,分辨各种棕榈油产品的主要特点,为进出口贸易、抽样、实验室检测以及产品是否掺假提供参考。     

环氧棕榈油的制备研究

采用过氧乙酸法制备环氧棕榈油,研究了乙酸、双氧水、催化剂用量以及反应温度、反应时间对环氧值的影响.通过正交实验对工艺条件进行优化,从而得到最佳反应条件:m(棕榈油)∶ m(乙酸)∶ m(30%的双氧水)∶ m(催化剂)为30 ∶ 7 ∶ 18 ∶ 0.1,反应温度65 ℃,反应时间6 h.在此条件下,得到的环氧棕榈油的环氧值为3.52%.     

超声波作用下棕榈油酯交换反应的研究

将超声波技术应用于棕榈油的酯交换反应。通过单因素试验研究了超声波功率、反应时间、醇油摩尔比、反应温度对棕榈油酯交换率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上进行正交试验优化得到的超声波酯交换反应参数为:超声波功率280 W,反应时间30 min,醇油摩尔比7.5∶1,反应温度55℃,此条件下的酯交换率可达95.5%。对比常规搅拌酯交换法,超声波法明显促进了酯交换反应,降低了反应温度,缩短了反应时间。     

Effect of blending and lipase catalyzed interesterification reaction on the cholesterol lowering properties of palm oil with rice bran oil in rats

The effect of feeding blended and interesterified oils containing palm oil (PO) and rice bran oil (RBO) on serum and liver lipids was evaluated in rats. The PO and RBO were blended to contain saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the proportion of 1:1.5:1. The blended oil was subjected to transesterification reaction using immobilized lipase, lipozyme IM‐RM. Rats were fed a diet containing blended or interesterified oils for 8 weeks. Rats fed PO showed significantly higher levels of cholesterol in serum and liver as compared to those given RBO, blended oil of PO with RBO or interesterified oil. Rats fed blended oils showed a significant decrease in serum cholesterol by 51% compared to rats fed PO. Feeding interesterified oil to rats resulted in decrease in serum cholesterol by 56% compared to rats fed PO, which was 10% lower compared to that observed in rats given blended oil. The present study indicated that a combination of PO with RBO can significantly lower serum lipids in rats as compared to those given diet containing PO alone.     

棕榈油脱臭馏出物中生育酚及生育三烯酚的富集

采用工业化从大豆油脱馏出物中富集维生素E的工艺,对棕榈油脱臭馏出物中生育酚及生育三烯酚进行了富集。结果表明,采用酯化、酯交换、一次分子蒸馏、冷析、树脂吸附分离、二次分子蒸馏的工艺,可将棕榈油脱臭馏出物中生育酚及生育三烯酚含量从1. 29%浓缩到95%以上,收率可达70%以上。     

椰子油、棕榈仁油制取工艺探讨

探讨了椰子干和棕榈仁加工工艺。由于这种高含油油料自身特点,不能套用我国常用的油脂制取工艺,有些虽属小道理,但影响全局,影响安全、稳定、低耗运行。所述内容对开拓国外油脂工程市场有一定帮助。